2019082

5 year

B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)

TOPIC:

INDIA’S RELATION WITH USA

To

PROF. T.Y. NIRMALA DEVI

By Ashirbad Sahoo

DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY NYAYAPRASTHA “, SABBAVARAM,

VISAKHAPATNAm531035, ANDHRA PRADESH.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken endeavors in this undertaking. Nonetheless, it would not have been conceivable without the thoughtful help a lot of many people. I
might want to stretch out my earnest gratitude to every one of them.
I am exceptionally obligated to Prof T.Y.NIRMALA DEVI Mam for his direction and consistent management just as for giving vital
information with respect to the venture and additionally for their help in completing the undertaking. I might want to offer my thanks towards
my family for their caring co-activity and encouragement, which help me in completion of this task. My thanks and thanks likewise go to my
companions in building up the venture and individuals who have eagerly caused me out with their capacities

ASHRIBAD SAHOO

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Contents
BY- ASHRIBAD SAHOO...................................................................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................................................3

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................................................4

Political Relations.........................................................................................................................................................................................................4

India-U.S. Dialogue Architecture.................................................................................................................................................................................5

Major Exchanges in 2015, 2016 and 2017...................................................................................................................................................................5

Strategic Consultations.................................................................................................................................................................................................5

Civil Nuclear Cooperation............................................................................................................................................................................................6

Defence Cooperation....................................................................................................................................................................................................6

Counter-terrorism and internal security.......................................................................................................................................................................6

Trade and Economic.....................................................................................................................................................................................................7

Energy and Climate Change.........................................................................................................................................................................................7

Education......................................................................................................................................................................................................................8

Space............................................................................................................................................................................................................................8

Science & Technology (S&T)......................................................................................................................................................................................8

Health Sector................................................................................................................................................................................................................8

People to people ties.....................................................................................................................................................................................................9

Cultural cooperation.....................................................................................................................................................................................................9

Media............................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................................................................................9

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INTRODUCTION
India-U.S. bilateral relations have formed into a "global strategic partnership", in light of common democratic values and increasing
intermingling of interests on bilateral, local and global issues. The accentuation set by the Government in India on development and great
administration has made occasion to reinvigorate bilateral ties and improve participation under the saying - "ChaleinSaathSaath: Forward
Together We Go", and "SanjhaPrayas, Sab ka Vikas" adopted during the initial two summits of Prime Minister Modi what's more, President
Obama in September 2014 and January 2015 separately. The highest point level joint statement gave in June 2016 called the India-U.S.
relationship an "Enduring Global Partners in the 21st Century". Standard trade of significant level political visits has given sustained energy to
bilateral collaboration, while the wide-ranging and ever-expanding exchange engineering has set up a long-haul structure for India-U.S.
commitment. Today, the India-U.S. bilateral collaboration is wide based and multi-sectoral, covering trade and investment, defense and security,
education, science and technology, network safety, high-technology, common atomic energy, space technology what's more, applications, clean
energy, environment, agriculture and health. Energetic individuals to-individuals interaction and backing over the political range in the two
nations support our bilateral relationship.1

