Fluid-Mechanics-Ace Text Book Solution

Fluid
Mechanics
Solutions for Volume – I _ Classroom Practice Questions
Common data Q. 04 & 05

Chapter- 1
Properties of Fluids 04. Ans: (c)
Sol: D1 = 100 mm , D2 = 106 mm
01. Ans: (c) D 2  D1
Radial clearance, h 
Sol: For Newtonian fluid whose velocity profile 2
is linear, the shear stress is constant. This 106  100
  3mm
behavior is shown in option (c). 2
L = 2m
02. Ans: 100  = 0.2 pa.s
V 0.2  1.5 N = 240 rpm
Sol:    3
= 100 N/m2
h 3  10
2N 2  240
03. Ans: 1  =
60 60
Sol:
 = 8
WSin30 r 0.2  8  50  10 3

 
h 3  10 3
30o = 83.77N/m2
W
05. Ans: (b)
F   A 22 Lr 3
Sol: Power, P 
AV h
W sin 30 
h
2  82  0.2  2  0.053
100 1  0.1  V 
 3  10 3
2 2  10 3
= 66 Watt
V = 1m/s
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:2: ME _ ESE -19 _Vol – I _ Solutions
06. Ans: (c)  Bingham plastic  Fluid behaves like a

Sol: solid until a minimum yield stress beyond

30 which it exhibits a linear relationship
between shear stress and the rate of strain.
18
Slope = constant
6 09. Ans: (b)
Sol: V = 0.01 m3
1
 = 0.75  10–9 m2/N
0 1 3 5 du/dy
dP = 2107 N/m2
 Newtonian fluid 1 1 4
K  9
  109
 0.75  10 3
07. Ans: (a)  dP
K
du dV / V
Sol: 
dy
 2  10 7  10 2  3
dV  = –1.510–4
u = 3 sin(5y) 4  10 9
du
 3 cos5y   5 = 15cos(5y)
dy 10. Ans: 320 Pa
du 8 8  0.04 32  102
 y0.05  Sol: P   
dy D 1  10 3 10 3
y 0.05
P = 320 N/m2
= 0.5  15 cos5  0.05
 1 11. Ans: (d)
= 0.5  15  cos   0.5  15 
4 2 Sol:
2
= 7.53.140.707  16.6N/m  As the temperature is increased, the
viscosity of a liquid decreases due to the
08. Ans: (d) reduction in intermolecular cohesion.
Sol:  In gases, the viscosity increases with the
 Ideal fluid  Shear stress is zero. rise in temperature due to increased
 Newtonian fluid  Shear stress varies molecular activity causing an increase in the
linearly with the rate of strain. change of momentum of the molecules,
 Non-Newtonian fluid  Shear stress does normal to the direction of motion.
not vary linearly with the rate of strain.  Thus, statement (I) is wrong but statement
(II) is correct.
:3: Fluid Mechanics
12. Ans: (c)

Sol: The surface energy is given by The plate moves with velocity V
E =   area
As area increases, surface energy will (h-y) 1
increase. Thus, statement (I) is correct. V
 Surface tension,  is the property of fluid. y 2
Hence, it is independent of the size of the

bubble. Thus, statement (II) is wrong. From Newton’s law of viscosity,
du
 Let A be area of plate
dy
Conventional Practice Solutions
 F1 = 1  Area of plate
V
F1  1  A
01. hy
Sol: V
F2   2  A
y
(h-y) (i) Shear force on two sides of the plate are equal:
h 1
F
F1 = F2
2
y 1  VA  2 VA

hy y
Assumptions: 1 h  y

 Thin plate has negligible thickness. 2 y
 Velocity profile is linear because of narrow h 1
 1
gap. y 2
 Given fluid is a Newtonian fluid which
h 1   2
obeys Newton’s law of viscosity. 
y 2
2h
The force required to pull it is proportional y
1   2
to the total shear stress imposed by the two
(ii) The position of plate so that pull required to
oil layers.
drag the plate is minimum.
F = F1 + F2 ,
1 VA  2 VA
Where F1 = Force on top sides of plate, F  ,
hy y
F2 = Force on bottom side of plate
[V, A, 1 & 2, h are constant]
dF
For minimum force, 0 Assumptions:
dy
–1VA(h –y)–2 (–1) – 2VAy–2 = 0  The gap between two cylinders is narrow
and hence velocity profile in the gap is
 2 VA  VA
 1 2 assumed linear.
y 2
h  y 
 No change in properties
h  y 2 
 1
y2 2
Torque = Tangential force  radius
hy 1 Force = shear stressArea

y 2
  VA

h 1 h
 1 where y is the distance of the
y 2 Where h is the clearance (radial)
thin flat plate from the bottom flat surface. 10  9.75
h
2
h
y = 0.125cm = 1.2510–3m
1
1
2 Area = DL
= 0.12.510-2
02. Ans: 8.105 Pa. S
= 7.853910–3m2
Sol: Torque = 1.2N-m
  r  A
Speed, N = 90 rpm Fs 
h
Diameter, D1 = 10 cm , D2 = 9.75 cm 2N 2  90
H = 2.5cm    3 rad / s
60 60
 Torque = Fsr
rA
 r
h
r 2
 A
h
  3  (0.05) 2  7.8539  103
1.2 
2.5 cm
1.25  10 3
 = 8.105 Pa.s
9.75cm
10 cm

:5: Fluid Mechanics
 The manometer shown in Fig. 2 is for

Chapter- 2 measuring pressure in liquids only.
Pressure Measurement & Fluid Statics  The manometer shown in Fig. 3 is for
measuring pressure in liquids or gases.
 The manometer shown in Fig. 4 is an open
01. Ans: (a) ended manometer for positive pressure
-3 5 2
Sol: 1 millibar = 10 10 = 100 N/m measurement.
3 -3
One mm of Hg = 13.610 9.81110
= 133.416 N/m2 05. Ans: 2.2
1 N/mm2 = 1106 N/m2 Sol: hp in terms of oil
1 kgf/cm2 = 9.81104 N/m2 so ho = smhm
0.85h0 = 13.60.1
02. Ans: (b) h0 = 1.6m
Sol:
hp = 0.6+1.6
710 mm
Local atm.pressure  hp = 2.2m of oil
(350 mm of vaccum)
(or) Pp – oil  0.6 – Hg  0.1 = Patm
360 mm Pp  Patm   Hg 
   0.1  0.6 
Absolute pressure  oil   oil 
13.6
  0.1  0.6 = 2.2 m of oil
03. Ans: (c) 0.85
Sol: Pressure does not depend upon the volume Gauge pressure of P in terms of m of oil
of liquid in the tank. Since both tanks have = 2.2 m of oil
the same height, the pressure PA and PB are
same. 06. Ans: (b)
sw s w h w2
Sol: h M  h w1  h N   h0
04. Ans: (b) s0 s0
Sol: 9 18
hM  hN   3
 The manometer shown in Fig.1 is an open 0.83 0.83
ended manometer for negative pressure h M  h N  13.843 cm of oil
measurement.

07. Ans: 2.125 FV = x

Sol:
   22
I FV = gV  1000  10 
hP  h  1m 4
Ah
FV = 10 kN
D 4  4
 2  x = 10
64  D 2  2  
22  4
 2  2.125m 11. Ans: (d)
64  2
Sol: Fnet = FH1 – FH2
08. Ans: 10 D D 2
FH1     D 1 
2 2
Sol: F  ghA
D D D 2


 9810  1.625  1.2 2  0.8 2
4
 FH 2     1 
4 2 8
F = 10kN 1  3D 2
2 1
= D    =
 2 8 8
09. Ans: 1
Sol: 12. Ans: 2
Sol: Let P be the absolute pressure of fluid f3 at
mid-height level of the tank. Starting from
the open limb of the manometer (where
2x
2x pressure = Patm) we write :
x  h
Patm +   1.2 – 2   0.2 – 0.5    0.6   = P
Fbottom = g  2x  2x  x  2
FV = gx  2x  2x or P – Patm = Pgauge

FB h
1 = (1.2 - 20.2 – 0.5 0.6 – 0.5  )
FV 2
For Pgauge to be zero, we have,
(1.2 – 0.4 – 0.3 – 0.25 h) = 0
10. Ans: 10
Sol: 0.5
or h 2
0.25
2m

:7: Fluid Mechanics
13. Ans: (b) FH = w  6.727  Area (projected)

