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ChemTeam - Calculations Involving Molality, Molarity, Density, Mass Percent, Mole Fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
ChemTeam - Calculations Involving Molality, Molarity, Density, Mass Percent, Mole Fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
Fifteen Examples
Problems 1 - 10
Problem #11: Calculate the molarity and mole fraction of acetone in a 2.28-molal solution of acetone (CH3COCH3) in ethanol (C2H5OH). (Density
of acetone = 0.788 g/cm3; density of ethanol = 0.789 g/cm3.) Assume that the volumes of acetone and ethanol add.
acetone
ethanol
total volume
2) Determine molarity:
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
Problem #12: Calculate the normality of a 4.0 molal sulfuric acid solution with a density of 1.2 g/mL.
Reminders:
N = #equivalents / L solution
#equivalents = molecular weight / n (n = number of H+ or OH¯ released per dissociation.)
molal = moles solute / kg solvent
Solution:
5) Determine normality:
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
Problem #13: An car antifreeze mixture is made by mixing equal volumes of ethylene glycol (d = 1.114 g/mL, molar mass 62.07 g/mol) and water (d
= 1.000 g/mL) at 20.0 °C. The density of the solution is 1.070 g/mL.
Solution to (a):
Since the volumes are equal, the volume percent of ethylene glycol is 50%
Solution to (b):
1) Determine the masses of equal volumes (we'll use 50.0 mL) of the two substances:
Solution to (c):
3) Determine molarity:
Solution to (d):
Note the large difference between the molarity and the molality.
Solution to (e):
Problem #14: What is the percent of CsCl by mass in a 0.0711 M CsCl solution that has a density of 1.09 g/mL?
Solution:
x = 1.197 g
Problem #15: A 8.77 M solution of an acid, HX, has a density of 0.853 g/mL.The acid, HX, has a molar mass of 31.00 g/mol. Determine the molal
concentration of this solution, ΧHX (mole fraction of HX), and % w/w (percent by mass). The solvent in this solution is water, H2O.
Comment: Can an 8.77 M solution of an acid have a density of 0.853 g/mL? Who cares? We'll just solve the problem.
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
Solution:
There is a trick to solving this type of problem: let us assume 1.00 L (or 1000 mL) of the solution is present. (Another place where a similar trick is
employed is in determining empirical formulas, where you assume 100 g of the substance is present.)
moles acid: 1.00 L x (8.77 moles / L) = 8.77 moles HX (used in molality and mole fraction)
Problem #16: A solution of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is 30.0% by mass and has a density of 1.11 g/cm3. Calculate the (a) molality, (b) molarity, and
(c) mole fraction
Solution:
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
4) Molality:
5) Molarity
6) Mole fraction
Problem #17: Household hydrogen peroxide is an aqueous solution containing 3.0% hydrogen peroxide by mass. What is the molarity of this
solution? (Assume a density of 1.01 g/mL.)
Solution:
2) Since H2O2 is 3% by mass, we know that there are 30 grams of H2O2 present in the 1000 g of solution.
x = 0.890814 M
Problem #18: A 6.90 M KOH solution in water has 30% by weight KOH. Calculate the density of the KOH solution.
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
Solution:
Let us assume we have 1.00 liter of solution present. This means we have 6.90 mol of KOH. Let us determine the mass of KOH:
387.124 g represents 30% of the total weight of the solution. (The water makes up the other 70%.) To get the mass of the solution, do
this:
387.124 g is to 0.3 as x is to 1
x = 1290 g
density of the solution ---> 1290 g / 1000 mL = 1.29 g/mL (to three sig figs)
Problem #19: An aqueous NaCl solution is made using 138 g of NaCl diluted to a total solution volume of 1.30 L.
Solution:
Part A:
x = 1.82 M
Part B:
molality is moles solute per kg of solvent. I will use 2.3613 mol (keeping a few guard digits).
Let us assume 1000 mL of the solution is present. This tells us that 2.3613 mol of the solute is present (that's the 138 g of NaCl).
1.08 g/mL times 1000 mL = 1080 g <--- this is the total mass of the 1000 mL solution
1080 g minus 138 g = 942 g <--- the mass of water in the 1000 mL of solution
942 g = 0.942 kg
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
Part C:
Another type of question is this area is to ask you to determine the mole fraction for each substance. For that you will need to know the moles of
water:
1 − 0.0432 = 0.9568
Problem #20: A solution is prepared by dissolving 28.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 350 g of water. The final volume of the solution is 384 mL . For
this solution, calculate each of the following:
Solution:
3) Percent by mass, as the name implies, is the mass of solute divided by total mass times 100%.
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
1 − 0.0080 = 0.992
Problem #21: How many grams of glucose is necessary to dissolve in 3 litres of water to obtain 40% solution?
Solution:
glucose weight = x
water weight = 3 liters = 3000 g (take water density as 1.00 g/mL)
so total solution weight = x + 3000 g
x = 0.4 (x + 3000)
x = 0.4x + 1200
x − 0.4x = 1200
0.6x = 1200
x = 2000 g
Problem #22: The vinegar sold in the grocery stores is described as 5% (v/v) acetic acid. What is the molarity of this solution (density of 100% acetic
acid is 1.05 g/mL)?
