GRAVITATION * Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all physical basics attract each other. On earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects employing a downward force to keep them grounded + Wis weakest force among the four natural for electromagnetic weak & stroing nuclear force Universal Law of Gravitation nnature, ie. Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional tothe product of theit masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The foree is along the line joining the centres of two objects. A B —a Let two objects. and B of masses Mand m lie at a distance d from each other as shown in figure given above. Let the farce of attraction between two objects be F. According to the Universal aw of gravitation, the force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. That is, FaMxm a And the force between two objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, that is, (2) Combining equations (1) and (2), we get Mxm Fu 7 (3) ae i) o, Foun od) where G is the constant of proportionality and is called the universal gravitation constant. The S.1. unit of G can be obtained by substituting the units of force, distance and mass in Eq. (as Nm? ke A ‘The accepted value of Gis 6.673 x 10! Nin? ke. + When an objects fall down forwards the earth under the gravitational force alone, we say the object are in free-fall The velocity ofa freely falling body changes and is said to be accelerated. This acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity, denoted by g". Unit is m/s2. As F=ma ( F ti) mg ii) Gravitation and ==== Properties of Matter ond. == 77 il) Universal law of Gravitation Mm 7 Fomdiand i) M= Mass of the earth, = distance between the object and the earth. Gravitational constant. the object is placed on the earth then d= R. (R=radius ofthe earth) Poles Earth is not a sphere, Tis Mattened at poles. Hence R,,~ Radius at pole and R, — Radius at equator. RR, 1 ga5 Equator “; The value of g’ is more at Poles = (9.9 m/s) and less at equator = (9.8 m/s?) Calcualte value of g Me— Ball sot Re M G G=6.67 > 10" Nik? M=6x 10° kg. (Mass of the Earth) R=64 108m Earth On substituting the given values = 6.7107 Nm kg? 6107 kg é (6.4% 10%m)? g=9.8ms*, Mass ‘The quantity of matter ina body is called mass. The SI unit of mass iskilogram (kg). Mass is usually denoted by ‘m'. Characteristics of mass (Mass is a scalar quantity. | (ii) The mass of a body remains the same atall places. Thismeans, |Gravitation and Properties of Matter — the mass ofa body on the earth, on the moon, or anywhe the outer space remains the same. iy The mass of a body can be measured with the two-pan balance. Weight +The weight ofa body on the earth is equal tothe farce with wshich the body is attraeted towards the earth, ‘Thus, thew ight ofa body on the earth is equal tothe force of gravity exerted by the earth on that body. We know that Force of gravity acting on a body = Mas of the body * Acceleration due to ‘The force of gravity acting on a body by definition is equal to the weight of that boy. So Weight of the body gravity We=mxg-mg Weight of a body in a itt () lifts stationary or moving with uniform speed (either up- ward or downward), the apparent weight of a bodyis equal to its true weight Gi) IHN is going up with acceleration, the apparent weight ofa body is more than the true weight, GH) ATTAN is going down with acceleration, the apparent weight of a body is less than the true weight (ivy Ifthe cord of the lif is broken, it the weight of a body in the lift becomes zero, This is the situation of weightlessnes (9) White going down, ifthe acceleration of lif is more Yhan ne~ celeration due to gravity, a body in the lit goes in contact of the ceiling of if. Escape speed (ve) is the minimum speed with which an object just crosses the earth's gravitational ficld and never comes back. va [Fo ak + Theescape velocity of Earth is about 11.2 hilom:ses per see- ‘ond and on moon itis 2.4 km/sec. help of a Mass of the body * Acceleration due to + Itis times the orbital velocity ie, V, = V2Vy The weight of an object can change from one place to the other, from one planet to the other, . + Weight of an Object on the Moon: Let the mass of an object be m. Let its weight on the moon be I, Let the mass of the moon be M,, and its radius be Ry. : Byapplying the universal law of gravitation, the weight ofthe object on the moon will be Wo ol) Let the weight of the same object on the earth be H,, The ‘mass of the earth is M and its radius is R Celestial body | Mass (ke) [Radius () Earth, S96 10% | 6.37% Moon 7.36% 10% 1.74 «10! From eq.