MODULE 5 and 6

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 Basic Education Department
School Year 2020-2021
2nd QUARTER

Subject: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module Number: 5 and 6

Topic: T-test of One-Sample Mean Module Duration: 2 weeks

I. CONTENT STANDARD

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of tests of hypotheses on the

population mean and population proportion.

II. PERFORMANCE STANDARD

The learner is able to perform appropriate tests of hypotheses involving the population
mean and population proportion to make inferences in real-life problems in different disciplines.

III. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

The learner:

1. Identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance when: (a) the
population variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to be
unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
2. Computes for the test-statistic value (population mean).
3. Draws conclusion about the population mean based on the test-statistic value and the
rejection region.

IV. LEARNING PROCEDURES

A. Routinary Activities

Prayer

May the darkness of sin and the night of unbelief vanish before the light of the Word and
the Spirit of Grace!

And may the Heart of Jesus live in every hearts of all people! Amen

V. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to:

 Know what method to apply when conducting tests with a small sample
 Locating the computed values in the Normal curve
 Making of rejection region and acceptance region based on the given
 Solving problems involving small sample size.

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 Lesson Proper / Discussion
Rejection Region
When the test statistic lies on the rejection region, then the null hypothesis will be rejected.

Acceptance Region or Non-Rejection Region

The non-rejection region is also known as the acceptance region. When the test lies within
the non-rejection region, the null hypothesis will be accepted or the critical value is greater than
the computed value of the test statistic. The null hypothesis will be rejected otherwise it will be
accepted.

One-tailed test and Two-tailed test

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 Comparing the Sample Mean and the Population
Mean in a Small Sample Size

In using the z-test of one-sample mean, we have made an assumption that the population
standard deviation is known or given. However, if 𝜎 is not known, we can still use the z-test by
replacing 𝜎 by s (sample standard deviation) provided that 𝑛 ≥ 30. What if 𝜎 is not known and
𝑛 < 30? We shall use the t-test of one-sample mean for this situation. In this lesson, we have
already discussed the t-distribution and how to get the critical values in the t-table.
When the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown, we
use the following formula to compare the sample mean and the population mean.

𝑋̅ −𝜇 (𝑋̅ −𝜇)√𝑛
𝑧= 𝑠 or 𝑡 = 𝑠
√𝑛
Where 𝑋̅ = mean of the sample
𝜇 =mean of the population
𝑛 = size of the sample
𝑠 = standard deviation of the population
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1

The critical value of t is found in the table for t-distribution at a specified level of
significance, type of test, and degrees of freedom. The degree of freedom (df) is the number of
values that are free to vary. In general, for any given sample on which we have placed a single
restriction, the number of degrees of freedom is n-1. If n=4, then df = 4-1=3.

Example 1

The director of a secretarial school believes that its graduates can type more than 75 words
per minute. A random sample of 12 graduates has been found to have an average of 77.2 words
per minute with a standard deviation of 7.9 words per minute in typing test. Using the 0.05 level
of significance, test the claim of the director.

Solution: Follow the five-step procedure in testing the hypothesis.

Step 1: 𝑯𝒐 : The average number of words that graduates can type is 75 words per minute (𝜇 = 75)

𝑯𝒂 : The average number of words that graduates can type is greater than 75 words per minute
(𝜇 > 75)

Step 2: Type of Test: The test is one-tailed (right-tailed).

Critical Value: With the use of table for t-distribution, the critical value of t at 0.05 level,
one-tailed test, df = 12-1= 11 is t=1.796

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 Rejection Region

Step 3: Compute the test value, using the formula or test statistic
Given: 𝑋̅ = 77.2
𝜇 = 75
𝑛 = 12
𝑠 = 7.9

Substitute to the given values in the formula

(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑡=
𝜎
(77.2 − 75)√12
𝑡=
7.9
𝑧 = 0.96

The test value or computed value is 𝑧 = 0.96.