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
During its early years the Indian republic saw the world through a recently manufactured crystal of anti-imperialism. The Americans then again
saw the world through the crystal of anti-Communism. This reasoning delivered the adage of John Foster Dulles: "Those who are not with us are
against us." Faced with an inexorably bipolar world, India embraced an optimistic yet practically pragmatic way of thinking of nonalignment as
the foundation of its foreign policy. Amid the atmosphere of the 1950s, the US saw India's nonalignment as a cover for interest shat separated
from its own. As the Cold War picked up energy, America's frustrations with Indian nonalignment mounted. Without cooperation from India,
and with a socialist government in China, Pakistan turned into a basic component in the United States' control of the Soviet Union in Asia. What
started as an philosophical bay among India and the US formed into a strategic gorge. The Sino-Indian border war of 1962 constrained Nehru to
look for help from the western powers. The American reaction was warm yet strategically motivated. It persuaded Pakistan for an affirmation
that it would not attack Kashmir so India could redeploy its northern soldiers towards the front with China. An American carrier - the Enterprise
- was dispatched towards the Bay of Bengal. In 1965, when Pakistan negated a composed affirmation from President Eisenhower to Nehru that
US-provided weapons would not be used by Pakistan against India, Washington received a place of severe impartiality, alienating India and
driving Pakistan towards China for military sustenance. The growing Sino-Pakistani relationship didn't, be that as it may, brief an adjustment in
India-US relations. In 1971, the east Pakistan emergency harmonized with American attempts at building a rapprochement with China, which
was facilitated largely by Pakistan. Confronted with America's inferred uphold for Pakistan, India officially went to the Soviet Union for help.
As war broke out among India and Pakistan, the USS Enterprise was once again dispatched to the Bay of Bengal, however this time with the
contrary expectation. The US got a major shock in 1974 when India directed its first nuclear weapon test at Pokhran. It became known that India
had redirected nuclear materials imported for regular citizen purposes, a lot of it from the US, in request to initiate a weapons program. In spite
of the fact that India guaranteed the world that its test was a "tranquil" one, the occasion was a blow not just to American impact in south Asia
yet in addition to the emerging global non-proliferation system by and large. During the 1980s, the US-India relationship was darkened by the
backhanded superpower strife in nearby Afghanistan and India's own political and monetary issues. By and by, India and the United States
wound up on rival sides of a crucial global clash. In the mid1980s, worry about its local self-governance and ability to oppose American global
desire was one of the motivating components behind India's association in the emerging homegrown clash in Sri Lanka (the different was India's
large Tamil population, particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu). Later in the decade, as Mikhail Gorbachev organized changes in Soviet
approaches, remembering for Afghanistan, India's relations with the US improved marginally. US arms supplies to India, unheard of since 1962,
continued on a little scope somewhere in the range of 1986 and 1988. In 1988, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi made a memorable visit to China
trying to start the cycle of normalizing relations between the two neighbours. India appeared to be trying different things with positive discretion
as a method for settling long running differences. This was additionally reflected in India's spell of strategic uphold for American military

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operations in the 1990 Gulf War. As somewhere else, the Cold War had negatively influenced the local security climate in south Asia. It
sustained Pakistan's capacity to keep up a strategic equilibrium against India for a long time, a south Asian arms race, and tense relations among
India and the United States for the majority of the 1970s what's more, 1980s. This situation may have endured were it not for two significant
occasions that happened at this point - the finish of the Cold War and India's economic crisis.

Political Relations
The recurrence of elevated level visits and exchanges among India and the U.S. has gone up fundamentally of late. Prime Minister Modi visited
the U.S. on 26-30 September 2014; he held meetings with President Obama, individuals from the U.S. Congress and political pioneers, including
from various States and cities in the U.S., and cooperated with individuals from President Obama's Cabinet. He likewise contacted the
commanders of the U.S. commerce and industry, the American civil society and research organizations, and the Indian-American community. A
Vision Statement and a Joint Statement were given during the visit. The visit was trailed by President Obama's visit to India on 25-27 January
2015 as the Chief Guest at India's Republic Day. During the visit, the different sides gave a Delhi Declaration of Friendship and received a Joint
Strategic Vision for Asia-Pacific and the Indian Ocean Region. The two sides raised the Strategic Dialog between their Foreign Ministers to
Strategic and Commercial Dialog of Foreign and Commerce Ministers. Prime Minister Modi again visited the U.S. on 23-28 September 2015,
during which he held a bilateral meeting with President Obama, cooperated with heads of business, media, the scholarly world, the common
chiefs and the Indian community, including during his movement to the Silicon Valley. In 2016, Prime Minister visited the U.S. for the
multilateral Nuclear Security Summit facilitated by President Obama in Washington D.C. on 31 March-1 April. This was before long followed
by an official working visit by Prime Minister on 6-8 June, during which he held bilateral discussions with President Obama, and likewise
tended to a Joint Session of the U.S. Congress. Prime Minister Modi was the 6th Indian Prime Minister to address the U.S. Congress. There is
continuous connection between the administration of the two nations, including phone assembles and conferences uninvolved of global summits.
President Trump and Prime Minister Modi have spoken threefold over telephone since the previous' political decision in November 2016. A
hotline has been set up between the Prime Minister's Office and the U.S. White House.2

India-U.S. Dialogue Architecture

There are in excess of 50 bilateral exchange mechanisms between the two governments. The first two meetings of the Strategic and Commercial
Dialog at the level of EAM and MOs (Commerce and Industry) were held in Washington DC in September 2015 and New Delhi in August 2016.
This apex-level discourse has added a commercial component to the five traditional pillars of bilateral relations on which the erstwhile Strategic
Dialog of Foreign Ministers had focussed, specifically: Strategic Cooperation; Energy and Climate Change, Education and Development;
Economy, Trade and Agriculture; Science and Technology; and Health and Innovation. The second meeting of the Strategic and Commercial
Dialog occurred on 30 August 2016 in New Delhi. In addition, there are Ministerial-level discoursed including home (Homeland Security
Dialog), finance (Financial and Economic Partnership), commerce (Trade Policy Forum), HRD (Higher Education Dialog), Science and
Technology (Joint Commission Meeting on S&T) and (Energy Dialog).

