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Marine labs
P&ID - Theory and
calculations

Kalyani T
Scientist-B
IMU (V)

Piping Fittings
Valves - Types of Valves Used on Ships
•  A variety of valves are used in the piping and machinery systems of the ship
as per the need of the flow pattern of the liquid. All valves used on ships
have the basic functionality of regulating the flow of the liquid in the pipes.
•  Valves are used for almost all machinery systems on ships for controlling
and regulating fluid through pipes. Although valves are known as efficiency
decreasing device as they reduce the energy in the liquid flow, their use is
imperative in applications where limited flow is required.
•  Valves may be operated manually, either by a hand wheel, or a lever or
operated automatically by a pneumatic actuator or electrical drive motor
•  Therefore, it is extremely necessary to know about construction and
working of various types of valves used on ships.



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Methods of Control
The mechanism that the valve uses to control the flow depends on the type and
situation of the closure element in the valve body. In general, there are two methods of
controlling flow through a valve.
1. Linear motion valves 2. Rotary motion valves
Linear motion valves use a closure member that moves in a straight line to start,
stop, or throttle the flow. The closure device could be a disc, slat or flexible material,
like a diaphragm. Linear motion valves tend to be slower in operation, but they
have a higher level of accuracy and stability in the position of the closure member.

The most common example of linear motion

valves includes gate valves, globe valves,
fixed cone valves, needle valves, and pinch
valves.

Contd…
Rotary motion valves rotate a disc or ellipse about an angular or circular
shaft extending across the diameter of an orifice. They are also known as
quarter turn valves. Quarter turn valves will be in their fully open or fully
closed state (0°) after a 90° turn of the stem. Their operation is much quicker
than linear motion valves.

The most common examples of rotary

motion valves include ball valves,
butterfly valves, plug valves, and
spherical valves.



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INTRODUCTION

STOP ( ISOLATION ) VALVES:



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REGULATING VALVES

BACK FLOW PREVENTION VALVES

Non-return or check valves control the direction of flow. Flow in

the desired direction opens the valve, while flow in the opposite
direction forces the valve closed.



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PRESSURE RELIEF-VALVE

THROTTLE OR CONTROL VALVES

Throttle or control valves control the speed and capacity of flow,

temperature, or pressure, through a system. Control valves can be
moved into any position, including fully opened and fully closed.
They can be operated with a manual hand wheel or can be equipped
with an automated actuator. Actuation systems provide greater thrust
and positioning capacity. Pressure regulators are responsible for
varying the valve’s position to maintain constant pressure
downstream. The regulator opens and closes to increase or decrease
the pressure in the system.

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TYPES OF VALVES

 




 




 




 

 



 




 




 




 
 



 






 




 





 



GATE VALVES

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GATE VALVE
Gate Valve is among the most commonly used valves on board ships. It is also
one of the simplest valves in terms of design and functionality. Gate valves are
primarily used as isolation valves.
As the name suggests, a gate valve consists of a simple mechanism called as “the
gate” or the valve disc, which performs the main function of regulating the flow
of the fluid.
However, it is to note that the gate valve can have only no-flow or full-flow
condition and thus can only be operated in one position. The valve gives a full
bore flow without change of direction.
Gate valve is not suitable for operations which require partially open operation.
Uses: Gate valves are used in applications requiring minimum pressure loss. They
are also used in applications wherein bidirectional flow is required.
Material: The bonnet of the valve is usually made of cast iron.

Construction

The main parts of the gate valve are indicated in the diagram:

Working
The working of the gate valves is pretty
simple as it does not involve any complex
mechanism. The spindle wheel, which is
attached to the spindle rod, is rotated to
move the “gate” at right angle to the flow
of the fluid. The screwed spindle works in a
nut and lifts the valve to open or close the
“gate” between the circular openings
furnished with seats. The valves and the
seats may be either tapered or parallel on
their facing sides.

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TYPES OF GATE VALVES

Gate valves are classified on the basis of their internal operation and the stem type.
There are two important types of gate valves with respect to stem operation:
Rising stem type and Non rising stem type
Rising stem type - In rising stem gate valve, the stem has threads, which are mated
with the integral thread of the yoke or within the bonnet. When the valve is operated,
the stem rises above the actuator and the valve attached to the stem opens up. In the
rising stem type the operating threads are out of direct contact with the fluid.

Contd….
Non Rising Stem Type In this type of gate valve, the gate or the valve disc
is itself internally threaded and connected to the stem. As the stem thread
mates with the disc, the valve will open or close without raising the stem as
in the above type. Non rising stems are preferred where there is space
limitations and if the fluid passing through the valve does not corrode, erode
or leave deposits on the thread

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GLOBE VALVE

A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting
of a movable disk-type element (the plug) and a stationary ring seat in a generally
spherical body.

