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Design and Modelling of SRC Based Capacitor Charging Power Supply for High
Power Klystron Modulator Using MULTISIM

Conference Paper · December 2019

DOI: 10.1109/NPEC47332.2019.9034847

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 Design and Modelling of SRC Based Capacitor
Charging Power Supply for High Power Klystron
Modulator Using MULTISIM
Bhushan Parate∗ , R Sandeep Kumar† , Kiran Thakur† , Sreeraj ES∗ and R Krishnan†
∗ Electrical
and Electronics Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda, India
Email: parate.bhushan18@gmail.com and Email: sreeraj@nitgoa.ac.in
† Medical electronics department 1, SAMEER, Mumbai, India

Email: sandeepkumar@sameer.gov.in, Email: kiran@sameer.gov.in

Email: krishnan@sameer.gov.in

Abstract—Capacitor charging power supplies (CCPS) with
series resonant converter (SRC) topology are being widely used in
place of conventional high voltage dc power supplies in Klystron-
modulators. The advantages include small size, zero current
switching and wide load range operation. A model of CCPS is
developed in MULTISIM/Pspice with features of controlling the
repetition frequency(PRF) of discharging pulse forming network
(PFN) and switching frequency of series resonant converter
(SRC). Transient analysis simulation of the model is carried out
in Pspice. The results show that model can charge a 0.282 µF PFN
(6-section) capacitors from 0 to 24 kV in 1.11 ms at a PRF of 300
Hz. By operating the model at the maximum PRF data has been
collected from other nodes of the CCPS circuit so as to determine
the specifications of components required for the development.
Further, components for developing CCPS have been selected
based on these derived specifications. This MULTISIM model of
CCPS is regularly used during different stages of development to
verify the signals acquired, deduce reasons for any component
failures. This model comes in handy during the development
of such complex system reducing the time of development by
reducing the iterations required for rectifying the design.
Index Terms—CCPS, SRC, PFN, SRI, Current source.
I. I NTRODUCTION
In recent years, pulsed power technology applications have
been growing, which mainly deals with physical and technical
foundations for production and application of high voltages
pulses with very high peak powers [1]. It has evolved in
different fields namely lasers, biological samples, defence,
environmental and biomedical, electric discharge food pro-
cessing technology for microbial inactivation [1]–[5]. Medical
linear accelerator is also one of the popular applications
which is used for radiation therapy i.e., treating patients
with cancer using high energy X-rays commonly employ
pulse power technology to bias Klystron and Magnetrons for
generating high power microwaves to accelerate the electrons
in Linac tube. The high-power pulse supply is commonly
called as Modulator that is configurable to produce different
repetition rates of the pulse. To generate high-voltage high-
peak power pulse, modulator contains capacitor bank charging
978-1-7281-4428-3/19/$31.00 © 2019 IEEE
structure supplying the energy to be released during every
trigger through a high voltage switch. capacitor banks are
allowed to charge for a long time and discharge within
few microseconds which gives higher peak power [6]. Even
though many conventional methods for capacitor charging do
exist [5], currently capacitor charging power supplies with
resonant converters are preferred due to the compact size,
modular development for easy up-gradation etc. Also during
the charging of a capacitor, the load varies from short circuit
condition to open circuit condition in a short time and CCPS
topologies can efficiently handle such varied load conditions,
which makes it different from conventional DC power supply
[6], [7]. The instantaneous output power is minimum at the
start and maximum at the end of the charge cycle. Such
performance can be best achieved by supplying constant
current source. In recent few years enormous efforts have been
made for the development of CCPS, especially CCPS with
LC series resonant converter topology. Capacitor charging is
commonly done with a current source than with a voltage
source. Therefore converter topologies like resonant converter
have been reported to apply current source capacitor charger
[6], [9]–[11]. As per the power supply requirement such
as pulse to pulse repeatability higher repetition rate, higher
switching frequency, either of the topology can be considered.
A CCPS supply using high frequency series resonant inverter
topology is strongly recommended for charging pulse forming
network in klystron modulator [9], [10], [12]. A series resonant
inverter is an appropriate choice for a current source and have
inherent short circuit protection, along with good pulse to
pulse repeatability [13], [14]. Under discontinuous conduction
mode, series resonant inverter exhibits zero current switching
which reduces switching losses [10]. These advantages make
series resonant converter topology mostly preferable for such
pulse power supply application.
At SAMEER, high voltage DC power supply employing
12-pulse rectification along with charging choke is used to
charge PFN in the Klystron Modulator of Medical Linac.
Currently, the conventional DC power supply is proposed to