(1) we have, Q) ‘Substituting the values fiom table in eqs. (1) and (2), we get Wh og TM 10" hy xm . oO rst" : Wye 24M 10 Gm (0) and LA 10Gb) Dividingeq, (a) by eq (8b), we get W, 243110!" We LaTbxt0! ce TE OMS et w Weight of the object on the moon 1 Weight of the object on the earth 6 : ' Weight of the object on the moon = & > its weight om the earth, Satellite lisa heavenly bouly or an artificial object whieh revolves round a planet in a particular orbit, The required centripetal force is provid by the gravitational foree. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are applicable to them, {a) Orbital velocity ofa satellite: orbits around the planet Velocity with which the satelite (€) Height of satellite above the surface of the planet: PR He [Ga J-R (@) Total energy ofa satellite orbiting ona circular path isega~ tive with potential energy being negative but twice as the magnitude of positive kinetic energy. (© Binding energy ofa sateliteis the energy required to remove it from its orbit to infinity aim 2 B. No cnergy is required tokeep the satelite in its orbit Geostationary satellites: The satellites in a circular orbit around the earth in the equatorial plane with atime period of 24 hours, “appears to be fixed from any point on earth are called geostation- arysatellite,Gravitation and Propertin ot matter For geostationary satellite, height above the earth’s surface = 35800 km and orbital velocity 3.1 knvs. Polar Satellites: A satelite that revolves in a polar orbit along north-south direction while the earth rotates around its axis in cast west direction. Weightlessness: A situation where the effective weight of the ‘object becomes zero. An astronaut experiences weightlessness in space satelite because the astronaut as well as the satellite are ina fice fall state towards the earth PROPERTIES OF MATTER Elasticity and Plasticity The property of the body 10 regain its original configuration (lenath, o shape) when the deforming forces are removed is called elasticity. Quartz and phosphorous bronze, are closed to perfectly lastic body. On the other hand. if the hody does not hhave any tendeney t0 regain its original configuration on re- moval of deforming force the ody is called plastic body and this property is called plasticity. Putty and mud are close to perfectly plastic body. Stress: The internal restoring force acting per unit area of a body is called stress ie, Stress = Restoring force/ Area Strain: The ratio of change in configuration to the original configuration is called strain, Changeinconfguraion Strain = Deansenconfiguraion " Original configuration Strain being the ratio of two like quantities has no units and dimensions. Elastic Limit Elastic limit isthe upper limit of deforming force up to which, if deforming force is removed, the body regains its original form completely and beyond which, if deforming force is increased, the body loses its property of elasticity and gets permanently deformed, Hooke’s law It states that within the elastic limit stress is directly proportional to strain. ie, Stress. strain or Stress=E x strain Here E is the coefficient of proportionality and is called modulus of elasticity or coefficient of elasticity ofa body. ‘Young's modulus of elasticity (Y):Itis defined as the ratio of normal stress to the longitudinal strain within the elastic limit. Normal stress Thus,” * Fngiudinal rain Materials-Ducil, Britle and Elastomers (Ductile materials: The materials which have large range ofplastc extension are called ductile materials. They can be drawn into thin wires, ¢., copper, silver, aluminium, iron, ete G Brittle materials: The materials which have very small range of plastic extension are called bitte materials. These materials break as soon as siress is inereased beyond the clastic limit. e., glass ceramics, cast iron, et. (Ga) Elastomers: The materials which can be stretcissl values of sain ate called elastomers. ¢ cub" tissue of aorta, ete Fluids Fluids are the substances that can flow Therefore Liquids a4 gases both are fluids. The study of fluids at rest is calles uid statics or hydrostatics and the study of fluids in megioa is called fluid dynamics or hydrodynamics. Both combined are calles Mult Density (2) Mass per unit volume is defined as density = tim om ee goo dv dv Relative Density I is defined as the ratio of the density of the given fluid to the density of pure water at 4°C. It is given by _ Density of siventiguid > Density of pure water FC ‘The density of water is maximum at 4°C and is equalto 1.0. 