Solution:
1) 5% (v/v) means 5% of the volume is acetic acid. So 1.00 L of vinegar contains 50 mL acetic acid:
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
(0.05)(1000 mL) = 50 mL
Problem #23: By titration, the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar was determined to be 0.870 M. Convert this to %(v/v). (The density of acetic acid is
1.05 g/mL)
Solution:
1) Assume 1.00 L of the solution to be present. Use MV = mass/molar mass to determine mass of acetic acid present:
x = 52.245 g
3) Determine %(v/v):
Problem #24: In an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, the acid concentration is 2.40 mole percent and the density of the solution is 1.079 g/mL.
Calculate (1) the molal concentration of the acid, (2) the weight percentage of the acid, and (3) the molarity of the solution
Solution:
Let's assume 100 moles of the solution is present. This means 2.40 mole of the solution is H2SO4 and 97.60 mole is water.
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
(1) For molality, we need to know kg of water ---> 97.60 mol times 18.015 g/mol = 1758.264 g = 1.758264 kg
molality ---> 2.40 mol / 1.758264 kg = 1.365 m (1.36 m to three sig figs)
(2) For the weight percent, we need the mass of H2SO4 ---> 2.40 mol times 98.0768 g/mol = 235.38432 g
weight percent ---> 235.38432 g / (235.38432 + 1758.264 g) = 0.118067 = 11.8% (three sig figs)
(3) For molarity, we need to know the volume of the solution ---> 1993.64832 g divided by 1.079 g/mL = 1847.68 mL = 1.84768 L
molarity ---> 2.40 mol / 1.84768 L = 1.2989 M (1.30 M to three sig figs)
By the way, mole percent is mole fraction written as a percent. The mole fractions in the above problem are 0.0240 and 0.9760.
Problem #25: Calculate the molality, molarity, and mole fraction of FeCl3 in a 26.3% (w/w) solution (density = 1.28 g/mL).
Solution:
Molarity:
Molality
molality ---> (26.3 g / 162.204 g/mol) / 0.0737 kg = 2.20 m (to three sig figs)
mole fraction ---> [0.1621415 mol / (0.1621415 mol + 4.091035 mol)] = 0.0381 (to three sig figs)
Problem #26: The mole fraction in a solution of Na2S is 0.125. Calculate the mass precent (w/w) of Na2S in this solution.
Solution:
The mole fraction of Na2S is 0.125. Therefore, the mole fraction of water in the solution is 0.875.
mass water ---> 0.875 mole 18.015 g/mol = 15.763125 g % (w/w) Na2S ---> [9.755625 / (9.755625 + 15.763125) * 100] = 38.2% (to
three sig figs)
Problem #27: In dilute nitric acid, the concentration of HNO3 is 6.00 M and the density of this solution is 1.19 g/mL. Use that information to
calculate the mass percent and mole fraction of HNO3 in the solution.
Solution #1:
1000 mL x 1.19 g/mL = 1190 g (this is the mass of our 1000 mL)
6.00 mol/L x 1.00 L = 6.00 mol (this is how many moles of HNO3 are in our 1000 mL)
6.00 mol x 63.012 g/mol = 378.072 g (the mass of HNO3 in our 1000 mL)
1190 g minus 378.072 g = 811.928 g (the mass of water in the 1000 mL of solution)
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12/13/2020 ChemTeam: Calculations involving molality, molarity, density, mass percent, mole fraction (Problems #11 - 25)
6.00 mol / (6.00 mol + 45.07 mol) = 0.118 (to three sig figs)
Solution #2:
6.00 mol/L x 0.840336 L = 5.042 mol (this is how many moles of HNO3 are in our 840.336 mL)
5.042 mol x 63.012 g/mol = 317.7065 g (the mass of HNO3 in our 840.336 mL)
1000 g minus 317.7065 g = 682.2935 g (the mass of water in the 1000 g of solution)
5.042 mol / (5.042 mol + 37.874 mol) = 0.117 (to three sig figs)
Comment: In solution #2, I obtained 0.117485 and that, technically, is 0.117 (not 0.118), when rounded to three sig figs.
Problem #28: A 0.100 M NaOH solution will be prepared by dilution of a 50.0% (w/w) NaOH solution. This solution has a density of 1.53 g/mL.
Compute the volume of this solution that is required to prepare 1.00 x 103 mL of 0.100 M NaOH.
Solution:
MV = moles
50 g is to 100 g as 4 g is to x
x = 8.00 mL
Problem #29: What is the molarity of a NaOH solution with a density of 1.33 g/mL that was made with 70.0 ml of water if the molality is 10.7
molal?
Solution:
1) Use the molality to determine how much NaOH was used with the 70.0 g of water:
5) Molarity:
Problem #30a: How many mL of an 3.78% (w/w) solution can be prepared from 18.00 g of sucrose?
Solution:
3.78 is to 18 as 100 is to x
Assume 1 g/mL for the density and no volume change when combining 458.19 g of water and 18.00 g of sucrose.
Problem #30b: How many mL of an 3.78% (w/v) solution can be prepared from 18.00 g of sucrose?
Solution:
3.78 is to 100 as 18 is to x
Fifteen Examples
Problems 1 - 10
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