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 be replaced with SRC based CCPS, using the specifications
listed in Table I. The main features of the proposed scheme are
introduced in section II. A detailed discussion of the design
and implementation of MULTISIM model for the proposed
CCPS is presented in section III. In section IV results of this
model are presented. Section V explains the selection of CCPS
components from results for implementation.
TABLE I
S PECIFICATIONS FOR THE PROPOSED CCPS.
Input voltage 440 ± 10% V, 50Hz
PFN charging voltage 24 kV
PFN capacitance 0.282 µF
Charging time 1.11 msec
Average output power 26.46 kW
II. D ESCRIPTION OF CCPS EMPLOYING SRC
In Klystron Modulators, CCPS is employed to charge pulse
forming network (PFN) capacitors to voltages above 20 kV.
The output voltage waveform is shown in Fig.1 The waveform
shows three modes of operation of CCPS namely 1. Charging
Mode 2. Refresh Mode 3. Discharge Mode. In charging
mode of operation PFN capacitor is charged to the required
voltage from the initial value of zero voltage. Charging time
is determined by PFN specifications and the rate at which
the CCPS delivers energy which may be in order of ms.
In refresh mode of operation stored energy is maintained
constant by turning on the switching pulses for short duration
if output voltage drops below a certain range due to leakage.
In discharge mode of operation energy stored in PFN capacitor
is discharged to Klystron in a short duration mostly in order
of µs [15].
Fig. 1. Modes of operations of CCPS
A. Series resonant converter topology
It is a common practice to use series resonant full bridge
inverter topology for implementing power electronic converter
[16] which is shown in Fig.2. Full bridge inverter consists of
four unidirectional switches (SCRs) or bidirectional switches
(IGBT or MOSFET with anti-parallel diodes). The converter
operates in four modes depending on which pair of switches
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are conducting and direction of load current [17]. A high
frequency high power transformer is used to obtain the desired
output voltage.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of series resonant converter
Full bridge inverter is followed by series tank circuit (Lr
and Cr ) forms series resonant network that has resonant
frequency determined by Lr and Cr . When inverter is operated
below tank resonant frequency (fr ), the input impedance is
dominated by tank capacitor (Cr ) impedance. Hence the tank
presents an effective capacitive load to the full bridge, and
switch current leads the fundamental voltage component. As
a result, zero crossing of current waveform occurs before zero
crossing of voltage. Since switch current leads voltage, the
switch conducts before their respective anti-parallel diodes.
At any given point during conduction interval switch can
be turned OFF without causing switching loss. The circuit
naturally causes switch turn OFF to be a lossless and long turn
off switching times can be tolerated. Series resonant inverter
(SRI) can operate in continuous and discontinuous modes
of operation below the resonant frequency. Discontinuous
mode is mainly seen when switching frequency is below
half the resonant frequency (fr ). During charging PFN offers
capacitive load (Cpf n ), which is connected to the inverter
through the high-frequency transformer. Turns ratio of the
transformer is N1:N2. Reflected capacitance (Cpf np ) of PFN
on primary of the transformer is given by (1).
N2 2
Cpf np = ( ) ∗ Cpf n (1)
N1
and it’s resonant frequency fr can be considered as
1
fr = √ (2)
2∗π∗ Lr ∗ Cr
Where Ceq is the series equivalent capacitance of capacitors
Cpf np and Cr . Generally, in high voltage applications, Cpf np
is much greater in magnitude than Cr , therefore it can be
neglected.
1
Ceq = 1 1 = Cr (3)
Cr + Cpf np
Therefore, SRI experiences only constant capacitive load
even if the load is varied to a wide range as shown in
3. A voltage source inverter connected to a constant load
ensures constant current charging and required charging rate
feasible. This makes SRC to act as a current source when
switching frequency is below half of the resonant frequency.
As mentioned earlier SRI experience same load at short circuit
without causing any damage to the converter which gives
system inherent short circuit protection [18].
 Fig.6, also PFN voltage during charging and discharging is
shown in Fig.7.

