Mehek Mahajan

Chemistry IA
The effect on mass loss of a reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium
carbonate marble chips.
RESEARCH QUESTION
What is the effect of increasing concentration of hydrochloric acid (0.1M, 0.5M, 1M, 1.5M, 2M) have on the reaction rate
between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate marble chips measured through the mass loss experienced by the
reaction?

AIM
To investigate the effects of changes in concentration on the rate of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium
carbonate (as marble chips).

MATERIALS
1. Dilutions of 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M, 1.5M and 2M dm-3 HCl solution.
2. 1 x 100 cm3 conical flask
3. 1 x 100 cm3 beaker
4. Electronic balance
5. Stopwatch
6. 1 x 25 cm3 measuring cylinder
7. Marble chips of calcium carbonate
8. Cotton wool
9. Plastic weighing boat
10. Spatula

PROCEDURE
1. 20 cm3 of (0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was measured and placed into a 50cm3 beaker.
2. 3 g of large marble chips were accurately weighed into a 100 cm3 conical flask.
3. The conical flask with marble chips and beaker of acid were placed on the pan of an electronic balance. The
balance was zeroed.
4. The hydrochloric acid in the beaker was added in the conical flask.
5. Carefully and quickly the marble chips were added in the conical flask
6. Quickly, once the marble chips were added to the flask, cotton wool was placed on top of the conical flask
opening to prevent gas escape.
7. The beaker was returned to the pan of the balance and the stopwatch was started.

1
 8. In 30-second intervals the mass loss was recorded for up to 7 minutes, or until the reaction ceased.

Figure 1: Representation of experimental design and layout

RISK ASSESSMENT
Equipment or Chemical Identified Risk Management Strategy
Safety Considerations
Conical Flask Breakage of conical flask. Cuts from chips Carefully handle the flask whilst in use.
around the surface of the flask. Discard any damaged flasks.
Hydrochloric Acid Causes eye and skin irritation. Avoid direct inhaling and skin contact. Wash
hands after experiment. Wear safety goggle
in order to avoid eye irritation and wear lab
coat to avoid contact with skin and clothes.
Hydrochloric Acid Chances of spillage. Carefully measure the acid. Place in the
middle of work bench to avoid spill. Wear
closed leather shoes in order to avoid contact
with skin if spill does occur.
Calcium Carbonate Causes skin corrosion and irritation and Wash exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
serous eye damage and eye irritation. Wear protective gear; gloves, lab coat and
eye protection.
Beaker Breakage of beaker. Cuts from chipped Inspect and discard any chipped or cracker
rims. beakers. Carefully handle the beaker whilst in
use. Do not use finger to clean up broken
glass.
Measuring Cylinder Glass cylinder may cause breakage. Cuts Inspect and discard any chipped or cracker
from broken glass. cylinders. Do not heat any liquid in the
cylinder. Do not use fingers to clean up
broken glass. Handle carefully.
Environmental Considerations
2
Disposal of chemicals
such as hydrochloric acid
and semi-dissolved
calcium carbonate.
This investigation does not involve the use of any animal-based products and/or plant extracts therefore there is no
ethical concern regarding the experiment.
VARIABLES
Variables
Dependent Variable
Mass of Calcium Carbonate
Chips
Independent Variable
Concentration of Hydrochloric
Acid
Controlled Variables
Time the reaction is conducted
for.
Temperature and conditions the
experiment was conducted in.
The chemicals used in this reaction may
cause environmental threat to the forestry beaker and practices which do not expose
and/or wildlife as they might cause
casualties by animal inhalation and
consumption. As well as might cause
damage of plants through direct contact
with chemicals.
Ethical Considerations
How it is controlled? What
value does it hold?
Throughout all trials the mass of
calcium carbonate was kept
consistent of 3 grams.
Different concentration
hydrochloric acids were used
consisting of 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M,
1.5M and 2M concentration per
mol, with 3 trials conducted per
concentration.
All trials were conducted for 7
minutes/ 420 seconds.
All trials were conducted on the
same day in the same time
period therefore the conditions
and temperature were kept
constant and at room
temperature and pressure
conditions.
The reaction will be disposed via a waste
chemicals directly to environment.
The chemicals will be disposed sustainably
and through specific processes that does not
harm the environment.
Rationale – Why control is
needed and why this method
was chosen?
Control of this variable is
needed to ensure results are
accurate and a fair trial is
conducted.
This allows for the trials to be a
fair test and an accurate
measure of reaction rate to be
monitored.
Control for the conditions the
reaction is conducted under is
important to ensure that the
variance in temperature and
pressure won’t impact the
reaction rate and products
produce as the different in
conditions may contribute
towards a difference in the
production of carbon dioxide
which may lead to inaccurate
results and variance in reaction
rate.
3
RAW DATA

