CLIMATOLOGY NOTES

(VALUE ADDED PROGRAM)

SUBMITTED BY-
ARSHI KHAN
160823025
SECTION A
1. Latitude and longitude, coordinate system by means of which
the position or location of any place on Earth’s surface can be
determined and described.
Latitude is a measurement on a globe or map of location north
or south of the Equator.
Longitude is a measurement of location east or west of the
prime meridian at Greenwich, the specially designated
imaginary north-south line that passes through both geographic
poles and Greenwich, London
2. Monthly mean temperature: Mean monthly temperature is the
average temperature of a month. It is recorded from well exposed
thermometer. For calculating mean monthly temperature, sum of
daily temperature of a month is divided by total number of days in
a month.
Mean monthly temperature = ∑ (daily temperature)
Number of days in month
3. Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), or beam radiation, is measured
at the surface of the Earth at a given location with a surface
element perpendicular to the Sun. It excludes diffuse solar
radiation (radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric
components).
4. Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) is the total irradiance from
the sun on a horizontal surface on Earth. It is the sum of direct
irradiance (after accounting for the solar zenith angle of the sun z)
and diffuse horizontal irradiance.
5. Diffuse sky radiation is solar radiation reaching the Earth's
surface after having been scattered from the direct solar beam
by molecules or particulates in the atmosphere.
6. The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is
the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed
to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture.
7. The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to
become saturated with water vapour. When cooled further, the
airborne water vapour will condense to form liquid water (dew).
When air cools to its dew point through contact with a surface that
is colder than the air, water will condense on the surface.
8. Relative humidity, expressed as a percentage, indicates a
present state of absolute humidity relative to a maximum humidity
given the same temperature.
9. Specific humidity is the ratio of water vapour mass to total moist
air parcel mass.
10. Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it
originates.
11. Wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a
fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving
from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature.
Note that wind direction is usually almost parallel to isobars (and
not perpendicular, as one might expect)
12. Dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air
measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but
shielded from radiation and moisture due to Earth's rotation.
13. Diurnal range of temperature: Diurnal range of temperature is
the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures of
the same days. Cloud cover, urban heat, land-use change, aerosols,
water vapour, and greenhouse gases are caused due to changes in
the diurnal range of temperature. As the distance from the sea
increases diurnal range of temperature also increases. In dry tropical
climates and on high mountain plateaus where solar radiation is
maximum, diurnal range of temperature increases.
14. Solar azimuth angle: The solar azimuth angle is the azimuth
angle of the Sun's position. This horizontal coordinate defines the
 Sun's relative direction along the local horizon, whereas the solar
zenith angle defines the Sun's apparent altitude.
15. The solar zenith angle: the angle between the sun's rays and
the vertical. It is closely related to the solar altitude angle, which
is the angle between the sun's rays and a horizontal plane.
16. Climate Consultant- It is a software which shows the climatic
data in graphical representation for the chosen location. This
software shows the temperature (high, low, mean), average
rainfall, Sun path etc. also this information is can be available in
hourly, monthly, or annual basis.
17. Temperature Range- It shows the range of temperature from
high to low during each month.

✓ Average high temperature is the highest

temperature in that month
✓ Average low temperature is the lowest
temperature in that month.
✓ Mean is that temperature which stays for most
of the time.
✓ Diurnal averages are temperature variations
hourly basis.
✓ Dry Bulb Temperature refers basically to the
ambient air temperature. It is called "Dry Bulb"
because the air temperature is indicated by a
thermometer not affected by the moisture of
the air.
✓ Wet bulb temperature is the
lowest temperature to which air can be cooled
by the evaporation of water into the air at a
constant pressure. It is therefore measured by
wrapping a wet wick around the bulb of a
 thermometer and the
measured temperature corresponds to the wet
bulb temperature.
18. Psychometric Chart- A psychrometric chart is a graphical
representation of the psychrometric processes of
air. Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic
properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature,
humidity, enthalpy, and air density. A psychrometric chart can be
used in two different ways.
It gives the best design strategies considering all climatic
aspect.