CHAPTER 6

Erwan Bin Sulaiman

Nur Hanis Binti Mohammad Radzi
Rohaiza Binti Hamdan

1
CONTENTS

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Power Lines
6.3 Short Line
6.4 Medium Line
6.5 Long Line

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

2
(BEF36003)
6.1 Introduction

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

3
(BEF36003)
Transmission Line

• This chapter deals with the transmission line model design and its
performance under steady-state condition.
• The equivalent transmission line model is on a “per-phase” basis, i.e.
VL-N, and Ip.
• Two port networks theory is used to express the voltage and current
relations.
• Short, medium, and long line models are considered, as well as the
regulation and losses.

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

4
(BEF36003)
Transmission System in Malaysia

• Transmission line in Malaysia is mostly for HVAC transmission

• A short portion of HVDC to Thailand.
• Common transmission voltage at Malaysia are:
• HVAC 132 kV
• HVAC 275 kV
• HVAC 500 kV

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

5
(BEF36003)
Performance of Transmission Line

The transmission line performance is governed by its four parameters:

 Series resistance
 Series inductance
 Shunt capacitance
 Shunt conductance
 The leakage current over the surface of the insulator
 Usually ignored because the leakage current are small.

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

6
(BEF36003)
Performance of Transmission Line

• Performance of transmission lines is meant the determination of

efficiency and regulation of lines.

Transmission efficiency Voltage Regulation

PR(3 ) VR(NL)  VR(FL)

 100 % VR 
VR(FL)
X100%
PS(3 )

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

7
(BEF36003)
6.2 Types of Power Lines

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

8
(BEF36003)
Type of Power Lines

Transmission Line Model

Short Medium Long

Line Line Line
≤80km ≤250km ≥250km

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

9
(BEF36003)
6.3 Short Line

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

10
(BEF36003)
Short Line

• Definition: ≤ 80 km or ≤ 69 kV.
• For short transmission line, the capacitance is always being ignored
• Series impedance per unit length (r + jL) is multiplied by the line
length (ℓ).
Z = (r + jL)ℓ = R + jX
where r = per phase resistance per unit length
L= per phase inductance per unit length
ℓ = line length
 = 2πf

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

11
(BEF36003)
 Short Line

• Short line model on a per phase basis is shown below:

IS Z = R + jX IR
+ +
VS = VR + ZIR
Sending
End
VS VR SR Receiving
End
IS = IR
- -

Consider a 3Ф load with apparent power SR(3Ф) connected at the end of the
transmission line, the receiving end current is obtained by

S*R (3 ) * means conjugate, says S=(2+j3),

IR  * thus S* becomes (2-j3)
3VR(LN)
Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution
12
(BEF36003)
Short Line

• Two port network (ABCD) representation:

IS IR
+ + VS = VR + ZIR VS = AVR + BIR
VS ABCD VR IS = IR IS = CVR + DIR
- -

• In matrix form
VS  A BVR  VS  1 ZVR 
 I   C D I   I   0 1  I 
 S   R   S   R 
A=1 B=Z C=0 D=1
Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution
13
(BEF36003)
Short Line

• Voltage regulation is defined as the % change in voltage at the

receiving end in going from no-load to full-load:

VR(NL)  VR(FL)
% VR  X100%
VR(FL)

• At no-load, IR = 0 thus, 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅 VS = AVR + BIR

𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 IS = CVR + DIR
𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑅 𝑁𝐿 =
𝐴

• For short line, A = 1, thus 𝑉𝑅 𝑁𝐿 = 𝑉𝑆

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

14
(BEF36003)
Short Line

• As VRNL = VS, VR is a measure of line voltage drop & p.f. (cos θ)

• VR is positive at lagging power factor loads (inductive).
• VR is negative with leading power factor loads (capacitive).
VS
Lagging pf
 jXIR
VR(FL) VR=+ve
IR RIR

VS jXIR Leading pf
IR
RIR VR=-ve
VR(FL)

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

15
(BEF36003)
Short Line

• Sending-end power, SS(3)  3VSI*S

• The total line loss is given by: SL(3Ф) = SS(3Ф) – SR(3Ф)

PR(3 )
• Transmission line efficiency is given by:  
PS(3 )

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

16
(BEF36003)
Example 6.1

A 60 Hz short line is having R = 0.62 Ω/ phase and L = 93.94 mH / phase,

supplies a three-phase, wye-connected 100 MW load of 0.9 lagging
power factor at 215 kV line to line voltage.
(i) Calculate the sending end voltage per phase.
(ii) Determine the voltage regulation and efficiency the line

IS Z = R + jX IR
+ +
VS VR SR
- -

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

17
(BEF36003)
Solution 6.1

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

18
(BEF36003)
Solution 6.1

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

19
(BEF36003)
Exercise

A 10 km long, short transmission line has 0.5∟600

Ω/km impedance. The line supplies a 316.8 kW load at 0.8 power
factor lagging. What is the voltage regulation if the receiving end
voltage is 3.3kV.

Answer: Voltage regulation = 16.67%

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

20
(BEF36003)
 Example 6.2

A 220-kV, 60Hz, 3-phase line is 40 km long. The resistance/phase is 0.15

/km and the inductance/phase is 1.3263 mH/km. Find the voltage and
power at the sending end, voltage regulation and efficiency when the
line is supplying a three-phase load of:

(i) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.

(ii) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220 kV.

Answer:
(i) Vs = 144.33 ∠4.93 ° kV, Ss = 322.8MW+j288.6Mvar, VR = 13.6%
(ii) Vs = 121.39 ∠9.29 ° 𝑘V, Ss = 322.8MW - j168.6Mvar, VR= - 4.43%

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

21
(BEF36003)
Solution 6.2

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

22
(BEF36003)
Solution 6.2

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

23
(BEF36003)
6.4 Medium Line

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

24
(BEF36003)
Medium Line

 Definition: 80 km ≤ length ≤ 250 km.