Major Exchanges in 2015, 2016 and 2017

There were a number of high-level delegations in the two directions in 2015. In January, Secretary of State John Kerry led the U.S. delegation to
the Vibrant Gujarat Summit in Ahmedabad. In February, U.S. Secretary of Treasury Jacob Lew visited India for the fifth meeting of the
Economic and Financial Partnership Initiative with our Finance Minister. U.S. Secretary of Transportation Anthony Foxx visited India in April
for meeting with his counterpart Ministers in India. Secretary of Defence Ashton Carter paid a bilateral visit to India in June. From the Indian
side, Finance Minister and MOS (IC) for Environment, Forests and Climate Change visited Washington DC in April, the former for the Spring
meeting of the IMF/World Bank and the latter for the Major Economies' Forum meeting. Finance Minister again visited the U.S. in June to
advance Investment into India. External Affairs Minister and MOS (IC) for Commerce and Industry co-chaired the primary meeting of the
Strategic and Commercial Dialog with their U.S. counterparts in Washington DC in September. MOS (IC) for Power held the Energy Dialog
with his U.S. counterpart in September in Washington DC. MOS (IC) for Power, Coal and New and Renewable Energy also attended the
Climate and Clean Energy Investment Forum 2015 facilitated by Secretary of State Kerry in Washington DC in October. MOS (IC) for
Commerce and Industry held the ninth meeting of the Trade Policy Forum with the U.S. Trade Representative in Washington DC in October.
Raksha Mantri visited the U.S. at the invitation of his U.S. counterpart in December 2015. Chief Minister of Haryana led a delegation of the
State government in August. There have been numerous visits of parliamentarians and senior officials in the two directions. Major Ministerial
visits in 2016 included Railway Minister Shri Suresh Prabhu in January, Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley in April, Minister for Urban
Development Shri Venkaiah Naidu, Minister of Road Transport, Highways and Shipping Shri Nitin Gadkari, and Minister of State (IC) for
Petroleum and Natural Gas Shri Dharmendra Pradhan in July, Raksha Mantri Shri Manohar Parrikar in August, Minister for S&T and Earth
Sciences Dr. Harsh Vardhan in September and Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley in October (from India to the U.S.) and U.S. Secretary of
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Defense Ashton Carter twice - in April and December, Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker in August and
U.S. Trade Representative Mike Forman in October (from the U.S. to India). In addition, Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Chief Minister of Madhya
Pradesh (August), Shri. Raghubar Das, Chief Minister of Jharkhand (September), Shri Chandra Sekhar Rao, Chief Minister of Telangana
(September) and Shri Raman Singh, Honorable Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh (November/December) visited the U.S. advance investment in
their states. In 2017, the high-level exchanges have proceeded. Minister of State(I/C) Petroleum and Natural Gas Shri Dharmendra Pradhan
visited Houston and Washington DC in Marchand met US Energy Secretary Mr. Rick Perry. Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley visited the U.S.
in April for the IMF-WB meeting and met with his U.S. counterpart. National Security Adviser and Foreign Secretary have visited the U.S. in
March and interacted with a wide cross-section of top U.S. policymakers. From the U.S. side, NSA H.R. McMaster visited India in April.

