Course Number: STA 240

Course Name: Statistic

Instructor: Tamanna Siddiqua Ratna
(Lecturer)

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Learning Objectives:
 Definition of Statistics
 Types of Statistics
 Characteristics of Statistics
 Scope of Statistics
 Importance of Statistics
 Limitations of Statistics
 Understanding the basic term of statistics
 Example of the basic term and also different notations
 Scales of Measurement.
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What is Statistics
 Definition of statistics:
Statistics is concerned with the scientific methods
for collecting, organizing, summarizing,
presenting and analyzing sample data as well as
drawing valid conclusions about population
characteristics and making reasonable decisions
on basis of such analysis.

• Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing,

analyzing and interpreting data in order to make
decision.
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 Types of Statistics

Statistics

Descriptive Inferential Statistics

statistics (It makes inferences and
(It refers to statistical predictions about a
techniques used to population based on a
summarize and describe sample of data taken
a data set) from the population)
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 Identify the following as either
descriptive or Inferential
1. The average salary of 100 high school
teachers in 2010 was greater than the
average salary of hundred electricians in
2010.
2. By 2040 at least 3.5 billion people will run
short of water.
3. A housewife would like to predict based on
last year’s grocery bills, the average weekly
amount she will spent on groceries for this
years.

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 Characteristics of Statistics
 Statistics should deals with aggregate of individuals
rather than with individual alone.

 Statistics should be expressed as numerical figures.

 Statistics deals with the pre-determined purposes.

 Statistics collected should allow comparison with

other data.

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 Scope and uses of Statistics
 Statistics used in economics to analyze the per capita
income, expenditure, savings, and the standard of life of
the citizens.
 Largely used in engineering for example in design of
experiment, quality control , probabilistic design.
 Statistics used in trade and commerce.
 Statistics used in medical science to analyze symptoms of
the diseases and make inference.
 Statistics used in demography to analyze the birth rate,
death rate, marital status etc.

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 Importance of statistics
 Statistics play a big role in the medical field.
Before any drugs prescribed, scientist must
show a statistically valid rate of effectiveness.
 It is important in weather forecasting.
 Statistical concepts are used in quality
testing.
 Statistics mostly used by the researcher. They
use their statistical skills to collect the
relevant data.

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 Limitations of Statistics
 Statistics can analyze only an aggregated data.

 Statistics describes proper situation only in case of

numerical information.

 Statistics cannot express the entire data set.

 Using inappropriate information.

 Purposive misuses.

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 Some Basic definitions
1. Population:
An aggregate of all individuals or items defined on
some common characteristics is called a population.
** Population Size is denoted by N
Example:
• If we are interested about the average height of
IUBAT students ,then all students of IUBAT should
be considered as Population.
• If our concern is to determine the average Living
cost in USA. Then all Citizens of the United States.

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2. Sample:
A representative small part of a population is
called a sample.
** Sample Size is noted by n.
Example:
To determine the average height of IUBAT is
student, if we take a group of students of size 200
from 7,000 (Total student ; considered as N)
students of IUBAT, then that group 0f 200 students
should be considered as sample.
So , in this case, sample size, n =200
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3. Parameter :
• Any function or characteristics of a population
is considered as parameter.
• Its value is constant.
Example :
If we able to calculate the average height of IUBAT
student by using all individuals (N=7000)
information. Then that average height is should
be considered as parameter.

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4. Statistic:
• Any function of sample value is called statistics.
• Its value is not constant.

Example:
IF we calculate the average height of IUBAT
students by using the sample of 200 students ,
then that average height should be considered as
Statistic.

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Variable:
A variable is a characteristics that can vary from person
to person, object to object or from phenomenon to
phenomenon (over time, quantity etc.) .
Example:
Religion, Age, height etc.

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 Types of Variable

Discrete
Quantitative variable
variable Continuous
Variable
Qualitative variable
variable

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Qualitative variable:
when the characteristics being studied is non-
numerical, then such type of variables is
considered as qualitative variable.

Example:
• Hair color (brown, black, white)
• Religion (Hindu, Muslim)
• place of birth (rural, urban)
• Gender (Male, Female )etc.

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Quantitative variable:
When the studied variable can be reported
numerically , then those type of variables are called
quantitative variable.

Example:
• Height
• Weight
• Age
• Years of teaching experience etc.

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 Discrete Variable:
If the sample space of a quantitative variable can
take only on a finite or certain number of values,
then it should be considered as discrete variable.
Example:
• Family size
• No. of accidents per day in Bangladesh
• Population size
• No. of days absent from work for illness etc.

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 Continuous Variable:
If the sample space of a quantitative variable contains
an interval or continuous span of real numbers, then it
should be considered as continuous variable.

Example:
• Salary
• Height
• Weight
• Age
• Lifetime of a bulb etc.

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 Scale of Measurement
To measure a variable in statistics we have some
scale that are called measurement scale . We
can classify them into four scales as
1. Nominal Scale
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale

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1. Nominal Scale :
• Deals with qualitative data only.
• We allow to make categorization under this scale
• No meaningful order can be done here.
• Under this scale, variables are also called nominal
variable.
Example:
 Religion
 Color
 Sex/ Gender
 Jersey numbers of football player

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2. Ordinal Scale :
• Deals with quantitative / qualitative data.
• We allow to make categorization under this scale
• Meaningful order can be done here that means data
can be ranked .
• Under this scale, variables are also called ordinal
variable.
Example:
• Economic status
• Academic performance
• Educational Status etc.

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3. Interval Scale :
• Deals with quantitative data mostly.
• We allow to make categorization under this scale
• Data/ Variable can be ranked .
• Difference between the rank has equal interval.
• Zero is not considered as exactly zero.
• Under this scale, variables are also called interval
variable.
Example:
• Temperature
• IQ Scores
• Calendar Time etc.

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4. Ratio Scale :
• Deals with quantitative data.
• We allow to make categorization under this scale
• Data/ Variable can be ranked .
• Difference between the rank has equal interval.
• Zero is considered as exactly zero.
• Under this scale, variables are also called Ratio
variable.
Example:
1. Age
2. Height
3. Wages etc.

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Thank You

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