Fig. 3. Schematics of capacitor charging power supply connected to PFN and

klystron equivalent resistive load(R)

III. D ESIGN OF PROPOSED CCPS

This section presents the design and simulation of proposed
CCPS. The advantages of the topology are discussed from the Fig. 5. PFN output voltage for different cases
theoretical as well as practical perspective. Fig.3 shows the
proposed CCPS to charge the PFN to 24 kV and discharge it to
the klystrons equivalent resistor at maximum pulse repetition
rate of 300 Hz. The approach used for design is to realize the
functionality of the circuit with simple simulation components
so as to provide the required results. Further these components
are replaced with ideal and equivalent simulation components.
The functionality of CCPS can be modelled as a constant
current source connected to charge a high energy capacitor
like PFN as shown in Fig.4. Based on the value of capacitance
(Cpf n ) and time required to charge (Tcharging ) to a given
voltage (Vpf n ) rating of the current source is calculated to be
6.10 A given by (4).
Cpf n ∗ Vpf n 0.282 µF ∗ 24 kV Fig. 6. DC current source charging a actual PFN section
DC current = = = 6.10A
Tcharging 1.11 msec
(4)

Fig. 7. PFN voltage during charging and discharging

Fig. 4. Cpf n charging with a constant current source
Although this charges PFN in the required time as shown
Fig.5 (case 1), it is required to turn off the source after
achieving required voltage. This is modelled by employing a
voltage controlled SPST switch (SPST1) in parallel to current
source and a blocking diode in series with Cpf n . This charges
Cpf n to 24 kV in 1.1 ms and the voltage is held constant until
it is discharged into klystrons equivalent resistor as shown
in Fig.5(case 2). Discharging of PFN is modelled by using
another voltage controlled SPST switch (SPST2) in series with
klystron equivalent resistor. SPST2 is switched on for 6 µs and
maximum PRF of 300 Hz which charges PFN to 24 kV and
discharges it in 6 µs as shown in Fig5(case 3).
After achieving above results equivalent PFN capacitance
(Cpf n ) is replaced with 6 cascaded LC networks as shown in
Major blocks of an SRC are high frequency high voltage
transformer, full bridge circuit, and a tank circuit [16], [17].
The step ratio of transformer is chosen such that it provides
the required high voltage ac output at the secondary whose
peak value will be equal to that of the DC voltage required on
PFN and the voltage at the primary is in the range of maximum
handling voltage of solid state switches. It is taken care during
the construction of high frequency transformer that the leakage
inductance between the primary and secondary winding is in
the range of the µH so as to form the resonant inductor of tank
circuit. The transformer turns ratio can be calculated based on
the Vprimary and the desired output voltage as in (5). These
requirements are fulfilled by 1P1S transformer available in
MULTISIM.
Vsecondary
T urns ratio = = 40 (5)
Vprimary

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 The peak charging power is determined in (6), where Epf n
is the energy to be stored in PFN capacitor 0.5(Cpf n *(Vpf n )2 )
and Tc is the time required to charge PFN. The capacitance
of resonant capacitor Cr is calculated to be 1.71 µF from the
relationship between resonant energy and resonant frequency
(fr ).
Epf n
P eak charging power = = 73.2 kJ/s (6)
Tc
2
Cpf n ∗ Vpf n
Cr = 2 (7)
4 ∗ Tc ∗ fr ∗ Vdc Fig. 9. Simulated waveform of PFN charging current

