BEAMS REINFORCED FOR

TENSION
DERIVATION OF FORMULAS
 Σ𝐹ℎ = 0
 T=C
 Asfy = 0.85fcᶦab
 Mu = ØC (d- a/2)
a
 Mu = Ø 0.85fcᶦabd (1- )
2
𝐴𝑠
 𝜌=
bd

 As = 𝜌bd
 Asfy = 0.85fcᶦab
 pbdfy = 0.85fcᶦab
𝜌dfy
 a=
0.85fcᶦ
 𝜌fy
 w=
fcᶦ
fy w
 =
fcᶦ 𝜌
𝑝dw
 a=
0.85𝜌
wd
 a=
0.85
a
 Mu = Ø 0.85fcᶦabd [d − ]
2d
Ø 0.85fcᶦwdbd wd
 Mu = [1 − ]
0.85 2d(0.85)

 Mu = Ø 0.85fcᶦbd2w (1-0.59w)
 If we let R = fcᶦw (1-0.59w)
R is called coefficient of resistance
 a
 Mu = ØT (d- )
2
a
 Mu = ØAsfy (d- )
2

 From Mu = Ø 0.85fcᶦbd2w (1-0.59w)

Mu
 Rn =
Øbd2

 Rn = fcᶦw (1-0.59w)
fcᶦ𝜌fy wd
 Rn = [1 − ]
fcᶦ 2(0.85)
𝜌fy
 Rn = 𝜌fy [1 − ]
2(0.85)fcᶦ

 2Rn (0.85 fcᶦ) = 𝜌fy (2) (0.85) fcᶦ-𝜌2fy2

 𝜌2fy2- 𝜌fy (2) (0.85) fcᶦ+ 2Rn
(
(0.85) fcᶦ = 0
2 2
± (2 0.85 fcᶦfy) −4
fy )( .
2Rn 0 85
)
fcᶦ
2 0.85 fcᶦf y
 𝜌=
2fy2
 2
fy Rn
0.85fcᶦ 4 0.85 fcᶦ2 fy2 4 2 fcᶦ (0.85)
 𝜌= − −
fy 4fy4 4fy2

0.85fcᶦ (0.85)2 fcᶦ2 2 0.85 fcᶦ Rn

 𝜌= − −
fy fy2 fy2

0.85fcᶦ 0.85 2 fcᶦ2 2Rn

 𝜌= − (1 − )
fy fy2 0.85fcᶦ

0.85fcᶦ 0.85fcᶦ 2Rn

 𝜌= − 1−
fy fy 0.85fcᶦ

0.85fcᶦ 2Rn
 𝜌= 1− 1−
fy 0.85fcᶦ
 Effective Moment Inertia for Deflection of Beams:
(Mcr)3 (Mcr)3
Ιe = Ιg + 1− Ιcr But not greater than Ιg
Ma Ma
frls
Mcr = fr = 0.70 fcᶦ
yt

 lcr = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete

 lg = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement
 fr = modulus of rupture of concrete
 Mcr = cracking moment
 Ms = maximum moment in member at stage for which deflection is
computed without load factors
 le = effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection
 Yt = distance from centroidal axis or gross section neglecting the
reinforcement to extreme fiber in tension.
 10 20 3 20
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑦𝑡 = = 10
12 2
ACL code considers usable ultimate compressive strain of concrete to be 0.003

c = 0.85 fcᶦab

a = βc
c = 0.85 fcᶦb(β)c
T = Asfy
As
𝜌b = (for a balance condition)
bd

T = 𝜌bbdfy
C=T

0.85 fcᶦb(β)c = 𝜌bbdfy

By ratio and proportion:
fy
0.003 0.003 +
= 200000
C d
c 600
=
d 600 + fy
600d
c=
600 + fy
fy
ϵs =
200000
 0.85 fcᶦbβc = 𝜌bbdfy
c
 0.85 fcᶦbβ = 𝜌bfy
d
0.85 fcᶦβ (600)
 𝜌b =
fy (600+fy)

 (1) Where fy is in MPa

0.85 fcᶦβ 600
 𝜌b =
fy (600+fy)

 (2) Where fy is in kg/cm2

0.85 fcᶦβ 6120
 𝜌b =
fy (6120+fy)

 When fy is in psi
0.85 fcᶦβ 8700
 𝜌b =
fy (8700+fy)

 a = βc
 Where values of β ranges from
− 30)
 β = 0.85 − 0.008 (fcᶦ
 But not less than 0.65
 β = 0.85 For fcᶦ = 30 MPa or less
 Capacity reduction factor: Ø
Ø = 0.90 for bending computations
Ø = 0.75 for spiral column
Ø = 0.70 tied column
Ø = 0.70 for bearing in concrete
Ø = 0.65 for bending in plain concrete
Ø = 0.85 for shear
 Reinforcement ratio:
0.18fcᶦ
𝜌= (if deflection is to be controlled)
fy
1.4
(1) 𝜌min = if fy is in MPa
fy
14.06
(2) 𝜌min = if fy is in kg/cm2
fy
200
(3) 𝜌min = if fy is in Psi
fy
0.85 fcᶦβ 600
𝜌b = x (reinforcement ratio producing balancing conditions)
fy (600+fy)
𝜌max = 0.75𝜌b
 Design Loads:
u = required strength to resist design loads
u = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Load factor for D.L. = 1.4
Load factor fo L.L. = 1.7
 Failure Modes of a Reinforced Concrete Beams
(1) When a beam is over reinforced, the failure mode is sudden, brittle failure
which must be carefully noted by any structural designer. The failure is initiated
by the crushing of concrete followed by the disintegration of the compression
zone while large area of steel has not reached its yield point. To prevent brittle
failure, the steel reinforcement must yield first before concrete strain reaches a
value of 0.003.
(2) When the beam has a moderate percentage of steel usually between
minimum and maximum values allowed by the code and the failure mode is
initiated by a yielding of steel while the strains in the concrete are relatively
low. Beams of this type can undergo large deflections before final collapse will
occur, this ductile mode of failure is the only acceptable mode which be
adopted by practicing engineers.
(3) When the beam is under reinforced lightly, the failure mode is also brittle,
when the tensile stress in the concrete exceeds the modulus of rupture, the
concrete cracks and immediately releases the tensile forces it carries, the
lightly stressed steel carry this additional stresses, the steel will snap and total
rupture of the section will occur suddenly.