QUALITATIVE DATA

 As the marble chips of calcium carbonate was added to the hydrochloric acid, the chips instantly starting fizzing
which lead to the production of large bubbles.
 Gas is released, from which the particles form a white condensation on the top of the surface of the water.

Figure 2: Production of white condensation particles on the surface of the

water also depicting the intense fizzing of the calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric reaction.

 As the time of the reaction increases, the speed and intensity of the marble chips fizzing decreases.
 The reaction was still continuous when the experiment ended.
 The speed and intensity of the fizzing increased as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increased.
 The marble chips fizzing could be heard in every trial and the sound got louder as the concentration of the
hydrochloric acid increased.
 The intensity of the bubbles produced from the fizzing of marble chips initially decreased in intensity and speed as
it had high intensity and speed at the beginning of the reaction and gradually decreased alongside the fizzing.
 The colour of the calcium carbonate marble chips did not change when reacting with hydrochloric acid.
 The temperature of the solution remained at room temperature and did not increase or decrease as a result of the
reaction.

4
 QUANTITATIVE DATA

Mass of Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate Solution

HCl Total Mass ± 0.26g
mol Trial
dm-3
Time
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
(seconds)
1 0.00 -0.02 -0.07 -0.10 -0.12 -0.15 -0.17 -0.17 -0.19 -0.22 -0.16 -0.21 -0.20 -0.20 -0.18
0.1M 2 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 -0.06 -0.04 -0.05 0.02 0.02 -0.02 -0.04
3 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 -0.02 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.04 0.01 -0.02 -0.05 -0.03
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07
0.5M 2 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.05 -0.07 -0.08 -0.10 -0.11 -0.13 -0.13 -0.14 -0.14 -0.15 -0.16 -0.16
3 0.00 -0.04 -0.07 -0.11 -0.13 -0.14 -0.16 -0.17 -0.17 -0.18 -0.19 -0.20 -0.20 -0.21 -0.23
1 0.00 -0.07 -0.13 -0.18 -0.22 -0.25 -0.28 -0.30 -0.31 -0.32 -0.33 -0.36 -0.35 -0.36 -0.36
1M 2 0.00 -0.13 -0.20 -0.27 -0.30 -0.33 -0.35 -0.37 -0.40 -0.40 -0.41 -0.41 -0.42 -0.43 -0.44
3 0.00 -0.18 -0.27 -0.32 -0.41 -0.42 -0.43 -0.45 -0.47 -0.49 -0.51 -0.51 -0.52 -0.52 -0.54
1 0.00 -0.02 -0.09 -0.14 -0.19 -0.23 -0.26 -0.28 -0.30 -0.32 -0.33 -0.35 -0.36 -0.45 -0.60
1.5M 2 0.00 -0.07 -0.13 -0.20 -0.29 -0.34 -0.37 -0.41 -0.47 -0.51 -0.54 -0.57 -0.58 -0.62 -0.64
3 0.00 -0.06 -0.17 -0.21 -0.29 -0.33 -0.38 -0.41 -0.53 -0.55 -0.57 -0.60 -0.61 -0.63 -0.64
1 0.00 -0.08 -0.13 -0.19 -0.24 -0.26 -0.28 -0.31 -0.32 -0.34 -0.35 -0.36 -0.36 -0.37 -0.38
2M 2 0.00 -0.05 -0.12 -0.18 -0.25 -0.28 -0.30 -0.32 -0.35 -0.36 -0.37 -0.38 -0.39 -0.40 -0.42
3 0.00 -0.05 -0.12 -0.18 -0.22 -0.28 -0.30 -0.32 -0.33 -0.35 -0.36 -0.37 -0.39 -0.41 -0.41