Sol: The depth of centre of pressure from the   32
= w  6.727 
free liquid surface is given by 2
I xx , c = w  6.727  4.5
hcp = h  --------(1)
Ah = 932.94 kN
I xx , c 0.10976 R 4
Or, h cp  h  hcp = 6.727 
Ah R 2
 6.727
From the above relationship, as h increases, 2
I xx ,c 0.10976  32  2
decreases. Thus, at great depth, the = 6.727 
Ah   6.727
difference (hcp – h ) becomes negligible. = 6.727 + 0.0935
Hence, statement (I) is correct. = 6.8205 m from free liquid surface
Also, it is clear from equation (1) that hcp is = (8 – 6.8205) m from base B
independent of the density of the liquid. = 1.1795 m from base B.
Taking moment about B
FA  3 = 932.94  1.1795
 FA = 366.8 kN
02.
01. Sol:
Sol:
 4 R   R
h  5  3   h  1.5  
 3  2

 43 FH = ghA projected
= 5  3   = 5 + 1.727 = 6.727 m
 3 

 R
= g1.5  R  3
 2 Chapter- 3
=  1.5  1.53  3 Buoyancy and Metacentric Height
= 27  N
01. Ans: (d)
1

3  33  Sol:
hcp = 3  12
3  33

= 3.25 m from free liquid surface
2m
= 3.25 – 1.5 = 1.75 m from A d
1.25m
 R 2  93 27 4m
FB =  3 =   = N
 4  4 4
FB = weight of body
FB will act through the centroid of the
bgVb = fgVfd
4R
quadrant which is at a distance from 640421.25 = 1025(41.25d)
3
the vertical line AB. Now, taking moment d = 1.248m
of the forces about the hinge A, we write Vfd = 1.24841.25
4R Vfd = 6.24 m3
Fs  3  FB   FH  1.75  0
3
where Fs is the force in x-direction on the 02. Ans: (c)
stop at B & Vs is in y-direction (does not Sol: Surface area of cube = 6 a2
contribute in the moment). Surface area of sphere = 4 r2

27 4R 4r2 = 6a2
3Fs = 271.75–  =104(271.75 – 93)
4 3 2  a 
2
 
= 104  27  0.75 = 202.5 kN.m 3 r
202.5 Fb,s  Vs
 Fs  = 67.5 kN
3 4 3
r
4 r 3
 3 3 
a 3  2  3
r 
 3 
 
4 r 3 6
 
3  2 2 3  
  r 
 3 3 

:9: Fluid Mechanics
03. Ans: 4.76 05. Ans: 1.375

Sol: FB = FB,Hg + FB,W Sol: Wwater = 5 N
WB = FB Woil = 7 N
S = 0.85
x water W – Weight in air
FB1 = W – 5
(10–x) Hg
FB2 = W – 7
W – 5 = 1gVfd…..(1)
bgVb= HggHg+wgw W – 7 = 2gVfd…..(2)
bVb = HgHg+ww Vfd = Vb
SVb = SHgHg+Sww W  5  1gVb
W  7   2 gVb
7.6103 = 13.6102(10–x)+102x
2  1   2 gVb
–6000 = –1260x
2
x = 4.76 cm Vb 
1000  8509.81
Vb = 1.359110-3 m3
04. Ans: 11
W = 5 + (98101.359110-3)
Sol: 
W = 18.33 N
FB
1.6m W = b g Vb
18.33
 b
T
9.81  1.3591  10 3
b = 1375.05 kg/m3
Sb = 1.375
FB = W + T
W = FB – T
06. Ans: (d)
= fgVfd – T Sol: For a floating body to be stable, metacentre
4
= 10 3  9.81  0.8  10  10 3
3
3
  should be above its center of gravity.
Mathematically GM > 0.
= 21 – 10
W = 11 kN

: 10 : ME _ ESE -19 _Vol – I _ Solutions
07. Ans: (b) Shear stress on one side of the plate

Sol: W = FB dU

bgVb = fgVfd dy
bVb = fVfd Fs = total shear force (considering both sides
  of the plate)
0.6  d 2  2d  1  d 2  x
4 4 2AV
 2A   
x = 1.2d y
GM = BM – BG 2  1.5  1.5  2.5  0.1

I d 4 d 11 10 3
BM    = 0.052d
V  2 19.2 = 102.2727 N
64  d  1.2d
4 Weight of plate, W = 50 N
BG = d – 0.6d = 0.4d Upward force on submerged plate,
Thus, GM = 0.052d – 0.4d = –0.348 d
Fv = gV = 900  9.81  1.5 1.5  10–3
GM < 0
= 29.7978 N
 Hence, the cylinder is in unstable condition.
Total force required to lift the plate

08. Ans: 122.475
= Fs + W – FV
Sol: V=0.1m/s
= 102.2727 + 50 – 29.7978
F = 122.4749 N
09. Ans: (d)

Fs Fs
Sol:
 Statement (I) is wrong because the balloon
filled with air cannot go up and up, if it is
released from the ground.
W
 However, with increase in elevation, the
atmospheric pressure and temperature both
The thickness of the oil layer is same on
decrease resulting into a decrease in air
either side of plate
density. Thus, statement (II) is correct.
y = thickness of oil layer
23.5  1.5
  11mm
2

: 11 : Fluid Mechanics
The centre of buoyancy B will be at a

h
Conventional Practice Solutions distance from O as shown in the figure.
2
h
01. Ans: (i) 0.33, (ii) 0.5 m Or, OB = = 0.33L
2
Sol: Given data :
L
Inner diameter of hollow cylinder, and OG = = 0.5L
2
di = 300 mm I
Outer diameter of hollow cylinder, Now, BM =

do = 600 mm  4
S.G. of wooden hollow cylinder = 0.56
=
64

d 0  d i4  4

  d 0  d i2  h
2

S.G. of oil = 0.85
=
d 2
0 
 d i2
=
0.62 2  0.3 
do 16h 16  0.66L
0.0426
=
M L
Thus, GM = BM – (OG – OB)
G L
h 0.0426
B
=  0.5L  0.33L 
L
O
0.0426
=  0.17L
di L
For stable equilibrium condition, GM  0.
Let 'h' be the depth of immersion of the Putting GM = 0 for the maximum height of
cylinder in oil and L be the height of the the cylinder, we get
cylinder. 0.0426
 L2
Weight of hollow cylinder = Buoyant force 0.17
acting on the hollow cylinder  L = 0.5 m
 2 
Or,  cyl 
4
d 0  d i2  L   oil  d 02  d i2  h
4
Thus, h = 0.66 0.5 = 0.33 m
 cyl 0.56 02. Ans: Unstable

Or, h L = L = 0.66 L
 oil 0.85 Sol: Given data:
Let us then calculate the maximum height d = 1.0 m, L = 1.5 m,
of the cylinder, L for the stable equilibrium sea water = 1026 kg/m
condition. mbuoy = 80 kg m = 10 kg
M Chapter- 4
Fluid Kinematics
G L
h B
01. Ans: (b)
O
Sol:
d  Constant flow rate signifies that the flow is
 2 steady.
(80 + 10)g =  1  h  1026  g
4  For conically tapered pipe, the fluid velocity
where h is the depth of immersion of the at different sections will be different. This
buoy. corresponds to non-uniform flow.
4  90
Thus, h = 0.1117 m
  1026 Common Data for Questions 02 & 03
h 02. Ans: 0.94
OB = = 0.05585 m
2
V
The position of G due to a mass of 10 kg Sol: aLocal =
t
added to the cylindrical buoy is evaluated
  
2
x 
as: =  2 t 1   
t   2L  

80  0.75 + 10  1.5 = 90  OG
2
75  x 
Or, OG   0.833m = 1   2
90  2L 
I  4 4 2
BM = = 1   0.5 
 64   12  h (aLocal)at x = 0.5, L = 0.8 = 2 1  
 2  0.8 
1
= = 0.5595 m = 2(1  0.3125)2 = 0.945 m/sec2
16  0.1117
Thus, GM = BM – (OG – OB)
03. Ans: –13.68
= 0.5595 – (0.833 – 0.05585)
Sol: a convective  v. v  2t 1  x    2t1  x  
2 2
= – 0.21765 m
x   2L   x   2L  
Or, GM < 0
Thus, the buoy floats in unstable condition.   x    
2
x  1 
 2t 1    2t 21    
  2L     2L  2L 
At t = 3 sec; x = 0.5 m; L = 0.8 m
V 2 3 9
2 2
 0.5   0.5  1 
a convective 2 31   2 321   ar =   = 1 m/s2
 2 0.8   2  0.8  2 0.8 R 9 9
aconvective = – 14.62 m/sec2 V 1
at = V  3  = 1 m/s2
atotal = alocal + aconvective = 0.94 – 14.62 x 3
= –13.68 m/sec2 a = a r 2  a t 2  12  12 = 2 m/sec2
04. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: 13.75