10° kgm* Relative density is measured by hydrometer. Pressure Ifa uniform force is exerted normal to an area (A), then average pressure (P,) is defined as the normal force (F) per unit area. F dee, Pa x In limiting sense, pressure The pressure exerted by liquid (density A)at depth *h” below the surface of liquid, p ‘St unit: pascal (Pa), 1 Pa= 1 Nim? Practical units: atmospheric pressure (atm), barand torr 1 atm = 1.01325 * 10"Pa= 1.01325 bar= 760 tar = 760 mm of Rg column pressure, Pascal's Law of Transmission of Fluid Pressuye Pascal's law is stated in following ways: + Thepressure ina fluidat res issame at al the: is ignored. + A liquid exerts equal pressures in all directions, + Ifthe pressure in an enclosed uid is Point, the change is transmitted to every ‘very pint ofthe fluid and tothe walls ofthe container without being diminished in age Application of Pascal's law: Hydraulic mgchines, lis, pres and brakes, are based on the Pascal's law Sn RS ‘Atmospheric Pressure Force exerted by air column on unit eras level is called atmospheric pressure (P) r= F-10138 m? a Ag. points if gravity changed ata particular S-SeCtiON area of sea Barometer is used to measure atmospl discovered by Torricelli, Atmospheric pressure varies from place to Particular place from time t time. Sudden fall in barometer reading is the indicati + Slow fallin barometre reading isthe indica eri PrESSUre Which ag Place and ag a on Of storm, 100 Of rain,Gravitation and Properties of Matter Slow rise in barometre reading is the indication of clear «Atmospheric pressure decreases with height or altitude. T is why. fountain pen leaks in aeroplane at height, cooking onthe mountain is difficult, ete. Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle Ia body is partially or wholly immersed in a Muid, it experiences anupward force due tothe fluid surrounding it This phenomenon of force exerted by fluid on the body is called buoyaney and forceis called buoyant force or upthrust. Archimedes’ Prineiple: 11 states that the buoyant force on a body that is partially oF totally immersed in a fluid is equal 10 the weight of the fluid displaced by it Bernoulli's Principle When incompressible, non-viscous, irotational liguid ie., ideal liquid flow from one position t0 other in streamline path then ints path at every point, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic ‘energy and potential energy per unit volume remains constant. Blowing of roofs by storms, sprayer action of carburetor, et. are based on Bernoulli's prineiple. Viscosity : The property of a fluid due to which it opposes the relative Motion between its different layers is called viscosity (or fluid fiction or internal friction) and the force between the layers pPosing the relative motion is called viscous force. Terminal Velocity 11 is maximum constant velocity acquired by the body while falling freely ina viscous medium, Surface Tension ‘The liquid surface behaves like a stretched elastic membrane which has a natural tendency {o contract and tends to have a minimum possible surface area. This property of liquid is called surface tension. Force F Surface tension T= Tenth E Examples of surface tension (Raindrops are spherical in shape. Gi) The hair of a shaving brush cling together when taken out of water. Oil spread on cold water but remains as a drop on hot water etc, Surface tension of a Liquid decreases with temperature and becomes zero at critical temperature. Capillarity A glass tube with fine bore and open at both ends is known as capillary tube. The property by virtue of which a liquid rise or fall in a capillary tube is known as capittarity. Rise ot fall of liquid in tubes of narrow bore (capillary tube) is called capillary action, Rise of kerosene in lanterns, rise of ink in fountain pen ete. are due to capillary action.