Where Vdc is input DC voltage to SRC. Design of Cr

is the function of Vdc and fr in (7). Lr is determined as
4.12 µH using resonant frequency and resonant capacitor and
characteristics impedance Zo of resonant tank circuit as in (9).
2
Vdc ∗ Tc
Lr = 2 ∗f (8)
π 2 ∗ Cpf n ∗ Vpf n r
r
Lr
Zo = = 1.556 Ω (9)
Cr
Full bridge inverter is modelled with four SPST switches.
These switches are controlled by voltage pulse generator
providing 30 kHz complimentary pulses with 50% duty as Fig. 10. Simulation waveform of the series current through Lr during charging
shown in Fig.11. Input to the SRC is modelled with a DC of PFN
POWER (DC voltage source). This voltage source is replaced
with threephase input rectification section consisting three
single AC voltage sources whose phase is 120 degrees apart
and six virtual ideal diodes available in MULTISIM to form
a three phase rectifier. Table II summarizes the specifications
of modelled CCPS.
IV. S IMULATION RESULTS
Fig.8 and Fig.9 shows the PFN charging voltage and current
waveforms of the modelled CCPS for one charging cycle.
The sinusoidal current flowing through tank circuit is shown
in Fig.10 and also exhibits ZCS which can be observed in
Fig.11 along with switching pulses for SPST switches. The
ratings of the CCPS from the calculations are verified using Fig. 11. Series current exhibiting ZCS and Switching gate pulses for IGBTs
this model and are found to be in good agreement. This model
helps to estimate the behaviour at different conditions. A
more detailed analysis of these results provides the component
specific ratings which may be used in better selection of TABLE II
components like IGBTs, Transformer, Diodes etc. D ESIGN AND SIMULATION PARAMETERS OF MODELLED CCPS

Parameters Values units

Peak charging rate 73.2 kJ/s
Maximum output voltage 24 kV
Peak charging current 6.10 A
Output capacitance 0.282 µF
Resonant frequency 60 kHz
Switching frequency 30 kHz
Resonant capacitance 1.71 µF
Resonant inductance 4.12 µH
Resonant circuit impedance 1.556 Ω
DC link voltage 600 V
HVHF transformer turns ratio 1:40
Fig. 8. Simulated waveform of PFN charging voltage