2
Sol: u = 6xy – 2x dV
Sol: a t (conv)  Vavg 
Continuity equation for 2D flow dx
u v  2.5  3  3  2.5 
 0 a t ( conv) =   = 2.75  5
x y  2  0.1 
u at (conv) = 13.75 m/s2
 6y  4x
x
6 y  4x   v  0 07. Ans: 0.3

y Sol: Q = Au
v u  Q
 4x  6 y   0 aLocal = =  
y t t  A 
v = (4x–6y) dy 1 Q
a local 
v =  4xdy   6 ydy A t
 1  Q
= 4xy –3y2 + c aLocal =  
 0.4  0.1x  t
= 4xy  3y2 + f(x)
1 Q
(aLocal)at x = 0 =  0.12 ( = 0.12)
0.4 t
05. Ans: 2 = 1.414 = 0.3 m/sec2
V 1
Sol:  m / sec/ m 
x 3
V= 3 m/sec 08. Ans: (b)
at Sol:  = x2 y2
aTotal = (ax) î +(ay) ĵ
R=9 m
 
u=    x 2  y 2  = 2y
V 2
y y
ar=
R   2
v=  x  y 2  = 2x
x x

u u 1  dv du 
ax = u v z    
x y 2  dx dy 
= (2y)(0) + (2x)(2) 1
z  4 y  0
ax = 4x 2
v v
ay = u v Z at 2,2   1  42 = 4 rad/sec
x y 2
= (2y)( 2) + (2x)(0)
ay = 4y 11. Ans: 0
a = (4x) î + (4y) ĵ Sol: Given, u = 3x,

v = Cy,
w=2
09. Ans: (b)
The shear stress, xy is given by
Sol: Given, The stream function for a potential
 u v  
flow field is  = x2 – y2  xy        3x  

Cy 
 y x   y x 
=?
   =  (0 + 0) = 0
u 
x y
u


 x 2  y2   12. Ans: (d)
y y Sol:
 The total acceleration is given as
u = 2y  
DV V  
u= 

 2y   V. V
x Dt t
where the first term on the R.H.S is the
    2 yx local acceleration and the second term is the
 = –2 xy + c1 convective acceleration.
Given,  is zero at (0,0)  If the flow is steady, then local acceleration
 c1 = 0 will be zero, not the convective
  = –2xy acceleration.
 The convective acceleration arises due to
10. Ans: 4 the fact that a fluid element experiences
Sol: Given, 2D – flow field different velocities at different locations.
Velocity, V = 3xi + 4xyj Thus, statement (I) is wrong whereas
u = 3x, v = 4xy statement (II) is correct.

2f dy
Or, df 
Conventional Practice Solutions 1  3f 2
y
6f 3dy
df  
01. Ans: (ii) y = x (ii) (0, 0) 3f  1
2
y
Sol: Given: u = c(x2 – y2) and v = –2cxy Integrating
The equation of a streamline is given by  
ln 3f 2  1  3 ln y  ln C
dx dy Or, (3f2 – 1)y3 = C

u v
 x2 
dy v 2Cxy 2 xy Or,  3 2  1 y 3  C
Or,  = = 2  y
dx u C x y
2 2

x  y2  
Or, 3x2y – y3 = C
(ii) For flow to be parallel to y-axis, u = 0
Or, x2y – y3/3 = constant, proved
dy v
Or,  2 
dx x  y 2
This is possible when x =  y
(iii) The fluid is stationary when u & v both are
zero.
From the velocity components given, it is
possible when (x, y) = (0, 0)
(i) From the equation of streamline
dy  2xy
 2
dx x  y 2
dx x 2  y2
Or,  ----------(1)
dy 2 xy
Let x = fy or dx = fdy + ydf
dx df
Or, f y --------(2)
dy dy
Equating (1) with (2),
df f 2 y2  y2 f 2 1 1 f 2
f y  =  =
dy 2fy  y 2f 2f
df 1  f 2 1  3f 2
Or, y  f =
dy 2f 2f

Total head at (2) – (2)

V22 P2
Chapter- 5 =   Z2
2g  g
Energy Equation and its Applications
= 0.203 + 5.407 + 0 = 5.61 m
Loss of head = 5.77 – 5.61 = 0.16 m
01. Ans: (c)  Energy at (1) – (1) > Energy at (2) – (2)
Sol: Applying Bernoulli’s equation for ideal  Flow takes from higher energy to lower
fluid energy
2 2
P1 V P V i.e. from (S1) to (S2)
 Z1   2  Z2 
1 2
g 2g g 2g Flow takes place from top to bottom.

P1 (2) 2 P (1) 2
 = 2 
g 2g g 2g 03. Ans: 1.5
P2 P1 4 1  2 
d1  0.1  7.85  10 3 mm2
2
   Sol: A1 =
g g 2g 2g 4 4
 2 
P2  P1 3 1.5 d 2  0.05  1.96  10 3 mm2
2
  A2 
g 2g g 4 4
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h L
02. Ans: (c) g 2g g 2g
Sol: Z1 = Z2, it is in horizontal position

① ① Since, at outlet, pressure is atmospheric
S1
2m P2 = 0
S2② Q = 100 lit/sec = 0.1 m3/sec

②
Q 0.1
V1    12.73 m / sec
A1 7.85  10 3
V12 P1
 1.27 m ,  2.5m
2g g Q 0.1
V2    51.02 m / sec
A 2 1.96  10 3
V22 P2
 0.203m ,  5.407m
2g g P1gauge

12.732 0
51.022
Z1 = 2 m , Z2 = 0 m air  g 2  10 2  10
Total head at (1) – (1) P1
 121.53
V12 P1 air .g
=   Z1
2g  g P1  121.53  air  g
= 1.27 + 2.5 + 2 = 5.77 m = 1.51 kPa
04. Ans: 395 P = 4 kPa,

3
Sol: Q = 100 litre/sec = 0.1 m /sec P P
h 
V1 = 100 m/sec; P1 = 3  10 N/m 5 2
w  f .g
V2 = 50 m/sec; P2 = 1  105 N/m2 P 4  103
 
Power (P) = ? s f  w g 0.85  1000  9.81
Bernoulli’s equation
0.07  0.011 2  9.81 4  10 3
P1 V P 2
V 2 Q Th 
  Z1  2 
1
 Z2  h L 2
0.07 2  0.0112 0.85  1000  9.81
g 2g g 2g
5 2 5 2
= 0.035 m3/sec = 35.15 ltr/sec
3  10 100 1  10 50
 0   0  hL
1000  10 2  10 1000  10 2  10
06. Ans: 65
 hL = 395 m
Sol: hstag = 0.30 m
P = gQ.hL
hstat = 0.24 m
P = 1000  10  0.10  395
V = c 2gh dyna
P = 395 kW
V  1 2g h stag  h stat 
05. Ans: 35
 29.810.30  0.24 = 1.085 m/s
Sol:
fluid, S = 0.85 = 1.085  60 = 65.1 m/min
d1
d2 B
A
07. Ans: 81.5
Sol: x = 30 mm, g = 10 m/s2
Pressure difference air = 1.23 kg/m3; Hg = 13600 kg/m3
Between A & B = 4 kPa
C=1
d1 = 300 mm, d2 = 120 mm V  2gh D

A1 A 2 S 
Q Th  2gh h D  x  m  1
A12  A 22  S 
 13600 
A1A 2  P  h D  30  10 3   1
 2g    1.23 
A12  A 22  w 
hD = 331.67 m
 
A1 = d12  0.30  0.07 m 2
2
V  1 2  10  331.67 = 81.5 m/sec
4 4
 2 
d 2  0.12  0.011m 2
2
A2 
4 4
08. Ans: 140

A1 A 2 Conventional Practice Solutions
Sol: Q a  C d 2gh
A A
2
1
2
2
1 01. Ans: 5.4 cm, 540 Pa

Cd 
h Sol: Air enters into the wind tunnel at Patm and
C d venturi V  0. It attains a velocity V in the test