Strategic Consultations
There have been regular contacts at political and official levels on bilateral, regional and global issues. Foreign Office Consultations, at the level
of Foreign Secretary of India and U.S. Undersecretary for Political Affairs, are a significant piece of the exchange structure. The last round of
Foreign Office Consultations was held in New Delhi in April 2015. Another High-level Consultation between Foreign Secretary of India and the
U.S. Deputy Secretary of State was launched in September 2015, and has met twice from that point forward, in December 2015 in New Delhi
and July 2016 in Washington D.C.. A Policy Planning Dialog has likewise been begun between the different sides in September 2015. There
have been regular contacts at political and official levels on bilateral, regional and global issues. Foreign Office Consultations, at the level of
Foreign Secretary of India and U.S. Undersecretary for Political Affairs, are a significant piece of the exchange structure. The last round of
Foreign Office Consultations was held in New Delhi in April 2015. Another High-level Consultation between Foreign Secretary of India and the
U.S. Deputy Secretary of State was launched in September 2015, and has met twice from that point forward, in December 2015 in New Delhi
and July 2016 in Washington D.C. A Policy Planning Dialog has likewise been begun between the different sides in September 2015.3

Civil Nuclear Cooperation

The bilateral civil nuclear cooperation agreement was settled in July 2007 and endorsed in October 2008. During Prime Minister Modi's visit to
the U.S. in September 2014, the different sides set up a Contact Group for propelling the full and ideal usage of the India-U.S. Civil Nuclear
Cooperation Agreement, and to determine forthcoming issues. Coming full circle, a time of partnership on civil nuclear issues, the different sides
have begun the preparatory work nearby in India for six AP 1000 reactors to be built by Westinghouse. When finished, the undertaking would be
among the biggest of its sort. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd, and Westinghouse are in talks toward settling the legally binding
game plans, and tending to related issues.

Defence Cooperation
Defense relationship has arisen as a major mainstay of India-U.S. strategic partnership with the signing of 'New Framework for India-U.S.
Defense Relations' in 2005 and the resulting intensification in defense trade, joint activities, personnel exchanges, collaboration and cooperation
in maritime security and counter-piracy, and exchanges between every one of the three services. The Defense Framework Agreement was
updated and renewed for another 10 years in June 2015. The two countries currently conduct more bilateral activities with one another than they
do with any other country. India partook in Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) practice in July-August 2016 for the second time with an Indian Naval
Frigate. Bilateral discourse systems in the field of defense include Defense Policy Group (DPG), Defense Joint Working Group (DJWG),
Defense Procurement and Production Group (DPPG), Senior Technology Security Group (STSG), Joint Technical Group (JTG), Military
Cooperation Group (MCG), and Service-to-Service Executive Steering Groups (ESGs).The agreements signed during the previous one year
include, Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Association (LEMOA) signed in August 2016, Fuel Exchange Agreement signed in November
2015,Technical Agreement (TA) on information sharing on White (merchant) Shipping signed in May 2016 and the Information Exchange
Annexe (IEA) on Aircraft Carrier Technologies signed in June 2016. Aggregate worth of defense acquisition from U.S. Defense has traversed
US$ 13 billion. India and the United States have launched a Defense Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI) pointed toward simplifying
technology move arrangements and exploring conceivable outcomes of co-improvement and co-production to invest the defense relationship
with strategic value. The DTTI Working Group and its Task Force will expeditiously assess and settle on remarkable projects and technologies
which would have a transformative effect on bilateral defense relations and upgrade India's defense industry and military capabilities. During
President Obama's visit in January 2015, the different sides consented to begin cooperation on 4 DTTI pathfinder projects and 2 pathfinder
initiatives, which are right now at various phases of execution. During RM's visit in December 2015, the different sides likewise recognized
open doors for bilateral cooperation in production and plan of jet engine components. During Secretary Carter's visit in April 2014, two more G-
2-G DTTI projects were added to the rundown. The DTTI meeting in Delhi in July 2016 chosen to widen its plan by setting up five new Joint
Working Groups on: Naval Systems; Air Systems, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance; Chemical and Biological Protection; and

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Other Systems. During the visit of Prime Minister to the U.S. in June 2016, the U.S. recognized India as a "Major Defense Partner", which
commits the U.S. to encourage technology sharing with India to a level commensurate with that of its nearest partners and partners, and industry
collaboration for defense co-production and co-improvement.