PROCESSED DATA
Average Mass of Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate
Time (seconds)
HCl
mol 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
dm-3
Total Mass (grams)
0.1M -0.013 -0.033 -0.03 -0.047 -0.063 -0.077 -0.083 -0.097 -0.097 -0.083 -0.06 -0.067 -0.09 -0.083 -0.0833g ± 112%
0.5M -0.013 -0.033 -0.05 -0.067 -0.073 -0.09 -0.10 -0.11 -0.12 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.14 -0.15 -0.153g ± 60.9%
1M -0.13 -0.20 -0.26 -0.31 -0.33 -0.35 -0.37 -0.4 -0.4 -0.42 -0.43 -0.43 -0.44 -0.45 -0.447g ± 20.9%
1.5M -0.05 -0.13 -0.18 -0.26 -0.30 -0.34 -0.37 -0.43 -0.46 -0.48 -0.51 -0.52 -0.57 -0.63 -0.627g ± 14.9%
2M -0.06 -0.12 -0.18 -0.24 -0.27 -0.29 -0.32 -0.33 -0.35 -0.36 -0.37 -0.38 -0.39 -0.40 -0.403g ± 23.1%

Sample Percentage Uncertainty Calculations:

0.1M Calculation:

AbsoluteUncertainty
Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
Measured Value
Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3
0.1 M Average Value=
3
(−0.18 ±0.01 ) + (−0.04 ±0.01 ) + (−0.03± 0.01 ) + HCl(± 0.25)
¿
3

5
 −0.25
¿ ± 0.28
3
¿−0.0833 ±0.28
0.28
0.28 Percantage Uncertainty= × 100
−0.25
¿ 112 %
0.1 M Average Value=−0.0833± 112%

All Calculations available in Appendix

Reaction Rate of Calcium Carbonate in Hydrochloric Acid

mass lost (grams)

Rate of Reaction=
time(minutes)

0.1M 0.0119 g/min

0.5M 0.022 g/min
1M 0.063 g/min
1.5M 0.09 g/min
2M 0.06 g/min

Sample Reaction Rate Calculations:

mass lost (grams)
Rate of Reaction=
time(minutes)
0.1M:

0.0833 g
¿
7 min
¿ 0.0119 g /min

All Calculations available in Appendix

6
 Loss of Mass in Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid Solution
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

-0. 0.1M
Poly
nomi
-0. al
( 0.1
M)
0.5M
-0.
Mass (g)

Poly
nomi
al
-0. (0.5
M)
1M
-0. Poly
nomi
al
(1M)
-0. 1.5M

-0. Time (seconds)

GRAPH
Graph 1: Depicts the loss of mass of calcium carbonate marble chips in different concentrations of hydrochloric acid as
time progresses.

Individual graphs of each concentration

available in Appendix

7
 Reaction Rate of CaCO3 and HCl
0.1

0.09

0.08 R² = 0.65
0.07
Mass loss (grams)

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Concentration (mol dm-3)

Graph 2: Depiction of average mass loss from the reaction of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid in different
concentrations with a linear Graph
Polynomial trendline.- Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate Reaction Rate

0.1

0.09

0.08
0.07
Mass Loss (grams)

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02
0.01

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Concentration of HCl (mol dm-3)

Graph 3: Depiction of the average reaction rate of the reaction of calcium carbonate marble chips with hydrochloric acid
at different concentrations with a polynomial trendline.

8
ANALYSIS

GRAPH 1
It is suggested that there is a positive linear correlation between the concentration of hydrochloric acid and mass,
however, it has only been established for 4 values of different correlation.

At values of concentration of hydrochloric acid below 2 mol dm-3, mass lost per minute increases steadily with the values
of concentration increasing too. At the value of 2 mol dm -3, the increase of mass loss decreases.

Graph 1 represents the average mass loss for all concentrations of hydrochloric acid tested, 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M, 1.5M and
2M. The general trend shown by the trendline across all concentrations is a negatively linear correlation meaning that
mass is lost as time increases. The trendlines in Graph 1 depict for each concentration value that the reaction rate
decreases as time increases as all the trendlines create a subtle curve indicating that the reaction is slowing down and
eventually coming to a stop as the amount of gas loss is decreasing in mass.

However, the data set for 2M concentration has values of mass loss that are less then mass loss values for 1M and 1.5M.
As well as 0.1M data illustrating mass gain for values of 300 seconds to 420 seconds.

The concentration of 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M and 2M become steady towards the end of the graph depicting that the reaction is
almost at its completion.