0.95 h orifice
  section and the pressure there is P.
C d orifice 0.65 h venturi
Applying Bernoulli's equation for points (1)
hventuri = 140 mm
and (2) as shown in the figure.
09. Ans: (d)

Sol:
 For an orifice meter, the fluid re-establishes
its flow pattern downstream of the orifice
plate. However, the fluid pressure
downstream of the orifice plate is not the
P1 V12 P V2
same as that at upstream of the orifice plate.   Z1  2  2  Z 2
 air 2g  air 2g
Thus, statement (I) is not correct.
But P1 = Patm, V1  0 and Z1 = Z2
 Bernoulli's equation when applied to any
two points (for irrotational, steady and Patm  P2 V22
Thus, 
 air 2g
incompressible flow) can be written as
2
P1 V12 P V2  5
  Z1  2  2  Z 2 108  
18 
 2g  2g =   45 -----(1)
2  10
If V1 = V2 & Z1 = Z2, we get P1 = P2.
From manometer,
Thus, statement (II) is correct.
P2 + waterh = Patm
or, Patm – P2 = water  h -------(2)
Hence, equation (1) becomes,
 water h
 45 (from (2))
 air
45   air 45  1.2  g
h = = 0.054 m
 water 103  g
 h = 5.4 cm
Applying Bernoulli's equation for points (2)

and (3)
Chapter- 6
P2 V22 P V2
  3  3 Momentum equation and its Applications
 air 2g  air 2g
But point (3) is stagnation point where
P3 = Pstag & V3 = 0 01. Ans: 1600
Pstag  P2 Sol: S = 0.80
V22
Thus,  = 45 A = 0.02 m2
 air 2g
V = 10 m/sec
Or, Pstag  P2 = 45  1.2  10 = 540 Pa
F = .A.V2
F = 0.80  1000  0.02  102
F = 1600 N
02. Ans: 6000

Sol: A = 0.015 m2
V = 15 m/sec (Jet velocity)
U = 5 m/sec (Plate velocity)
F = A (V + U)2
F = 1000  0.015 (15 + 5)2
F = 6000 N
03. Ans: 19.6

Sol: V = 100 m/sec (Jet velocity)
U = 50 m/sec (Plate velocity)
d = 0.1 m
F = A (V – U)2

F  1000   0.12  100  50
2
4
F = 19.6 kN

04. Ans: (a) From the continuity equation :

Sol: Ai Vi = 14
V
14
or Vi   1.24 m / s
10  113  10 4
3
14
Similarly, Ve  3  20 m / s
V 10  7  10 4
Let Fx be the force exerted by elbow on
Fx = aV( V1x – V2x)
water in the +ve x-direction. Applying the
= aV( V – (–V)) linear momentum equation to the C.V.
= 2 a V2 enclosing the elbow, we write :
Pi g Ai  Fx  m Ve cos 30o  Vi 
–4 2
= 2 1000  10  5 = 5 N
05. Ans: (d)

 
 Ve cos 30o  Vi  Pi g A i
Fx  m
Sol: Given, V = 20 m/s, = 14 (20cos30 – 1.24) – 20010311310–4

u = 5 m/s = 225.13 – 2260
F1 = A(V  u) 2
= – 2034.87 N  – 2035 N
2 The x-component of water force on elbow is
Power (P1) = F1 u = A(V  u) u
F2 = .A.V  Vr –Fx (as per Newton’s third law),
= .A(V).(Vu) i.e.,  2035 N (e)
Power (P2) = F2 u = AV(Vu)u
P1 AV  u 2  u
y
(Pe)g = 0
 x
P2 AV(V  u )  u
30
Vu u
 1
V V
F(x)on water
(i)
5
1  = 0.75
20 07. Ans: (a)
Sol: In a convergent nozzle, as the area
06. Ans: 2035 decreases in the direction of flow, the flow
Sol: Given,  = 30,  = 14 kg/s
m velocity will increase (AV = Constant) in
(Pi)g = 200 kPa, (Pe)g = 0 the direction of flow. This will result in
Ai = 11310–4 m2 , Ae = 710–4 m2 increase in its momentum. Thus, statement
 = 103 kg/m3, g = 10 m/s2 (I) is correct and statement (II) is the correct
explanation of statement (I).
Therefore, the device (a) will move to the

right.
(c)  c Vi  0 = m
Fx = m  Vi
Fx is acting in +ve x direction.
01. Ans: Right: a, b, c; Left: d Therefore, the device (c) will move to the
Sol: Let Fx be the force exerted by the fluid on right.
the device which will be different for (d)  d Vi  Ve 
Fx = m
different devices. Since inlet and outlet
Since Ve > Vi
sections of the devices are at atmospheric
Fx is acting in –ve x direction. Therefore,
pressure, there will be no contribution of
the device (d) will move to the left.
pressure forces at these sections. Let Vi and
Ve be the velocities at inlet and outlet of the
02.
devices in x-direction.
Sol: Given data:
Aj = 0.009 m2
Vj = 30.5 m/s
Vs = 3 m/s
As + Aj = 0.07 m2 = AT
As = (0.07 – 0.009) = 0.061 m2
AjVj + AsVs = (As + As)Ve
(From continuity equation)
0.009  30.5 + 0.061  3 = 0.07 Ve
Or, Ve = 6.536 m/s  6.54 m/s
Applying linear momentum equation:
Applying linear momentum equation to
P1(As + Aj) – P2(As + Aj)
each of the devices, we write
= AT  Ve[Ve] – A s Vs2  A jVj2
(a)  a Vi   Ve   m
Fx = m  a Vi  Ve 
Fx is acting in +ve x direction. (P1 – P2)AT = A T Ve2  A s Vs2  A jVj2
Therefore, the device (b) will move to the 
=  0.07  6.5362  0.061  9  0.009  30.52 
right. = –103(5.931) N
(b)  b Vi  Ve 
Fx = m 5.931
Or, P2 – P1 = = 84.73 kPa
Since Vi > Ve, Fx is acting in +ve x 0.07
direction.

04. Ans: 1.92

Chapter- 7 Sol:  = 1000 kg/m3
Laminar Flow Q = 800 mm3/sec = 800  (10–3)3 m3/sec
L=2m
01. Ans: (d) D = 0.5 mm
Sol: In a pipe, the flow changes from laminar P = 2 MPa = 2  106Pa
flow to transition flow at Re = 2000. Let V =?
be the average velocity of flow. Then 128.QL
P =
V  8  102 D 4
2000   V  1m / s
0.4  10 4
2  10 6 
128    800  10 3  2 
3
In laminar flow through a pipe, 

 0.5  10 3 
4
Vmax = 2  V = 2 m/s  = 1.917 milli Pa – sec
02. Ans: (d) 05. Ans: 0.75

 P  r    r 2 
Sol: The equation       is valid for Sol: Ur = Umax 1    
 x  2   R 
 
laminar as well as turbulent flow through a
 U r 
2
circular tube.    1    
 U max  R  
03. Ans: (d)   50  2 

= 1 1   
Sol: Q = A.Vavg   200  
 
Vmax
Q = A. ( Vmax = 2 Vavg)  1 3
2 = 1 1   = = 0.75 m/s
 4 4
2
  40  1.5
Q=   
4  1000  2
06. Ans: 0.08

 0.04   0.75 Sol: Given,
2
=
4
 = 0.8  1000 = 800 kg/m3
 4 4 3 3
=    = m3/sec  = 1 Poise = 10–1 N-s/m
4 100 100 4 10000
d = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Velocity = 2 m/s

VD 08. Ans: 5.2

Reynold’s Number, Re 
 Sol: Oil viscosity,  = 10 poise = 100.1
800  2  0.05 = 1 N-s/m2
  800
10 1 y = 50  10–3m
( Re < 2000) L = 120 cm = 1.20 m
 Flow is laminar, P = 3  103Pa
For laminar, Darcy friction factor Width of plate = 0.2 m
64 64 Q=?
f   0.08
Re 800 Q = A.Vavg = (width of platey)V
12VL
07. Ans: 16 P 
B2
Sol: For fully developed laminar flow, 12  1 V  1.20
3  103 
hf 
32VL
(  Q = AV) 50 10  3 2
gD 2
V = 0.52 m/sec
Q Q = AVavg = (0.2  50  10–3) (0.52)
32 L
hf   A   32QL = 5.2 lit/sec
gD 2 AD2  g
32QL
hf  09. Ans: (a)
 2
D  D 2  g Sol: Wall shear stress for flow in a pipe is given
4
by,
1
hf  4 P R P D
D o     
x 2 L 4
h f 1 D14  h f 2 D 42
P D
D 
Given, D2  1 4L
2
4
D  10. Ans: 72
h f 1  D14  h f 2   1 
 2  Sol: Given,  = 800 kg/m3 ,
h f 2  16 h f1  = 0.1 Pa.s
 Head loss, increase by 16 times if diameter Flow is through an inclined pipe.
halved. d = 1  10–2 m,
Vav = 0.1 m/s,
 = 30
Vavd 800  0.1  1  102