Counter-terrorism and internal security

Cooperation in counter-terrorism has seen considerable improvement with intelligence sharing, information trade, operational cooperation,
counter-terrorism technology and equipment. India-U.S. Counter-Terrorism Cooperation Initiative was endorsed in 2010 to grow coordinated
effort on counter-terrorism, information sharing and capacity building. A Homeland Security Dialog was reported during President Obama's visit
to India in November 2010 to additionally extend operational cooperation, counter-terrorism technology moves and capacity building. Two
rounds of this Dialog have been held, in May 2011 and May 2013, with six Sub-Groups steering cooperation in explicit zones. In December
2013, India-U. S Police Chief Conference on homeland security was coordinated in New Delhi. Police Commissioners from India's main four
metropolis paid an examination visit to the U.S. to get familiar with the acts of megacities policing in the U.S. in November 2015. The different
sides have conceded to a joint work plan to counter the threat of Improvised Explosives Device (IED). To additional improve the counter
terrorism cooperation among India and the U.S., a plan was finished up in June 2016 to encourage trade of fear monger screening information
through the assigned contact focuses. India-U.S. Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism held its fourteenth gathering in July 2016 in
Washington DC.4

Trade and Economic

India-US bilateral trade in goods and services expanded from $104 billion out of 2014 to $114 billion out of 2016. Two-way merchandise trade
remained at $66.7 billion. Of this present, India's exports of goods to the US were valued at $46 billion and India's imports of goods from US
were valued at $21.7 billion. India-US trade in services remained at $47.2 billion. Of this current, India's exports of services to the US were
valued at $26.8 billion and India's imports of services from US were valued at $20.3 billion. The two countries have made a commitment to
facilitate actions necessary for expanding the bilateral trade to $500 billion. The bilateral merchandise trade is demonstrating an empowering
development direction in 2017. During the initial three months, bilateral merchandise trade remained at $17.2 billion when contrasted with $16.2
billion during the relating time frame in 2016. Of this current, India's exports to the US were $11.4 billion and India's imports from the US were
$5.8 billion. The trade shortfall during Jan-Mar 2017 likewise declined from $6.4 billion of every 2016 to $5.6 billion in Jan-Mar 2017. During
Prime Minister's visit to the U.S. in September 2014, the two sides set an objective to increment bilateral trade in goods and services to $500
billion. In June 2016, PM Modi and President Obama pledged to investigate new opportunities to separate hindrances to the development of
goods and services, and backing further incorporation into worldwide supply chains, subsequently making jobs and generating prosperity in the
two economies. As indicated by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, US direct investments in India remained at $ 28.33 billion of every
2015. According to Indian official statistics, the aggregate FDI inflows from the US from April 2000 to December 2015 added up to about $
17.94 billion establishing almost 6% of the all-out FDI into India, making the U.S. the fifth biggest wellspring of foreign direct investments into
India. Lately, developing Indian investments into the US, has been a novel feature of bilateral ties. As per CII and Grant Thornton survey
delivered in August 2015, 100 Indian organizations have made $ 15 billion worth of substantial investments across 35 states, making more than
91,000 American jobs. Among enormous Indian organizations having investments in the U.S. incorporate Reliance Industries Limited, Tata
Consultancy Services, Wipro, Essar America, Piramal, Mahindra, Lupin, SunPharma, and so forth There are a few discourse instruments to
reinforce bilateral commitment on economic and trade issues, including a Ministerial level Economic and Financial Partnership (last met in
Washington D.C. in April 2016) and a Ministerial Trade Policy Forum (last met in New Delhi in October 2016). For more noteworthy
involvement of private sector in discussion on issues including trade and investment, there is a bilateral India-U.S. Chief's Forum, which held its
last gathering in August 2016 in New Delhi agreeing with the Strategic and Commercial Dialog. India and the US have set up a bilateral
Investment Initiative in 2014, with an exceptional focus on encouraging FDI, portfolio investment, capital market development and financing of
infrastructure. U.S.- India Infrastructure Collaboration Platform has additionally been set up to deploy cutting edge U.S technologies to meet
India's infrastructure needs. Both these exchanges have held meetings in 2015. U.S. firms will be lead partners in creating Allahabad, Ajmer and
Vishakhapatnam as Smart Cities. The two chiefs during Prime Minister Modi's visit to the US in June 2016 invited the commitment of U.S.
private sector organizations in India's savvy city program. USAID will fill in as knowledge partner for the Urban India Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene (WASH) alliance to help influence business and civil society (Gates Foundation) to facilitate admittance to clean water, hygiene and
sanitation in 500 Indian cities.