 Shunt capacitance of the line is included and is divided into 2 equal
parts placed at the sending and receiving ends.
 Also called nominal  model.
 Total shunt admittance: Y = (g +jC)ℓ
 g = Shunt conductance/unit length (negligible)
 C = line to neutral capacitance/km
 ℓ = line length. IS Z = R + jX IL IR
+ +
Y Y
VS 2 2 VR
- -

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

25
(BEF36003)
 Medium Line

nominal  model. IS Z = R + jX IL IR
+ +
Y Y
VS 2 2 VR
Y
IL  IR  VR - -
2

 ZY 
VS  VR  ZIL VS  1 VR  ZIR VS = AVR + BIR
 2 
Y  ZY   ZY  IS = CVR + DIR
IS  IL  VS IS  Y1 VR  1 IR
2  4   2 

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

26
(BEF36003)
Medium Line

• Representing into the two-port network:

 ZY 
IS IR A  1   B Z
+ + VS = AVR + BIR  2 
VS ABCD VR IS = CVR + DIR  ZY  D  1  ZY 
- - C  Y1 
 4   2 

• A and D are dimensionless and equal each other if the line is the
same when viewed from either end.
• The dimensions of B and C are ohms and mhos.
• The determinant of the line matrix is unity, i.e., AD – BC = 1

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

27
(BEF36003)
Medium Line

• We can find VR and IR if VS and IS are known.

DVS  BIS
VR  VR  DVS  BIS
AD  BC
AIS  CVS
IR  IR  AIS  CVS
AD  BC
VR   D  BVS 
• In matrix form (inverse matrix):      I 
 R 
I  C A  S 
VS  VR
• VR: % VR  X100%
VR

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

28
(BEF36003)
Example 6.3

A 325 kV, 3-phase transmission line is 130 km long. The resistance/phase is

0.036 /km and the inductance per phase is 0.8 mH/km. The shunt
capacitance is 0.0112 F/km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8
p.f lagging at 325 kV. Use medium line model to find the voltage and
power at the sending end and the voltage regulation.

IS Z = R + jX IL IR
+ +
Y Y
VS 2 2 VR
- -

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

29
(BEF36003)
Solution 6.3

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

30
(BEF36003)
Solution 6.3

31
Solution 6.3

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

32
(BEF36003)
6.5 Long Line

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

33
(BEF36003)
 Long Line
 Length  250 km (150 miles)
 Line constants are uniformly distributed over the entire length of line.
 The calculation of ABCD parameters becomes more complex.
 Expressions for the V and I at any point along the line could be derived

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

34
(BEF36003)
 Long Line
IS IS(x+x) Zx I(x) IR V(x  Δx) V(x) zxI(x)
V(x  Δx)-V(x)
+ + + +  zI(x)
Δx
V(x+ x) yx yx V(x) x  0,
VS VR
dV( x)
 zI ( x) …… (i)
- - - - dx
x x I ( x  x)  I ( x)  yxV ( x  x)
l I ( x  x)  I ( x)
 yV ( x  x)
x
Replace (ii) into (i) x  0,
d 2V (x) dI(x) dI( x)
 yV ( x) …… (ii)
2
z  zyV(x) …… (iii) dx
dx dx
Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution
35
(BEF36003)
Long Line

From (iii)
Second order differential equation:
If we take
V ( x)  A1ex  A2ex
where

  propagation constant
    j  zy  (r  jL)(g  jC)
  attenuation constant,
  phaseconstant(radianper unitlength)

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

36
(BEF36003)
Long Line
From (i) thus, for V ( x)  A1ex  A2ex Voltage before VR

I ( x) 
1 dV( x) 1
z dx

 A1ex  A2ex
z


 
I ( x)  A1e  A2e
z
x x

y
z
 
A1ex  A2ex 
or
I ( x) 
1
zc

A1ex  A2ex 
Current before IR

z
zc  characteristic impedance
y
Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution
37
(BEF36003)
Long Line

V ( x)  A1ex  A2ex

V = AVR + BIR

I = CVR + DIR
Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution
38
(BEF36003)
Long Line

Hyperbolic function,
V ( x)  coshxVR  Zc sinhxIR A  D  cosh
1
I ( x)  sinhxVR  coshxIR B  Zc sinh
Zc
1
Setting x=l, V(l)=Vs, I(l)=Is C  sinh
Zc
Vs  coshVR  Zc sinhI R AD BC 1
1
I s  sinhVR  coshI R
Zc

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

39
(BEF36003)
Long Line

Nominal  representation for long line,

 Z 'Y ' 
Vs  1 VR  Z ' I R
 2 
 Z 'Y '   Z 'Y ' 
I s  Y ' 1 VR  1 I R
 4   2 
Comparing B constant with hyperbolic function,
z z sinh sinh
Z '  Zc sinh  sinh  Z
y  
z
Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution
40
(BEF36003)
Long Line

To obtain the Y’/2, compare the A constant,

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

41
(BEF36003)
Long Line

Equivalent  model for long length line:

sinh
Z'  Z
IS  IL IR

+ +
Y' Y tanh 2 Y'

VS
2 2  2 2
VR

- -

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

42
(BEF36003)
Example 6.4

250 km, 500 kV transmission line has per phase,

z = (0.045 + j0.4) W/km
y = j4. 0 S/km
Find ABCD for a  model of the long transmission line.

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

43
(BEF36003)
Solution 6.4

Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

44
(BEF36003)