GRAPH 2
Graph 2 illustrates the trend in reaction rate of average mass loss against increasing concentration for all concentrations.
The trendline depicts a linear positive correlation from which suggest that as concentration increases, mass loss
increases too. However, the individual data point of 2M concentration depicts a lower mass loss value then 1.5M,
suggesting some margin of random error as, all the other points of 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M and 1.5M have higher mass loss
values then all their lower concentrations.

The reaction rates of the concentration values depict that the concentration was highest for 1.5M and lowest for 0.1M, with
the rest increasing in a linear format excluding 2M of which reaction rate decreased.

Therefore, reinforcing that the trend in the data sequence of gas production is increasing as the concentration gradient
increases however sources of error can be depicted from the data set as the 2M concentration has lower gas production
then 1M and 1.5M.

GRAPH 3
Graph 3 represents the rate of reactions using a polynomial trendline to depict that the reaction rate decreases when it
gets to 2M concentration. This illustrates some sources of error present in the data set for 2M that have made it to have
lower average reaction rate values then 1M and 1.5M hydrochloric acid concentration.

INDIVIDUAL GRAPHS
The individual graphs located in the appendix show a variety of random and systematic errors through error bars that can
explain the trends in the average graphs 1, 2 and 3. Identifying from the analysis of the average graphs, 2M concentration
has been an outlier in the assumed trend that should be depicted. 2M concentration graph depicts mostly systematic error
as no such outstanding outliers in the data set are to be observed that could be distinguished as a random error. The
systematic error has occurred as mostly all data sets, depicting through error bars, are off the linear trend line by the exact
same amount. 0.1M individual data set depicts high margin of random error as the reaction begins to gain mass rather
than losing it. Therefore, it is clearly depicted in the graph, many random errors have occurred making the data set
fluctuate and inaccurate and precise.

9
R-SQUARED VALUE
The r-squared value of Graph 2 is 0.6483. R-squared value determines the correlation of data points compared to the
progression of the dependent and independent variable. The r-squared value for the reaction rate was 0.6483 illustrating a
low correlation between the suggested values at which the reaction rates should be.

DISCUSSION
The outlining trends depicted from the experiment between the effect of changing hydrochloric acid concentration (0.1M,
0.5M, 1M, 1.5M and 2M) on marble chips of calcium carbonate is that as the concentration of the carbon dioxide
production also increased, implying that the mass loss of calcium carbonate increased as well.

This is evident through the trendlines of Graph 1 which mostly depict the increase in mass loss as concentration
increases. As well as processed data values of total mass lost after 7 minutes solidify the trendline, of which being,
0.083g, 0.15g, 1.45g, 0.63g and 0.4 grams, in ascending concentration order.

The results depict the increase in mass loss when concentration increases due to the collision theory.

The collision theory states that particles must collide with each other in order to react, with enough energy for the reaction
to occur and the correct orientation of collision [ CITATION Win16 \l 3081 ]. The products formed from a reaction are the
consequence of collision with different reactants. Through the collision theory, the increase in reaction rate for the reaction
between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate can be explained.

The collision theory states that reaction rate can be influenced by temperature, surface area, concentration, nature of
reactant and presence of catalyst [ CITATION CDL07 \l 3081 ]. Contextualized to the experiment performed, in this
experiment, as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increased the reaction rate increased as well.

The collision theory states that by increasing the concentration of a reactant there is a increase in the number of collision
between particles [ CITATION CDL07 \l 3081 ]. This is because, an increase in concentration implies an increase in
number of particle present in the hydrochloric acid reactant. Therefore, as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases
there are more hydrochloric acid particles present in order to react with calcium carbonate. The larger quantity of particles
present for reaction means there will be more chance of collisions to occur forming products and therefore, the reaction
rate of average mass loss will increase because there will be more particles present in the reaction to react and form
products therefore, the mass loss will increase in the same period of time because higher concentration has more
particles to reactant with then low concentration of hydrochloric acid.

Therefore, as per the collision theory, the effect of changing concentration on the amount of mass loss experienced by the
reaction was that as the concentration increased the mass loss experienced in the reaction increased as well sue to more
particles being present in the reaction at higher concentrations which allowed for more chances of collisions and therefore
increased reaction rate.

EVALUATION
There were many strengths to this investigation that allowed the most accurate and fair test to occur and encouraged to
minimize errors and weaknesses.