Re   8
 0 .1
 flow is laminar.
Applying energy equation for the two
sections of the inclined pipe separated by 10 01.
m along the pipe, Sol: The velocity profile for fully developed
laminar flow between two stationary
P1 V12 P2 V22
  Z1    Z2  h f parallel plates is given by
 2g  2g
1   P 
But V1 = V2 , u 
2  x 
 By  y2

(Z2 – Z1) = 10 sin30 = 5 m
u 1   P 
and hf 
32Vav L (i)   B  2 y 
gd 2 y 2  x 
P1  P2   Z 32Vav L At the upper surface

2  Z1  
 gd 2 u 1   P 
  B  2  B
y 2  x 
P1  P2   gZ2  Z1   32V2 av L
yB
d 1   P 
=   B
32  0.1  0.1  10 2  x 
 800  10  5 
1 10  2 2
u 1   P 
3 3 y = B =  =   B
= 40  10 + 3210 = 72 kPa y yB
2  x 
1
11. Ans: (d) =  1000  5  10 3 = –2.5 Pa
2
Sol: Thus, the magnitude of the shear stress on
 In hydrodynamic entrance region of the pipe the upper plate is 2.5 Pa and its direction is
of uniform diameter, the average velocity opposite to the direction of flow.
remains constant in the direction of flow. (ii) Discharge per unit length
Thus, statement - I is wrong. B
 However, in the above region the centreline =  u y dy  1

0
velocity increases in the direction of flow as
B
1   P 
boundary layers grow on the solid surfaces. =    By  y dy
2  x  0
2
 
Thus, statement (II) is correct.
B
1   P   y 2 y3 
=   B  
2  x   2 3 0
1   P  B3 B3 
=    
2  x  2 3 
Chapter- 8
B   P 
3
Flow Through Pipes
=  
12  x 
q=
5  10  3 3
 1000 01. Ans: (d)
12
Sol:
= 20.8310–6 m3/s
 The Darcy-Weisbash equation for head loss
in written as:
02.
f L V2
Sol: This is a problem of Couette flow with hf 
2g d
pressure gradient. In this case the velocity
where V is the average velocity, f is friction
profile is given by
factor, L is the length of pipe and d is the
1  P 
V
u= y
h
   hy  y
2  x 
2
  diameter of the pipe.
 This equation is used for laminar as well as
=
0.1
0.01
y
1
2  0.1

1200 0.01y  y 2  turbulent flow through the pipe.
= 10y + 6000(0.01y – y2)  The friction factor depends on the type of
= 10y + 60y – 6000y2 flow (laminar or turbulent) as well as the
= 70y – 6000y2 nature of pipe surface (smooth or rough)
For maximum velocity  For laminar flow, friction factor is a
u function of Reynolds number.

 0  70  12000 y
y
70  1000 02. Ans: 481
Or, y mm = 5.833 mm Sol: Given data,
12000
and  =  kg/s,
m d = 510–2 m,
Vmax = 705.83310–3 – 6000(5.83310–3)2  = 0.001 Pa.s ,  = 1000 kg/m3
= 0.204 m/s m 
4m 4  4
Vav     2
A d 2
d 2
d
Vavd 4 d 4
Re    2  
 d  d
4
 2
 8  104
0.001  5  10

 Flow is turbulent 05. Ans: (c)

0.316 0.316 Sol:
f   0.0188
Re 0.25

8  10 4 
0.25
V1 V2
2
f L Vav2  4  1
P  g  f  L   2   d1
2gd  d  2d
d2
P 16 1 8 f 8  0.0188
f 5   5  3 Given d2 = 2d1
L d 2  d 10  5  10  2  5
Losses due to sudden expansion,

= 481.28 Pa/m
V1  V2 2
hL =
2g
03. Ans: (a) 2
Sol: In pipes Net work, series arrangement V2  V2 
= 1 1  
2g  V1 
f .lV 2 f .lQ 2
 hf = 
2gd 12.1  d 5 By continuity equation,
h fA Q = A1V1 = A2V2
f A .l A .Q a2 12.1  d 5B
  2 2
h fB 12.1  d A2 f B .l B .Q 2B V2 A 1  d 1   1 
     
V1 A 2  d 2   2 
Given lA = lB, fA = fB, QA = QB
2
h fA d
5
  dB 
5
V12  1
  B     hL = 1  
h fB 2g  4
 dA   1 .2 d B 
5 9 V12
 1  hL = 
=   = 0.4018  0.402 16 2g
 1.2 
hL 9

V12 16
04. Ans: (a)
2g
Sol: Given, d1 = 10 cm; d2 = 20 cm
f1 = f2 ;
06. Ans: (b)
l1 = l2 = l
Sol: Pipes are in parallel
le = l1 + l2 = 2l
Qe = QA + QB ------- (i)
l e l1 l 2l l l
5
 5 + 25  5  5  5 hLe = h L A  h L B
d e d1 d2 d e 10 20
Le = 175 m
 de = 11.4 cm
fe = 0.015

f e L e Q e2 f A .L A Q 2A f B L B Q 2B V2 V2 V2 f L V2
  Z1  Z2  0.5  5 .5  1 
12.1D 5e 12.1D 5A 12.1D 5B 2g 2g 2g 2gd
0.020  150  Q 2A = 0.015  200  Q B
2
V2 f L V2 V2  f L
7   7  
12.1 0.1 12.1  0.08
5 
2g 2gd 2g  d 
QA = 1.747 QB -------(ii) V2  0.03  930  V2
or 20  7   100
From (i) Qe = 1.747 QB + QB 2g 0.3  2g
Qe = 2.747 QB -------(iii) 20  2g 20  2  10
or V 2  
0.015  1752.747Q B 
2
0.015  200  Q 2
100 100
 B
12.1 D e 12.1 0.08

5 5
 V = 2 m/s
De = 116.6 mm ≃ 117 mm 
Thus, discharge, Q   0.32  2
4
07. Ans: 0.141 = 0.1414 m3/s
Sol:
08. Ans: (c)
(1)
Sol: Given data :
20 m Fanning friction factor, f = m Re–0.2
(2)
For turbulent flow through a smooth pipe.
L = 930 m
 f Darcy L V 2  4f  L V 2
P  
Valve 2d 2d
2 m Re 0.2 L V 2

Given data, d
L = 930 m , kvalve = 5.5 or P  V 0.2 V 2  V1.8 (as all other parameters
kentry = 0.5, d = 0.3 m remain constant)
2
f = 0.03, g = 10 m/s
Applying energy equation for points (1) and We may thus write :
(2), we write : 1.8 1.8
P2  V2  2
     3.4822
P1 V12

P V2
 Z1  2  2  Z 2  h L ,entry P1  V1  1
 w 2g  w 2g
or P2 = 3.4822  10 = 34.82 kPa
 h L , valve  h L ,exit  h f ,pipe
But P1 = P2 = Patm = 0
V1 = 0 = V2
Z1 – Z2 = 20 m , kexit = 1
09. Ans: (b) The pressure drop in the duct is,

Sol: Given data :  f L V2
P 
Rectangular duct, L = 10 m, 2D h
X-section of duct = 15 cm  20 cm 1.145  0.02  10  7 2
 = 32.73 Pa
Material of duct - Commercial steel, 2  0.1714
 = 0.045 mm The required pumping power will be
3
Fluid is air ( = 1.145 kg/m , Ppumping = Q P = A Vav  P
 = 1.65510–5 m2/s) = (0.15  0.2)  7  (32.73)
Vav = 7 m/s = 6.87 W ~ 7 W
Vav  D h
Re 
 10. Ans: 26.5
where, Dh = Hydraulic diameter Sol:
4  Cross sec tional area

Perimeter
4  0.15  0.2
  0.1714 m
20.15  0.2
7  0.1714
Re   72495.5
1.655  10 5
Case I: Without additional pipe,
 Flow is turbulent.
Let Q be the discharge through the pipe.
Then
Using Haaland equation to find friction
factor, PP VP2 P V2 f L Q2
  ZP  S  S  ZS 
 2g  2g 12.1 d 5
1  6.9   / D h 1.11 
~  1.8 log     But VP = VS and ZP = ZS
f  Re  3.7  
PP and PS are the pressures at sections P and
1  6 .9  0.045  10  3 
1.11
 S, respectively.
 1.8 log     
f  72495.5  0.1714  3.7   Thus,
= –1.8 log[9.51810–5 + 2.4810–5] PP PS f L Q 2

  -------(1)
  12.1d 5
= –1.8 log(11.998 10–5)
1
 7.058 Case II: When a pipe (L/2) is connected in
f
f = 0.02 parallel.