PLUG VALVE

Plug valves are used as extreme on / off situations

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DIAPHRAGM VALVES






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TYPES OF BALL VALVES – FLANGED

END BALL VALVES

TYPES OF BALL VALVES – SCREWED

END BALL VALVES



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BUTTERFLY
VALVES

TYPES OF BUTTERFLY VALVES – FLANGED-END

BUTTERFLY VALVES



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TYPES OF BUTTERFLY VALVES –

FLANGED-END BUTTERFLY VALVES

NEEDLE VALVES



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TYPES OF CHECK VALVES – BALL

CHECK VALVES



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TYPES OF CHECK VALVES – SWING CHECK

VALVES

TYPES OF CHECK VALVES – LIFT

CHECK VALVES



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SAFETY VALVE

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RELIEF VALVE

CONTROL VALVES

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FLOAT STEAM TRAP

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THERMOSTATIC STEAM TRAP






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WYE STRAINER

BASKET STRAINER



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Types of Valves Uses

Gate Valve used for isolation only
Globe valve used for throttling – good flow control
Plug valve used for isolation only – extreme on / off
situation
Diaphragm valve used for isolation as well as throttling
Ball valve used for isolation only – flow is on or off
Butterfly valve used for isolation as well as throttling –
Good flow control at high capacities.
Needle Valve used to control flow rate to a desired
amount
Check valve used for preventing reverse flow (non-
return)

Different types of valves symbols used to depict

in piping layout



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General Definitions :
Water hammer (or, more generally, fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave
caused when a fluid (usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas) in motion is forced to
stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change).
A slat is a long, thin, flat piece of material (typically lumber or plastic).
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled
by an electric current through a solenoid:
Diaphragm - a thin sheet of material forming a partition.
A bleeder valve works by releasing air, or gas through a valve opening to reduce
the built up pressure inside a tank or remove excess air or gas in a system.



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Fuel oil supply System



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Boiler – fuel oil supply System

Steam ship fuel oil system

Bilge installation and maintenance



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VALVE SIZES
Valves Port Main dia Thickness(i Face to Height Hand Weight
(inches) (Inches) (inches) n) face (in) wheel Approximate
Dia diameter

H open H closed
2 2 6 0.62 7 16.35 13.60 8 50
2.5 2.5 7 0.69 7.50 16.70 14.55 8 62
3 3 7.5 0.75 8 20.10 16.55 9 84
4 4 9 0.94 9 25.60 20.65 10 128
6 6 11 1.00 10.50 33.85 26.95 14 205

8 8 13.50 1.12 11.50 41.75 33.45 16 354

10 10 16 1.19 13.00 51.55 40.15 18 540

12 12 19 1.25 14.00 59.85 46.45 20 767

The face-to-face dimension for a valve is the distance between the extremities of the valve in the installed
conditions.

HOW TO CONSTRUCT A GATE VALVE

FOR THE GIVEN DIMENSIONS - Assignment

2” VALVE WITH
MAIN DIA 6’’



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References: For Pipes, Valves , and their sizes as per ANSI/

ASTM standards
Valves – Introduction to Marine engineering by Taylor
Google – different types of valves used in marine piping
Piping Coordination Systems - Symbols for Isometrics
Standard Pipe Dimensions, Tioga Pipe - Dimensions and Weights,
Standard pipe sizes
W & O – 2013 – Product catalogue for pipes, valves, flanges ,
fittings - dimensions
Apollo valves – product catalogue

Basics of Fluid flow In a pipe – Concepts of fluid

mechanics

It is important to understand about the basic concepts involved in a

fluid flowing in a pipe line. about the Nature of the Fluids-its
classification, Types of fluids, basic definitions, Absolute, gauge
and vacuum pressure,
To determine the dia of pipe, flow rate, discharge ,Continuity
equation, Statement of Bernoulli's equation, real fluid equation,
losses of energy in pipes, types of flow…..

Reference :
1.Marine Labs, P&ID - theory and calculations, Eswara Arun Kishore
2. A Text Book of Fluid mechanics by Bansal

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Piping Design Details

Piping Arrangement
•  Piping should be arranged in a neat, orderly manner and should not
obstruct or interfere with operations of doors, hatches or scuttles, The
operation and control of machinery should not be impeded, and the
interference of piping with maintenance of equipment and ship structure
should be minimized.
•  Ample provisions should be made to accommodate the thermal
expansion of pipes and movements due to hull deflections,. This is often
accomplished by means of expansion bends or offsets in the pipe.
•  Operation of the valves and the piping systems should be taken ample
care to avoid dangers.
•  Definitive requirements regarding many aspects of piping systems are to
be checked with rules and regulations.

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Determination of pipe sizes

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Reference :
1.Marine Labs, P&ID - theory and calculations, Eswara Arun Kishore
2. A Text Book of Fluid mechanics by Bansal