Dr.

Sanjeev Maharjan
Pulchowk Campus
Mechanical Engineering Department

Email: sanjeevworldnpl@gmail.com 2020--Sep-

2020 Sep-23
Q1. A 35 Ci source was purchased as shown in data sheet. After 80 days , what is the
exposure time required for the steel pipe with following technical details:
i) Gamma exposure – Ir 192
ii) Outer diameter- 190 mm
iii) Thickness – 12 mm
iv) Technique : Single wall single image (SWSI)
Solution:
minimum Source to focal distance requirement is

Focal size, f = 3.61 mm, t = 12 mm and Ug = 0.51 mm

SFD minimim = 97 mm
That means minimum 97 mm SFD is required for
the radiography image quality of the.
Solution:
Source to focal distance from the physical arrangement as
shown in figure is
SFD = outer diameter – thickness of pipe
= 190 mm – 12 mm
= 178 mm

Since physical SFD is greater that SFD minimim the

placement of source as shown in figure is acceptable
SFD ( 178 mm) > SFD minimum (97 mm)
SFD1 = 178 mm = 17.8 cm
From chart select the SFD2 close to SFD1
SFD2 = 20 cm
And for single wall signel image ( SWSI)
Thickness , t = 12 mm
So from chart,
Exposure E2 = 0.12 Ci-hr
 From the formula for SFD change the exposure E1 is

E1 = E2 x (SFD1/SFD2)2
= 0.12 Ci-hr (17.8/20) 2
E1 = 0.095 Ci-hr
Note that this is the value for image quality with density 2.
According to ASME code required density is from 2 to 4.

So for higher image quality , let’s select density of 2.5.

For density of 2.5, determine new exposure

(E)2.5 = (E)2 x (Er/Ec)

= 0.095 Ci-hr (22/17)
(E)2.5 = 0.12294 Ci-hr

And for exposure time,

Exposure = Activity x time

And for exposure time,

Exposure = Activity x time

And ,
Activity = A0 x e(-0.693 t/T(1/2))
= 35 x e(-0.693 t/T(1/2))
t = 24 + 31 + 25 days
= 80 days
And half life for Ir – 197 = 74 days

So,
Activity = 16.54 Ci
And finally exposure time,

Time = Exposure/ Activity

= 0.12294 Ci-hr/16.54 Ci
= 27 sec
Answer
Boundary Calculations

Gamma field site layout

For Radiation workers:
Allowable dose rate = 0.7 m R/hr

And the safe distance is given by,

I = k A / d2
Where I = dose rate,
k = k-factor (0.5 R/hr-Ci @ 1 m) ,
A = activity ( source strength) and
d = distance from the source

So,
d = (kA/I)(1/2)

= (0.5 R/hr- Ci x 16.54 Ci / (0.7 x 10-3 R/hr) ) (1/2)

d worker = 109 m Answer
For Public:
Allowable dose rate = 0.07 m R/hr

And the safe distance is given by,

I = k A / d2
Where I = dose rate,
k = k-factor (0.5 R/hr-Ci @ 1 m) ,
A = activity ( source strength) and
d = distance from the source

So,
d = (kA/I)(1/2)

= (0.5 R/hr- Ci x 16.54 Ci / (0.07 x 10-3 R/hr) ) (1/2)

d worker = 344 m Answer
Q2. A 35 Ci source was used for gamma radiography. On 2020 – 6-11. what is the exposure
time required for the steel pipe with following technical details:
i) Gamma exposure – Ir 192
ii) Outer diameter- 190 mm
iii) Thickness – 20 mm
iv) Technique : Single wall single image (SWSI)
Q2. A 35 Ci source was used for gamma radiography. After one what will be its source strength and what is
the exposure time required for the steel pipe with following technical details:
i) Gamma exposure – Ir 192
ii) Outer diameter- 220 mm
iii) Thickness – 14 mm
iv) Technique : Single wall single image (SWSI)
Q2. A 35 Ci source was used for gamma radiography. On 2020 -11-20 , what will be its source strength and
what is the exposure time required for the steel pipe with following technical details:
i) Gamma exposure – Ir 192
ii) Outer diameter- 220 mm
iii) Thickness – 10 mm
iv) Technique : Single wall single image (SWSI)