Firstly, sufficient number of trials (3 trials each) were conducted for each caliber of concentration in order to minimize
random error and extract the average most accurate reaction rate by the reduction of error. By repeating each
concentration three times the random errors that might have occurred in one trial will be reduced through the results of the
other two trials. This also gives an accurate average value for the whole concentration through processed data.

The use of three trails also encourages most accurate uncertainty values, as each trial consisted of an overall uncertainty
of ±0.28g (0.25ml of hydrochloric acid and 0.01 measured from calcium carbonate chips). The three trails indicate a
specific uncertainty limit.

10
5 different concentration gradients of hydrochloric acid were tested allowing a broader and wider range of results and
trends to be extracted and therefore extract a better reaction rate. As well as the five concentrations tested, the reaction
was conducted for 420 seconds or 7 minutes which allowed sufficient time for the reaction to produce a good amount of
products in order to observe a vivid trend in the results. The seven minute time spectrum was close to the completion of
the reaction as well observed by the steady gradient towards the end of most concentration values on Graph 1.

Relevant materials of specific measurements were used for measuring the amount of hydrochloric acid and calcium
carbonate in order to systematic error. In order to measure 50ml of hydrochloric acid a 50ml measuring cylinder was used
to allow most accurate reading and reduction of error as well as the use of a 0.01 scale to measure 3g of calcium
carbonate in order to obtain precisely 3g of calcium carbonate, eliminate the error margin of 3.01, etc.

As well as a number of strengths the investigation depicted a range of weaknesses as well, which consist of;

Source of Error Impact on Results Improvements

Difference in surface area of marble
chip of calcium carbonate differed in
each trial.
After each trial of each experiment the
conical flask the reaction was taking
place in had to be rinsed and therefore
left a residue of water. As a result, for
each concentration of trials one and two
the reaction also consisted of water.
This occurred due to the limitation in
equipment offered as each group was
only offered one conical flask to
conduct all three trials.
The hydrochloric acid was measured by
different individuals in each trial
allowing different amount of
hydrochloric acid present in the reaction
due to meniscus levels.
Occasionally, when measuring the
calcium carbonate the scales would
flicker.
Systematic Error
Due to the difference in surface area
the reaction rate of the concentration
value can differ because a high surface
area encourages a faster reaction rate
and low surface area encourages a low
reaction rate.
This might have caused a difference in
the amount of products that were
formed therefore decreases the mass
loss because water was also reacting
with hydrochloric acid and calcium
carbonate. Therefore, not giving a clear
indication of total mass loss and
causing inconsistencies in the average
mass loss because residue was left in
both two trials of the three performed.
Random Error
This could have caused difference in
the exact amount of hydrochloric acid
present in the reaction leading to a
faster or slower reaction rate and
therefore not accurate mass loss
quantities.
Therefore, in some trials the calcium
carbonate may be below or above the
3g mass level, which had a impact on
the amount of mass loss and resulted in
a inaccurate reaction rate.
Instead of the use of marble chips
of calcium carbonate, the calcium
carbonate can be grinding down
into a powder in order to control
the surface area as a powder will
indicate the same surface area.
This can be avoided by using a
fresh conical flask for each trial.
Therefore, the conical flask in the
previous trial will not be used
allowing no water to be present in
the reaction.
Or the flask could be rinsed and
residue wiped down well before
the use on the next trial however
this method can not guarantee
accuracy.
The hydrochloric acid should be
measured by one individual
throughout all trials in order to
reduce random error.
Ensure the scales do not flicker,
and if that is occurring use a non-
flickering scales to achieve
accuracy in measurement.

The overall uncertainty values for when the experiment was conducted was ±0.26g due to the equipment that was used.
This may have created a margin for error in the values retained. Uncertainty calculations can be found in the appendix.