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 V. C OMPONENT S ELECTION
The reliability of capacitor charging power supply depends
on ratings of the components chosen. This section explains
the selection of major components from the results of above
CCPS MULTISIM model.
A. Three phase rectifier
Three-phase AC power supply with line to line rms voltage
of 440 V is commonly used by medium power application
as an input. This AC supply is rectified to DC of around
600 V using an uncontrolled three phase bridge rectifier. The
rectifier diodes should be capable of blocking 600 V. Forward
current rating of rectifier diode is the value of line current
flowing through it during the full load operation of CCPS and
is determined from the MULTISIM model as 100 A. Based
on the above specification a three phase low voltage high
current rectifier module VUO 62-06NO7 from IXYS corp. is
selected. The blocking voltage of this module is 600V and
forward current rating is 63 A. After rectification, a DC link
capacitor is used to provide low impedance path to ground
for high frequency currents to get the filtered DC voltage. A
Polypropylene (PP), Metalized Radial, film capacitor of 100
µF/1.2 KVDC (944U101K122ACM) from Cornell Dubilier
Electronics (CDE) is selected as DC link capacitor.
Fig. 12. Input line current
B. Series resonant converter
In series resonant converter, the value of resonant inductor,
capacitor, transformer turns ratio and switches (IGBTs) for
inverter are the important parameters because the output
voltage and current with respect to input is determined by their
values. Selection of these components decides the performance
of SRC.
1) Selection of IGBTs: The important selection parameters
of IGBTs are collector emitter voltage, collector current, pulse
collector current and switching characteristics. IGBTs in SRC
operate under DC bus voltage (600 V DC) generated from
three phase rectifier section. The voltage rating of IGBT is
determined from the maximum DC voltage required to be
switched and should be able to withstand the maximum no-
load voltage of power supply considering spikes, fluctuation,
and other variations. To avoid more electrical stress on IGBT,
the voltage rating of IGBT is chosen to be around double the
peak voltage required (1200 V). From the simulation results of
collector current at full load condition the maximum current
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value is determined as 300 A as shown in Fig.10. The collector
current rating of IGBT is selected to be 1.5 times of this
maximum current so as to be within safe operating area of
IGBT. The pulse collector current is the peak value of current
through IGBT (772 A) can allow for short duration of time
i.e., dependant on switching frequency and is higher than peak
collector current as in (10). This calculated value is in close
agreement with simulated value as shown in Fig.10
2 ∗ Vdc
Iswitch = = 772A (10)
Zo
These electrical specifications are primary parameters in se-
lection of IGBTs and further final component selection is
based on the maximum switching frequency, turn-ON, turn-
OFF times. Based on the values determined form the model
the full bridge inverter in the proposed CCPS requires an IGBT
of rating 1200 V - 450 A /900 A peak collector current i.e.,
IFF450B12ME4PB11 from Infineon is selected.
2) Selection of tank parameters: A series capacitor across
the ’H’ bridge inverter resonates with series inductance and
stores the energy which is to be transferred to PFN during
the charging cycle. As this capacitor has to operate with
high frequency pulses care has to be taken in its selection.
The type of capacitor required should be AC and pulse film
capacitor, metalized with polypropylene film. AC pulse film
capacitors are suitable for high frequency and high power
applications due to its internal construction which ensures
short current paths. Metalized film capacitors have strong self-
healing properties and metalized polypropylene film capacitors
shows linear behaviour for high frequencies, high temperature
stability and operates at high voltage. Also, current rating
of capacitor is another important parameter in pulse power
applications which is generally overlooked in other appli-
cations. Datasheets of these pulse capacitors provide graph
for RMS current rating with operating frequency. At a given
frequency of operation the RMS current is estimated from
the Fig.10. The number of capacitors required in series and
parallel are estimated so as to achieve the required rms
current rating, capacitance and voltage rating. The resonant
capacitor selected is metalized polypropylene film capacitor
from KEMET(R76QR34704030J, 0.47µF/630V/10A). Reso-
nant inductor should have value based on resonant capacitor
and resonant frequency. The construction of high frequency
high voltage transformer is controlled so as to provide primary
leakage inductance equal to required resonant inductance
eliminating need of extra series inductance.
3) High voltage High Frequency Transformer: The operat-
ing frequency of SRC is high and transformer at this frequency
will have small size even for high output voltage ratings. The
following parameters namely primary to secondary isolation,
turns ratio and primary leakage inductance are important in
designing a HVHF transformer. The primary and secondary
windings use Litz wire to reduce skin effect, proximity effect
in the operating frequency range of 20-50 kHz and gauge of
AWG 36 is chosen based on the current rating. Two U shaped
ferrite core CF139UU12620 of N87 grade are selected as the
 transformer core. Teflon material or any other insulator can
be used for bobbin which has the dielectric strength to secure
the insulation between windings. From the core and wire
dimensions it is difficult to achieve full voltage of 24kV/ 73.2
kJ/s and required insulation using single secondary winding.
Accordingly, HVHF transformer may have multiple secondary
windings to achieve the required amplification. Based on
above statements and simulation results (Fig.9 , Fig.10) the
parameters of HVHF transformer are listed in Table III.
TABLE III
HVHF TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS
Symbol Parameter Value
V1 Primary voltage 600 V
V2 Secondary voltage 24 kV
I1 Primary RMS current 300 A
I2 Secondary RMS current 8A
f Switching frequency 30 kHz
L1 Primary Leakage inductance 4.12 µF
4) High voltage full bridge rectifier: Secondary of the
HVHF transformer is connected to high voltage full bridge
rectifier composed of ultra-fast recovery diodes. Each diode
has to block 24 kV and allow secondary rms current of 8.5
A for maximum 300 Hz PRF as given in Table III. Based
on above specifications HRS10-18 (Reverse blocking voltage
28800 V and forward current 10 A) is selected from Dean
technology. These four diodes will form a bridge rectifier to
charge PFN section with proper cooling arrangement.
VI. C ONCLUSION
A series load resonant topology based CCPS is studied,
designed and simulated in this paper. The entire schematic
of CCPS is modelled in MULTISIM and is used to charge a
PFN to produce bias pulses for high power klystron modu-
lator. Pspice based transient analysis has been carried out on
this model to estimate its performance at various repetition
rates. After observing required rate of charging PFN, results
from different nodes are collected by operating the model at
maximum PRF. These results are analysed to determine the
maximum ratings of the building blocks of CCPS. Also, this
model is regularly modified so as to verify the practical results
obtained during the implementation of CCPS. As part of future
work using the selected components, a CCPS with mentioned
specifications will be developed, tested and deployed in the
klystron modulator of medical linac.
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