In this case, let Q be the total discharge. 11. Ans: 20%

Q Sol: Since, discharge decrease is associated with
QQ  R  and QR-S = Q
2 increase in friction.
Then, df dQ  dQ 
 2   2  
PP VP 2
P V  f L / 4 Q
2 2
f Q  Q
  ZP  S  S  ZS 
 2g  2g 12.1 d 5  2 10  20%
f L / 2Q / 2  f L / 4Q
2 2
 
12.1 d 5 12.1 d 5 12. Ans: (c)
PP and PS are the pressures at sections P Sol: As compared to sharp entrance, the rounded
and S in the second case. entrance will give less energy loss in flow
through a pipe. For sharp entrance, the flow
But VP = VS ; ZP = ZS gets separated and there will be
PP PS f L Q2  1 1 1  recirculation zone till the fluid stream gets
So,    
  12.1d 5  4 8 4  attached to the surface. Thus, the rounded
entrance increases the flow rate when
5 f L Q2
  -------(2) everything else remains constant. Hence,
8 12.1d 5
statement (I) is correct. However, statement
Given that end conditions remain same.
(II) is wrong as discussed above.
P P P P
i.e., P  S  P  S
   
13. Ans: (d)
Hence, equation (2) becomes,
Sol: The surge tanks are provided on upstream
f L Q 2 5 f L Q2
 from eq.(1) side of the valve in order to offset the effect
12.1d 5 8 12.1d 5
of water hammer mainly due to the pressure
2
 Q  8 rise which may damage the pipe. Thus,
or   
Q 5 statement (I) is wrong. However, statement
Q (II) is correct.
or  1.265
Q
Hence, percentage increase in discharge is
Q  Q
  100
Q
= (1.265 – 1)  100
= 26.5 %

02.
Conventional Practice Solutions Sol:
01.
Sol:
Applying energy equation between points

(1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1  2  2  Z2  h f pipe
 f 2g  f 2g
But P1 = P2 = Patm, Z1 = H, Z2 = 0, V1 = 0
Applying Energy equation for two points,
Thus,
just upstream and downstream of the fan in 2
V22 V22 fLVp
the pipe loop. H=  h f pipe = 
2g 2g 2gD
P1 V12 P2 V22 fLtotalV2 KelbowV2 For maximum power transmission, H = 3hf
  Z1    Z2   4
air 2g air 2g 2gD 2g
fLVp2 2
V22 fLVp
Or, 3 = 
where V1 = V2 = V ; Z1 = Z2 2gD 2g 2gD
f = 0.01, D = 3m,
2fLVp2 V22
V = 40 m/s, L = 60 m, Or, 
2gD 2g
Kelbow = 0.3 (Given) 2
 V2 
P1  P2 V  fL 2
 Or,    2fL ---------------(1)
   4  K elbow  V  D
 air 2g  D   p
From equation of continuity,
40 2  0.01  60 
=   4  0.3  2 
2g 3  D Vp  d 2 V2
402 4 4
=  1 .4
2g V2 D 2
Or 
Vp d 2
402
P = air   1.4
2 Thus, substituting in equation (1), we get
402 2
= 1.2   1.4 = 1,344 Pa  D2  2fL
2  2  
Power added to air by fan, P = QP d  D
1
  D5  4
=  32  40  1,344 = 380 kW  d    .......... Proved
4  2fL 
04. Ans: (c)

Sol: Given data:
Chapter- 9 D = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Elementary Turbulent Flow
Re = 106
f = 0.025
01. Ans: (b) Thickness of laminar sub layer,  = ?
Sol: The velocity distribution in laminar 11.6
 =
sublayer of the turbulent boundary layer for V*
flow through a pipe is linear and is given by f
Where V* = shear velocity = V
u yV * 8

V*   = Kinematic viscosity
where V* is the shear velocity. V.D
Re =

02. Ans: (d) V.D
 =
Sol: P   g h f Re
 f L V 2 g f L Q 2 VD
  11.6 
2D 12.1D5  = Re
f
For Q = constant V
8
1
P  11.6  D
D5  =
f
5 Re
P2 D15  D1  1 8
or  5    
P1 D 2  2D1  32 11.6  0.3
=
0.025
10 6 
03. Ans: 2.4 8
Sol: Given: V = 2 m/s = 6.22 105 m = 0.0622 mm
f = 0.02
Vmax = ? 05. Ans: 25
Vmax = V(1 + 1.43 f ) Sol: Given:

= 2 1  1.43 0.02  L = 100 m
D = 0.1 m
= 2  1.2 = 2.4 m/s
hL= 10 m
=?
For any type of flow, the shear stress at yV *

2
or  
 dP R u
wall/surface  = 
dx 2 where, V* is the shear velocity.
gh L R 0.5  103  0.05
2
=  Thus,  
L 2 1.25
gh L D = 110–6 m2/s
= 
L 4
= 110–2 cm2/s
1000  9.81  10 0.1
= 
100 4
2 08. Ans: 47.74 N/m2
= 24.525 N/m = 25 Pa
Sol: Given data :
d = 100 mm = 0.1 m
06. Ans: 0.905
ur=0 = umax = 2 m/s
Sol: k = 0.15 mm
Velocity at r = 30 mm = 1.5 m/s
 = 4.9 N/m2
Flow is turbulent.
 = 1 centi-stoke
The velocity profile in turbulent flow is
 4 .9
V*  o = = 0.07 m/sec u max  u R
 1000  5.75 log 
V* y
 = 1 centi-stoke
where u is the velocity at y and V* is the
1 10 4 shear velocity.
 stoke   10 6 m 2 / sec
100 100 For pipe, y = R – r
3
k 0.15  10 = (50 – 30) mm = 20 mm

'  11.6    Thus,
 * 
 V 
2  1.5  50 
3  5.75 log   2.288
0.15  10 V*  20 
  0.905
11.6  10 6 0.5
0.07 or V*   0.2185 m / s
2.288
Using the relation,
07. Ans: (a)
w
Sol: The velocity profile in the laminar sublayer V*  or w =  (V*)2

is given as
w = 103  (0.2185)2 = 47.74 N/m2
u yV *

V* 

09. Ans: (a) where V* is the shear velocity, we can find

Sol: V*.
 In turbulent flow, shear stress is given by 1.5  1.35  R 
*
 5.75 log  = 5.75log(2)
 du   du  V R/2
      
 dy   dy   V* = 0.0867 m/s.
= Viscous stress + Reynolds stress Similarly using the logarithmic velocity
where  is dynamic viscosity and  is the profile in terms of u, V and V* (where V is
eddy viscosity which is not a fluid properly the average velocity) we can find V as:
but it is a flow property which depends uV y
*
= 5.75 log   3.75
upon turbulence condition of the flow. V R
 From the above expression we say that the at y = R,
shear stress in turbulent flow is more than u = umax
that predicted by Newton's law of viscosity.
1.5  V R
Thus, statement - I is correct.  5.75 log   3.75 = 0 + 3.75
0.0867 R
 Statement (II) is also correct statement and
 V = 1.5 – 0.08673.75 = 1.175 m/s
it is the correct explanation of statement (I).