The percentage error and fluctuation in values for graph 1 in reaction rate establish that large amounts of error were
present in the investigation. The percentage error calculations were;

 Balanced Chemical Equation:

2 HCl(aq) +Ca CO3 (s) →CaCl 2 (aq )+ H 2 O (l )+CO 2 (g)

11
  Limiting and Excess Reagents:

m m
n ( HCl )= n ( CaCO3 ) =
mm mm
25 3
¿ ¿
36.46 100.09
¿ 0.6856829402 mol ¿ 0.0299730 mol

HCl :CaCO 3

2 :1
0.6856829402 :0.0299730
2 :2
0.6856829402 :0.059946
∴ CaCO 3=Limiting Reagent HCl=Excess Reagent

 Theoretical Gas Production:

Mass Loss = Gas (Carbon Dioxide) Produced

CaCO3 :CO2

1 :1
0.0299730 : x

x ( m ( CO 2 ) ) =0.0299730 ×mm

¿ 0.0299730 × 44.01
¿ 1.31911173 g
∴ Theoretical Value=1.32 grams

Percentage Error Calculations:

Theoretical Value−Experimental Value
Percentage Error= ×100
Theoretical Value
0.1M:

1.32−0.0833
¿ × 100
1.32

12
¿ 93.7 %
0.5M:

1.32−0.153
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 88.4 %
1M:

1.32−0.447
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 66.1 %
1.5M:

1.32−0.627
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 52.5 %
2M:

1.32−0.403
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 69.5 %

The high amounts of percentage error values indicate that there were many random a systematic error present in the
experiment which made the experiment less accurate and precise which can be concluded by the individual raw data
value and processed data and graphs which depict a major error in trend that the reaction should have been following of
increasing in mass loss as concentration increased. Because collision theory states that a higher concentration allows for
more gas production because there are more particles in the reaction for the reactants to react with and create products.
Allowing and increase in reaction rate. However due to the large amounts of error present in the experiment, shown
through the percentage error values, the reaction rate was not consistent with the theory.

CONCLUSION AND EXTENSION

In conclusion, the general trend observed for increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the reaction with calcium
carbonate chips is that as concentration of hydrochloric acid increases the gas production of carbon dioxide in the
reaction increases resulting in mass loss and the average reaction rate of the experiment increasing as the concentration
increases due to the collision theory. Stating that, as concentration in a reaction increases then the rate at which products
are formed will increase (reaction rate increase) because more reactants will be present in the reaction to collide and
make products therefore increasing reaction rate.

The investigation can be further enhanced by observing the trends and comparing and contrasting between the reaction
rate of elements with distinct different properties like a halogen, transition metal and alkali metal. The experiment and be
conducted using hydrochloric acid and observing the reaction between the three different groups of elements and how
they differ in reaction rate and noted differences that define their properties. For example, conduct an experiment using
sodium as the alkali metal, titanium as the transition metal and chlorine as the halogen. They can be reacted with
hydrochloric acid using the same methodology but altering the independent variable to be the element and not

13
concentration of hydrochloric acid. This will help distinguish the properties of different types of groups using reaction rate
and qualitative data.

Or an experiment using a more reactive transition metal such as copper can be used in the exact same methodology as
this experiment regarding calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. The copper can replace the calcium carbonate marble
chips in the experiment. This will allow the effect of changing concentration on a transition metal to be observed
specifically a transition metal like copper which does not follow the Aufbau principle in electron configuration, making it
different from standard transition metals. The impact of changing concentration of hydrochloric acid can be depicted
through this experiment.

REFERENCES
CDLI. (2007). Lesson. Retrieved from cdli.ca:
https://www.cdli.ca/sampleResources/chem3202/unit01_org01_ilo03/b_activity.html

Windrush Interactive Publication. (2016). 6.2 - Collision Theory . Retrieved from ibchem.com:
https://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/06.2.htm

APPENDIX

O PROCESSED DATA
Percentage Uncertainty Calculations:
0.1M Calculation:

AbsoluteUncertainty
Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
Measured Value
Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3
0.1 M Average Value=
3
(−0.18 ±0.01 ) + (−0.04 ±0.01 ) + (−0.03± 0.01 ) + HCl(± 0.25)
¿
3
−0.25
¿ ± 0.28
3
¿−0.0833 ±0.28

14
 0.28
0.28 Percantage Uncertainty= × 100
−0.25
¿ 112 %
0.1 M Average Value=−0.0833± 112 %
0.5M Calculation:

AbsoluteUncertainty
Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
Measured Value
Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3
0.5 M Average Value =
3
(−0.07 ± 0.01 )+ (−0.16 ±0.01 ) + (−0.23 ± 0.01 ) + HCl(± 0.25)
¿
3
−0.46
¿ ± 0.28
3
¿−0.153 ±0.28
0.28
0.28 Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
−0.46
¿ 60.9 %
0.5 M Average Value=−0.153 ±60.9 %