0.96

Step 4: Decision
Since the computed or test value DOES NOT FALL within the rejection region, we DO
NOT REJECT the null hypothesis

Step 5: Conclusion
There is no significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean. Thus,
the manufacturer is correct in claiming that the new drug in the market can reduce overweight
women by 4.55 kg per month.

Example 2

It is hypothesized that the cost of making a movie is Php 24.6 million. This year, a random
sample of 15 movies has shown an average production cost of Php 28.3 million with a standard
deviation of Php 9.5 million. At 0.05 level of significance, is the hypothesized cost true?

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 Solution: Follow the five-step procedure in testing the hypothesis.

Step 1: 𝑯𝒐 : The average cost of making a movie is equal to Php 24.6 million (𝜇=24.6)
𝑯𝒂 : The average cost of making a movie is not equal to Php 24.6 million (𝜇 ≠24.6)

Step 2: Type of Test: The test is two-tailed (nondirectional).

Critical Value: With the use of table for t-distribution, the critical value of t at 0.05 level,
one-tailed test, df = 15-1= 14 is 𝑡 = ±2.145.

Rejection Regions

Step 3: Compute the test value, using the formula or test statistic

Given: 𝑋̅=28.3
𝜇=24.6
n=15
s=9.5

Substitute to the given values in the formula.

(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑡=
𝜎
(28.3 − 24.6)√15
𝑡=
9.5
𝑡 = 1.51

The test value or computed value is t=1.51

Step 4: Decision
Since the computed or test value DOES NOT FALL within the rejection region, we DO NOT
REJECT the null hypothesis

Step 5: Conclusion
There is no significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean. Thus,
the hypothesized cost of making a movie is true.

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 Name: _______________________________ Id number: ___________
Year and Section: ______________________ Score: _____________

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
MODULE 5 and 6

A. Find the critical value, draw the acceptance and rejection regions, compute the value
of the test statistic, and make a decision whether to accept or reject the null
hypothesis in each of the following situations.
Hypotheses Given Critical Value Test value Decision
and Rejection
region
1. 𝐻𝑜 :𝜇 = 9.8 𝑋̅=10.0
𝐻𝑎 :𝜇 > 9.8 s=4.3
n=12
𝛼=0.05
2. 𝐻𝑜 :𝜇=80 𝑋̅=75
𝐻𝑎 :𝜇 <80 s=4.36
n=20
𝛼=0.01
3. 𝐻𝑜 :𝜇=8.3 𝑋̅=8.2
𝐻𝑎 :𝜇 ≠8.3 𝑠 2 =0.75
n=17
𝛼=0.05

A. Solve the following problem. Use another paper for your solution (HANDWRITTEN). Put
your own signature at the bottom part of your answer. Specify the details that you will have
to do for each step in the solution process.

1. The average rainfall during the summer months is 11.52 inches. A researcher of PAG-
ASA selects a random sample of 10 provinces and finds that the average amount of
rainfall last year was 7.42 inches with a standard deviation of 1.3 inches. Can it be
concluded that the PAG-ASA is correct at 0.01 level of significance?

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 References

Statistics and Probability – Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc.,

Statistics (Based on CMO 03 series of 2007) – Rex Bookstore
Statistics and Probability – Rex Bookstore
Statistics and Probability Teaching Guide

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

ALLYN T. FRANCISCO, LPT

LADY JANE B. CALDERON, LPT Subject Coordinator
Statistics and Probability Teacher Basic Education, Divine Word College of Calapan
Basic Education, Divine Word College of Calapan

Noted by: Recommended by:

JENNY LIZ J. ANYAYAHAN

DR. FEDELIZA A. NAMBATAC
Academic Coordinator Principal
Basic Education, Divine Word College of Calapan Basic Education, Divine Word College of Calapan

Approved by:

BR. HUBERTUS GURU, SVD

Director
Basic Education, Divine Word College of Calapan

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