Fluid Machines (EG 616 ME)

Ram C. Poudel
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus

7 December 2012
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Turbo-machines
1.2 Hydraulic Machines
1.3 History of Development of
Water Wheels & Water Turbines
1.4 Water Wheels
 Turbomachine

Device in which energy is transferred

either to or from a continuously
flowing fluid by the dynamic action
of one or more moving blades rows.

Turbo – turbinis – latin : which spins

or whirls around
 Categories: Power

Those absorbs power to increase the

fluid pressure and head
• Fans, compressors, pumps etc
Those produce power by expanding
fluid to a lower pressure or head
• Wind, hydraulic, steam and gas turbines
 Categories: Flow Direction
 Axial Flow Turbo-machine: Path of through-flow
is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation
 Radial Flow Turbo-machines: Path of through
flow is wholly or mainly in a plane perpendicular
to the rotational axis [ Figure 1.1c]
 Mixed flow Turbo-machines: The direction of
through flow at the rotor outlet when both radial
and axial velocity components are present in
significant amount [ Figure 1.1b]
Examples of Turbomachines
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems
Relative Velocities
 Fundamental Laws:

Continuity of Flow Equations

First law of Thermodynamics and
steady flow energy equations
Momentum Equation
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition of Efficiency
Isentropic Efficiency
Steam and Gas Turbines
Hydraulic Turbine
Compressors and Pumps
Compressors and Pumps …
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines

 Positive Displacement
 Turbomachines
• Radial-Flow (Centrifugal)
• Axial-Flow
• Mixed-Flow
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines

 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

• Pumps
• Fans
• Blowers
• Compressors
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines

 Machines for Extracting Work (Power)

from a Fluid
• Hydraulic Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)
• Gas Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
 Machines for Extracting Work (Power)
from a Fluid
 Turbomachinery Analysis
The Angular Momentum Principle

Apply to Control
Volume:
Momentum Equation
Moment of Momentum
Law of Moment of Momentum
Euler Work Equation: Pump
Euler Work Equation: Turbine
Euler Work Equation
 Turbomachinery Analysis
Euler Turbomachine Equation

Mechanical Power:

Theoretical Head:
Rothalpy
Thank you!
 Turbomachinery Analysis
Velocity Diagrams
 Turbomachinery Analysis
Example: Idealized Centrifugal Pump

• Negligible torque due to surface forces

(viscous and pressure).
• Inlet and exit flow tangent to blades.
• Uniform flow at inlet and exit.
• Zero inlet tangential velocity
 Turbomachinery Analysis
Example: Idealized Centrifugal Pump
(Continued)

Head Equation:

Shutoff Head:
 Turbomachinery Analysis
Example: Idealized Centrifugal Pump
(Continued)
 Turbomachinery Analysis
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

Hydraulic Power:

Pump Efficiency:
 Turbomachinery Analysis
Machines for Extracting Work (Power)
from a Fluid
Hydraulic Power:

Turbine Efficiency:
 Performance Characteristics
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
 Performance Characteristics
Machines for Extracting Work (Power)
from a Fluid
 Performance Characteristics
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed

Flow Coefficient:

Head Coefficient:

Power Coefficient:
 Performance Characteristics

Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed

Torque Coefficient:
 Performance Characteristics
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed

Specific Speed:

Specific Speed
(Customary Units):

Specific Speed
(Customary Units):
 Performance Characteristics
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed
 Performance Characteristics
Similarity Rules

For Dynamic Similarity:

… and …

… so …
Applications to Fluid Systems
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Pump Wear
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Pumps in Series
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Pumps in Parallel
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Positive-Displacement Pumps
Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
• Propellers

Speed of Advance Coefficient:

Thrust, Torque, Power Coefficients, and Propeller Efficiency

Applications to Fluid Systems
 Machines for Extracting Work (Power)
from a Fluid
• Hydraulic Turbines
• Wind-Power Machines
Thank you!