1M Calculation:

AbsoluteUncertainty
Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
Measured Value
Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3
1 M Average Value=
3
(−0.36 ±0.01 ) + (−0.44 ± 0.01 )+ (−0.54 ± 0.01 )+ HCl( ±0.25)
¿
3
−1.34
¿ ± 0.28
3
¿−0.447 ± 0.28
0.28
0.28 Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
−1.34
¿ 20.9 %
1 M Average Value=−0.447± 20.9 %

1.5M Calculation:
15
 AbsoluteUncertainty
Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
Measured Value
Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3
1.5 M Average Value=
3
(−0.60 ±0.01 ) + (−0.64 ±0.01 ) + (−0.64 ±0.01 ) + HCl(± 0.25)
¿
3
−1.88
¿ ± 0.28
3
¿−0.627 ± 0.28
0.28
0.28 Percantage Uncertainty= × 100
−1.88
¿ 14.9 %
0.1 M Average Value=−0.627 ±14.9 %

2M Calculation:

AbsoluteUncertainty
Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
Measured Value
Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3
2 M Average Value=
3
(−0.38 ±0.01 ) + (−0.42± 0.01 ) + (−0.41 ±0.01 ) + HCl(± 0.25)
¿
3
−1.21
¿ ± 0.28
3
¿−0.403 ±0.28
0.28
0.28 Percantage Uncertainty= ×100
−1.21
¿ 23.1 %
2 M Average Value=−0.403± 23.1 %

Reaction Rate Calculations:

mass lost (grams)
Rate of Reaction=
time(minutes)
0.1M:

0.0833 g
¿
7 min

16
¿ 0.0119 g /min
0.5M:

0.153 g
¿
7 min
¿ 0.022 g / min
1M:

0.447 g
¿
7 min
¿ 0.063 g/min
1.5M:

0.627 g
¿
7 min
¿ 0.09 g/min
2M:

0.403 g
¿
7 min
¿ 0.06 g/min

O GRAPHS
0.1M mol dm-3:

17
 Mass Loss of Marble Chips in 0.1M mol dm-3 HCl
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

-0.02

-0.04
Mass (grams)

-0.06

-0.08

-0.1

-0.12
Time (seconds)

0.5M mol dm-3:

Mass Loss of Marble Chips in 0.5M mol dm-3 HCl

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

-
Mass (grams)

- Time (seconds)

1M mol dm-3
18
 Mass Loss of Marble Chips in 1M mol dm-3 HCl

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Mass (grams)

Time (seconds)

Mass Loss of Marble Chips in 1.5M mol dm-3 HCl

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Mass (grams)

Time (seconds)

2M mol dm-3

19
 Mass Loss of Marble Chips in 2M mol dm-3 HCl

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

-
Mass (grams)

- Time (seconds)

O EVALUATION

Calculation of limiting and excess reagent and theoretical gas value production:

 Balanced Chemical Equation:

2 HCl(aq) +Ca CO3 (s) →CaCl 2 (aq )+ H 2 O (l )+CO 2 (g)

 Limiting and Excess Reagents:

m m
n ( HCl )= n ( CaCO3 ) =
mm mm
25 3
¿ ¿
36.46 100.09
¿ 0.6856829402 mol ¿ 0.0299730 mol

HCl :CaCO 3
20
 2 :1
0.6856829402 :0.0299730
2 :2
0.6856829402 :0.059946
∴ CaCO 3=Limiting Reagent HCl=Excess Reagent

 Theoretical Gas Production:

Mass Loss = Gas (Carbon Dioxide) Produced

CaCO3 :CO2

1 :1
0.0299730 : x

x ( m ( CO 2 ) ) =0.0299730 ×mm

¿ 0.0299730 × 44.01
¿ 1.31911173 g
∴ Theoretical Value=1.32 grams

Percentage Error Calculations:

Theoretical Value−Experimental Value
Percentage Error= ×100
Theoretical Value
0.1M:

1.32−0.0833
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 93.7 %
0.5M:

1.32−0.153
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 88.4 %
1M:

1.32−0.447
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 66.1 %
1.5M:
21
 1.32−0.627
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 52.5 %
2M:

1.32−0.403
¿ × 100
1.32
¿ 69.5 %

22