Energy and Climate Change

The U.S.- India Energy Dialog was launched in May 2005 to promote trade and investment in the energy sector, and held its last meeting in
September 2015 in Washington DC. There are six working groups in oil and gas, coal, power and energy effectiveness, new technologies&
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renewable energy, civil nuclear co-operation and sustainable development under the Energy Dialog. Investment by Indian companies like
Reliance, Essar and GAIL in the U.S. natural gas market is ushering in another era of India-U.S. energy partnership. The U.S. Department of
Energy has so far given its approval for export of LNG from seven liquefaction terminals in the U.S., to countries with which the U.S. doesn't
have a free trade agreement (FTA) - with two of these five terminals, the Indian public sector substance, Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)
has offtake agreements, totalling nearly 6 million metric tons for every annum (MTPA). These terminals are expected to be complete and, in a
situation, to export cargoes by late 2016/early 2017. As a need initiative under the PACE (Partnership to Advance Clean Energy), the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) and the Government of India have established the Joint Clean Energy Research and Development Centre
(JCERDC) intended to promote clean energy innovations by teams of researchers from India and the United States, with a total joint committed
funding from the two Governments of US$ 50 million. India and the U.S. are advancing cooperation and dialog on climate change through a
high level Climate Change Working Group and a Joint Working Group on Hydrofluorocarbon. In November 2014, a MoU between U.S. EXIM
Bank and Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) was concluded to give US$ 1 billion in financing for India's transition to a
low-carbon economy. Another U.S.- India Partnership for Climate Resilience has been agreed to, in request to advance capacity for climate
adaptation planning, as also another U.S.- India Climate Fellowship Program to assemble long-term capacity to address climate change-related
issues. To additional collaboration in the area of clean energy and climate change, in June 2016, the two sides announced finalization of a
package to give concessional finance to help clean energy ventures on track, to coordinate U.S. Government endeavours on clean energy
investment in India jointly with leading Indian financial institutions, and to give liquidity to small scale renewable energy investors.5

Education
Cooperation in education sector has been made a basic piece of the strategic organization between the two nations. The Fulbright program was
restored in 2008, with upgraded order what's more, joint financing, to give more understudy and researcher trade awards. Around 130,000 Indian
students are seeking after advanced degrees in the U.S. The Higher Education Dialog, which has had four meetings since 2011 (toward the end
in November 2014 in New Delhi), spread out the guide for promoting strategic institutional partnerships, deepening collaboration in research and
development, fostering partnerships in vocational education and focusing on junior faculty development. India is gaining from the U.S.
involvement with community colleges to fulfill our needs for skill-development. It has been consented to team up with U.S. institutions in the
zone of Technology Enabled Learning and Massive Open On-line Courses (MOOCs) to broaden the range of education in India. Under the
Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) dispatched by India, upto 1000 American academics will be welcomed and facilitated every
year to educate in Indian universities at their convenience. The different sides are additionally teaming up to set up another Indian Institute of
Technology in Ahmedabad.6

Space
A bilateral Joint Working Group on Civil Space Cooperation gives a gathering to conversation on joint activities in space, including (I) exchange
of scientists; (ii) OCM2, INSAT3D collaboration; (iii) Cooperation on Mars mission; (iv) Nano-satellites; (v) carbon/environment monitoring
and modelling; (vi) attainability of collaboration in radio occultation: (vii) Earth Science Cooperation: (viii) international space station; (ix)
global navigation satellite systems; (x) L&S band SAR; (xi) space exploration cooperation; (xii) space debris mediation. The last gathering of
the JWG was held in September 2015 in Bengaluru. NASA and ISRO are collaborating for India's Mars Orbiter Mission and for a dual-band
Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR). In June 2016, ISRO effectively dispatched record 20 satellites locally available PSLV rocket, which
included 13 satellites from the United States.

Science & Technology (S&T)

The India-U.S. S&T cooperation has been steadily growing under the framework of U.S.- India Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement
signed in October 2005. There is an Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Joint Commission, co-led by the Science Advisor to U.S. President and
Indian Minister of S&T. The U.S. attended as the partner country at the Technology Summit 2014 at New Delhi. In 2000, both the governments
endowed the India-U.S. Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) to facilitate mutually useful bilateral cooperation in science, engineering, and
health. Over the past decade, the IUSSTF has facilitated more than 12,000 interactions between Indian and U.S. scientists, supported more than
250 bilateral workshops and established more than 30 joint research centers. The U.S.- India Science and Technology Endowment Fund,
established in 2009, under the Science and Technology Endowment Board promote commercialization of jointly created innovative technologies
with the potential for positive societal impact. Collaboration between the Ministry of Earth Sciences and US National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration has been strengthened under the 2008 MOU on Earth Observations and Earth Sciences. A "monsoon desk" has
been established at the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction. India's contribution of $250 million towards Thirty-Meter Telescope

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Project in Hawaii and Indian Initiative in Gravitational Observations (Indigo) with U.S. LIGO Laboratory are examples of joint collaboration to
create a top notch research facilities.