Conventional Practice Solutions (i) Thus, discharge =  0.22  1.175
4
= 0.0369 m3/s
01.
f
Sol: Given data: (ii) We know that V*  V
2
r = 0, u = 1.5 m/s at y = R – 0 = R
where, f  is the coefficient of friction.
R R R
r  , u = 1.35 m/s at y = R  = 2
2 2 2  V* 
Thus, f   2   
D = 0.2 m or R = 0.1 m V
Centreline velocity 1.5 m/s = umax 2
 0.0867 
= 2 
 1.175 
Using the logarithmic velocity profile as:
= 0.011
u max  u R The friction factor, f = 4f  = 0.044
*
 5.75 log 
V y

(iii) The relationship between height of

roughness projections, K and friction factor
Chapter- 10
is given by
Boundary Layer Theory
1 R
 2.0 log   1.74
f K
Substituting the values, we get 01. Ans: (c)
1 R U  x critical
 2.0 log   1.74 Sol: Re Critical 
0.044 K 
Assume water properties
R
log   1.5136 6  x critical
K 5  10 5 
1 10 6
R
 32.629 xcritical = 0.08333 m = 83.33 mm
K
R 0.1  103
K= = mm 02. Ans: 1.6
32.629 32.629
1
= 3.065 mm Sol:   (At given distance ‘x’)
Re
1 Re 2

2 Re1
1 256 16
  = 1.6
2 100 10
03. Ans: 80
Sol:
A = 2 cm B = 3 cm
A B
x1 1m
(x1 + 1)
 x
A x1

B x 1  1
2 x1  u  u 
x=    1   dy
3 x1  1 0 u  u 
4 x  y y
 1  1   dy
9 x1  1 0 8 
5x1 = 4  x1 = 80 cm y 2 y3

 
2 3 0
04. Ans: 2
  
1   
Sol:   2 3 6

* /2
1 Shape factor =  3
  x  /6
x
1 x2 06. Ans: 22.6

2 x1 Sol: Drag force,
1 1
 42 FD = CD..AProj. U 2
2 2
B = 1.5 m,  = 1.2 kg/m3
05. Ans: 3 L = 3.0 m,  = 0.15 stokes
U y U = 2 m/sec
Sol: 
U  UL 23
Re   4
 4  105
 0.15  10
*
 Shape factor = ? 1.328 1.328
 CD    2.09  10 3
Re 4  10 5
 u 
*   1   dy Drag force,
0
 u 
1
FD =  2.09  10 3  1.2  1.5  3  2 2
 y

2
=  1   dy
0
 8 = 22.57 milli-Newton

y2
= y
2 0 07. Ans: 1.62
Sol: Given data,
 
=   U = 30 m/s,
2 2
 = 1.2 kg/m3

Velocity profile at a distance x from leading 09. Ans: 28.5

edge, Sol: Given data,
u y Flow is over a flat plate.

U  L = 1 m,
 = 1.5 mm U = 6 m/s
Mass flow rate of air entering section ab,  = 0.15 stoke = 0.1510–4 m2/s
m in ab  U    1  U  kg / s  = 1.226 kg/m3
3.46 x
Mass flow rate of air leaving section cd, x  
  Re x
m out cd   u dy  1    U   y  dy Velocity profile is linear.
0 0 
 Using von-Karman momentum integral
 U  y2   U 
    equation for flat plate.
  2 0 2
d 
 w2 --------(1)
From the law of conservation of mass : dx U 
m in ab  m out cd  m out bc we can find out w .
Hence, m out bc  m in ab  m out cd u y
From linear velocity profile,  , we
 U U 
  U 
2 evaluate first , momentum thickness as
 U 
 
 u u 
2  1  dy
3 0
U
 U 
1.2  30  1.5  10
 
y y

 y y2 
2   1  dy     2  dy
  0
  
= 2710–3 kg/s 0

= 2710–360 kg/min  y 2 y3    
   2    
= 1.62 kg/min  2 3 0 2 3 6
 1 3.46 x
08. Ans: (b)    
6 6 Re x
Sol: For 2-D, steady, fully developed laminar
boundary layer over a flat plate, there is 3.46 x1 / 2

u 6  U  1 / 2
velocity gradient in y-direction, only.  
y   
The correct option is (b).

Differentiating  w.r.t x, we get : layer is thicker than the laminar one for the
d 3.46 x 1 / 2 1 same value of free stream velocity. This
  0.2883
dx 6  2  U  1/ 2
U x results in higher skin friction drag in
 
    turbulent boundary layer. Thus, statement
d 1 0.2883 (I) is correct.
 0.2883  
dx x  0.5 m 6  0 .5 447.2  The separation of turbulent boundary is late
4
0.15  10 as compared to laminar boundary layer.
-----(2) Thus, statement (II) is also correct but it is
From equation (1) not the correct explanation of statement (I).
d
 w x  0.5 m    U 2
dx x  0.5 m
0.2883
  1.226  62
447.2
= 0.02845 N/m2 ~ 28.5 mN/m2 01.
Sol: Given data:
10. Ans: (c) Test section dia = 40 cm
Sol: Test section length = 60 cm

Velocity of air at inlet = 2 m/s
 For laminar boundary layer over a flat plate,
the velocity gradient at the surface 1.72 x
and * 
Re x
decreases in the direction of flow.
 This results in the decrease in shear stress 2  0.6
Re L  5
 1.2  105
and hence, the decrease in skin friction 10
coefficient in the direction of flow. 1.72  0.6
So, * at x = 0.6m =
 Thus, statement (I) is correct but the 1.2  105
statement (II) is wrong. = 2.97910–3 m
From equation of continuity
11. Ans: (b) AinVin = AexitVexit
Sol: But dexit = 0.4 – 2*
 The velocity gradients at the wall, and thus = (0.4 – 22.97910-3) m
the wall shear stress, are much larger for  0.4 
2
Thus, Vexit =  3 
2
turbulent flow than they are for laminar  0.4  2  2.979  10 
flow, even though the turbulent boundary = 2.061 m/s
02.
Sol: Given data:
Flow over a flat plate Chapter- 11
Fluid is water. Force on Submerged Bodies
U = 1 m/s
L=1m 01. Ans: 8
Case I: Flow is turbulent Sol: Drag power = Drag Force  Velocity
At x = 1 m P = FD  V
U x 11 AV 2
Rex = =  6 = 106 P = CD  V
 water 10 2
 tur 0.376 0.376 P  V3
 =
 
1 1
x Re x 5 106 5 P1  V1 
3
 
0.376  1 P2  V2 
 tur   0.0237 m  24 mm
10 
1
6 5 3
P1  V 
 
w 0.059 P2  2V 
= Cf , x 
1 2 1
U  Re x 5 P2 = 8P1
2 Comparing the above relation with XP,
0.059 1 We get, X = 8
w    103  12 = 1.86 N/m2
10 
1
6 5 2
02. Ans: 4.56 m

Case 2: If the flow is laminar
AV 2
For the comparison purpose, consider the Sol: FD = CD.
2
same Reynolds number.

lam 5 ( D) 2  V 2
 W = 0.8 1.2  4
x Re x 2
5 1 (Note: A = Normal (or)
lam  = 5 mm
106  2
projected Area = D )
0.664 1 4
and  w   U 2
Re x 2  10 2
784.8 = 0.81.2 (D) 2 
4 2
0.664 1
=   103  12 = 0.332 N/m2  D = 4.56 m
10 6 2

03. Ans: 4  13.4   5

2
1.2   500  0.0125100  

Sol: Given data:  9.81   18 
=
l = 0.5 km = 500 m 2
d = 1.25 cm = 3952.4 N
VWind = 100 km/hr = 4 kN
3
Air = 1.369.81 = 13.4 N/m
 = 1.4105 m2/s 04. Ans: 0.144 & 0.126
CD = 1.2 for R e > 10000 Sol: Given data:
WKite = 2.5 N
CD = 1.3 for R e < 10000
A = 1 m2
 = 45o
L
Cable T = 25 N
d VWind = 54 km/hr
5
VWind = 54  = 15 m/s
18
WKite
Towers A=1m2
Effective
ACE
VWind INDIA F
 100  5 
 500
V.L  18 
Re  
 1.4  10 5 = 45 F
Note: The characteristic dimension for electric
T=25 N
power transmission tower wire is “L”
T=25N
45 WKite=2.5(N)
Re = 992 106 > 10,000
 CD = 1.2
AV 2 Resolving forces horizontally
FD = CD
2 FD = Tcos45o
 13.4 
L  d V AV 2
2

9.81  CD = 25  cos45o
= 1.2  2
2

 12.2  06. Ans: (c)

115
2
CD  
 9.81  1 Sol: When a solid sphere falls under gravity at
 25 
2 2 its terminal velocity in a fluid, the following
 CD = 0.126 relation is valid :
Resolving forces vertically
Weight of sphere = Buoyant force + Drag force
FL = WKite + Tsin45o
C L AV 2
= 2.5 + 25sin45o 07. Ans: 0.62
2
Sol: Given data,
 12.2 
115
2
CL  Diameter of dust particle, d = 0.1 mm
 9.81  25
= 2.5 +
2 2 Density of dust particle,
CL = 0.144  = 2.1 g/cm3 = 2100 kg/m3
air = 1.84910–5 Pa.s,
05. Ans: (a) At suspended position of the dust particle,
Sol: Given data: Wparticle = FD + FB
C D 2 = 0.75 C D1 (25% reduced)
where FD is the drag force on the particle
Drag power = Drag force  Velocity and FB is the buoyancy force.
C D AV 2
From Stokes law:
P = FD V = V
2
FD = 3 V d
AV 3
P = CD Thus,
2
4 4
Keeping , A and power constant  r 3    g  3Vd  r 3air g
3 3
CDV3 = constant = C
4 3
C D1 V 
3
or, r g   air   3air V2r 
  2  3
C D2  V1 
2 2    air 
or V  r g 
9   air 
1
 C D1  3
V2
  
 0.75C D 
 1  V1

2
 2

 0.05  10 3  9.81 
2100  1.2
V2 = 1.10064V1 9 1.849  10 5
% Increase in speed = 10.064% = 0.619 m/s  0.62 m/s

08. Ans: (b) 10. Ans: (a)

Sol: Since the two models M1 and M2 have equal Sol:
volumes and are made of the same material,  Dimples on a golf ball are intentionally
their weights will be equal and the provided to make its surface rough so that
buoyancy forces acting on them will also be flow becomes turbulent.
equal. However, the drag forces acting on  A turbulent boundary layer, having more
them will be different. momentum than a laminar boundary layer,
From their shapes, we can say that M2 can better resist an adverse pressure
reaches the bottom earlier than M1. gradient, thus avoiding early separation.
 Thus, both statements are correct and
09. Ans: (a) statement (II) is the correct explanation of
Sol: statement (I).
 Drag of object A1 will be less than that on
A2. There are chances of flow separation on
A2 due to which drag will increase as
compared to that on A1.
 Drag of object B1 will be more than that of
object B2. Because of rough surface of B2,
the boundary layer becomes turbulent, the 01.
separation of boundary layer will be delayed Sol: The lift force on the given plate is
that results in reduction in drag. FL = (P  A)cos – (w  A)sin
 Both the objects are streamlined but C2 is
rough as well. There will be no pressure
drag on both the objects. However, the skin
friction drag on C2 will be more than that on
C1 because of flow becoming turbulent due
to roughness. Hence, drag of object C2 will
be more than that of object C1. FD = (PA)sin + (wA)cos
 Thus, the correct answer is option (a). Substituting the values given:
FD = [2.3 – (–1.2)](1)sin7 + (7.610–2 +
5.810–2)1cos7o
= 426.5 N + 133 N = 559.5 N  560 N

FL = [2.3 – (–1.2)]1cos7o – (7.610–2 +

5.810–2)1sin7o
= 3474 N – 16.3 N Chapter- 12
= 3457.7 N  3458 N Dimensional Analysis
When the shear stress is neglected, then
FD = (P  A)cos = 426.5 N  427 N 01. Ans: (c)
and FL = (P  A)sin = 3474 N Sol: Total number of variables,

n = 8 and m = 3 (M, L & T)
Therefore, number of ’s are = 8 – 3 = 5
02. Ans: (b)

Sol:
T MLT 2
1.  1.
D 2 V 2 ML 3  L2  L2  T  2
 It is a non-dimensional parameter.
VD LT 1  L
2.   1.
 ML1T 1
 It is a dimensional parameter.
D
3.  1.
V
VD
4.  Re .

03. Ans: (b)

Sol: T = f (l, g)
Total number of variable,
n = 3, m = 2 (L & T only)
Hence, no. of  terms = 3 – 2 = 1

04. Ans: (c) 07. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol: Froude number = Reynolds number.
 Mach Number  Launching of rockets r = 0.0894
 Thomas Number  Cavitation flow in soil If both gravity & viscous forces are
 Reynolds Number  Motion of a important then
 r  L r 
3/ 2
submarine
 Weber Number  Capillary flow in soil 3
m
 Lr
p
05. Ans: (b)
Lr = 1:5
Sol: According to Froude’s law
Tr  L r
08. Ans: (c)
tm Sol: For distorted model according to Froude’s
 Lr
tp law
tm 10 Q r  L H L3V/ 2
tp  
Lr 1 / 25
LH = 1:1000 ,
tp = 50 min LV = 1:100
Qm = 0.1 m3/s
06. Ans: (a) 3/ 2
1  1  0.1
Sol: L = 100 m Qr    
1000  100  Qp
VP  10 m / s ,
QP = 105 m3/s
1
Lr 
25
09. Ans: (c)
As viscous parameters are not discussed
Sol: For dynamic similarity, Reynolds number
follow Froude’s law
should be same for model testing in water
Acc to Froude
and the prototype testing in air. Thus,
Vr  L r  w  Vw  d w a  Va  d a

Vm 1 w a

Vp 25 a d a  w
or Vw     Va
1 w d w a
Vm   10 = 2 m/s
5 (where suffixes w and a stand for water and
air respectively)
Substituting the values given, we get 10. Ans: 47.9

1.2 4 103 8 Sol: Given data,
Vw    5
1  m / s
10 0.1 1.8  10
3
3 Sea water Fresh water
To calculate the drag force on prototype, we (Prototype testing) (model testing)
equate the drag coefficient of model to that V 0.5 ?
3
of prototype.  1025 kg/m 103 kg/m3
 F   F   1.07  10–3 Pa.s 110–3 Pa.s
i.e,  D 2    D 2 
 AV  P  AV  m
 A V 
2 For dynamic similarity, Re should be same
Hence, FD p  FD m  a  a   a  in both testing.
 w A w  Vw 
m Vm d m  p Vp d p
1.2  4   1 
2 2
i.e., 
 4 3     m p
10  0.1   8 / 3 
p dp m
= 1.08 N Vm  VP   
m dm p
1025 103
 0.5   100 
103 1.07  10 3
= 47.9 m/s

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Fluid

Common data Q. 04 & 05

WSin30 r 0.2  8  50  10 3

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06. Ans: (c)  Bingham plastic  Fluid behaves like a

12. Ans: (c)

increase. Thus, statement (I) is correct. V

 Surface tension,  is the property of fluid. y 2

Hence, it is independent of the size of the

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 The manometer shown in Fig. 2 is for

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07. Ans: 2.125 FV = x

FV = gx  2x  2x or P – Patm = Pgauge

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13. Ans: (b) FH = w  6.727  Area (projected)

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stop at B & Vs is in y-direction (does not Sol: Surface area of cube = 6 a2

contribute in the moment). Surface area of sphere = 4 r2

03. Ans: 4.76 05. Ans: 1.375

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07. Ans: (b) Shear stress on one side of the plate

Total force required to lift the plate

09. Ans: (d)

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The centre of buoyancy B will be at a

 cyl 0.56 02. Ans: Unstable

04. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: 13.75

6 y  4x   v  0 07. Ans: 0.3

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a = (4x) î + (4y) ĵ Sol: Given, u = 3x,

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Total head at (2) – (2)

g 2g g 2g Flow takes place from top to bottom.

Sol: Z1 = Z2, it is in horizontal position

S2② Q = 100 lit/sec = 0.1 m3/sec

04. Ans: 395 P = 4 kPa,

d1 = 300 mm, d2 = 120 mm V  2gh D

08. Ans: 140

1 01. Ans: 5.4 cm, 540 Pa

C d venturi V  0. It attains a velocity V in the test

09. Ans: (d)

Applying Bernoulli's equation for points (2)

02. Ans: 6000

03. Ans: 19.6

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04. Ans: (a) From the continuity equation :

05. Ans: (d)

Sol: Given, V = 20 m/s, = 14 (20cos30 – 1.24) – 20010311310–4

Therefore, the device (a) will move to the

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04. Ans: 1.92

In laminar flow through a pipe, 

Vmax = 2  V = 2 m/s  = 1.917 milli Pa – sec

02. Ans: (d) 05. Ans: 0.75

03. Ans: (d)   50  2 

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VD 08. Ans: 5.2

Vavd 800  0.1  1  102

P1  P2   Z 32Vav L At the upper surface

 However, in the above region the centreline =  u y dy  1