Health Sector
Under the 2010 U.S.- India Health Initiative, four working gatherings have been coordinated in the zones of Non-Communicable Diseases,
Infectious Diseases, Reinforcing Health Systems and Services, and Maternal and Child Health. To develop the disease observation and
epidemiological limit in India, Global Disease Detection-India Center was set up in 2010 and an Epidemic Intelligence Service program
dispatched in Oct 2012. U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Indian Council of Medical Research, and India's Department of Biotechnology
have built up a robust relationship in the biomedical and behavioural health sciences, research identified with HIV/AIDS, infectious diseases,
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, eye disease, hearing disorders, mental health, and low-cost medical advances. In the principal meeting of the
Health Dialog in September 2015 in Washington DC, the two sides consented to collaborate institutionally in the new zones of mental health and
administrative and limit building parts of conventional medication.

People to people ties

The 3.5-million-plus solid Indian American people group is a significant ethnic group in the U.S., representing about 1% of the all out populace
in the nation. Indian American people group incorporates an enormous number of professionals, business visionaries furthermore,
educationalists with expanding impact in the general public. With two Indian Americans involving significant level posts of Governor and a few
delegates of the individuals, the Indian Diaspora has acclimatized into their embraced nation and is going about as an impetus to manufacture
nearer and more grounded ties among India and USA.7

Cultural cooperation
Cultural cooperation among India and the U.S. is rich and show in assorted ways. Aside from the India-focused educational programs at the
Universities and educational institutions, numerous private institutions show Indian cultural arts. Notwithstanding the site
'www.indianembassy.org' and social media channels, the Embassy gives updated information on various aspects of India that are pertinent to the
United States, through its various computerized pamphlets, including the week after week "India: Partner in Growth", focusing on business and
strategic matters, and the month to month "India Live", providing information on initiatives of the Embassy and the Consulates, major
improvements in India, and in culture and the travel industry. Cultural exercises by the Embassy are assembled into five distinct series viz.
Reading India Series (featuring occasions identified with Indian authors and writings), Performing Indian Series (featuring music, dance and
theatre), Beholding India Series (film screening, workmanship and photograph displays), Understanding India Series (featuring addresses on far
reaching and cross-sectional perspectives on India), and Young India Series (cultural occasions catering explicitly to younger crowd).8

Media
Indian media is available in strength in the U.S., including PTI, IANS, Times of India, The Hindu, The Hindustan Times, Outlook, Pioneer and
other Indian media organizations, which have reporters situated in Washington D.C. furthermore, other major urban communities. The Indian
TV channels spoke to in the U.S. incorporate NDTV, Times Now, CNN-IBN and Asia TV. Mirroring the developing pertinence of Internet
based data dissemination, journalists from sites like Rediff.com, Firstpost.com based here likewise cover the India-U.S. relations.9

CONCLUSION
The evolution of India-US relations and India’s grand strategy over the past two decades is a result of changing power balances and an
affirmation of structural realism. The end of the Cold War and the emergence of unipolarity opened the way for the US superpower to engage
with India and for New Delhi to move away from Moscow and towards a partnership with Washington while maintaining an autonomous grand
strategy of a rising power. In the past two decades, China’s rise as a major power in Asia has introduced propelled the partnership. Domestic
politics also has played a role in the growing partnership, with the growth of capitalism and nationalism and the rise of the BJP as a dominant
political force. These factors have driven interest in the US partnership to counter China and its growing partnerships in South Asia and the
spectre of encirclement. A tripolar balance of power is a growing possibility, as existed in Asia in the 1970s and 1980s when China “tilted”
towards the US without forming an alliance in order to counter the Soviet Union. It is likely that India will try to play the US and China off
against each other, largely tilting towards the former and against the latter, while maintaining both strategic “Indian Maritime Doctrine”,
globalsecurity.org., at https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/innavy-doctrine.htm Revisit UNISCI / UNISCI Journal autonomy
from the US as well as partnership. In spite of the progress that has been made in relations, India will not move from being a partner of the US
towards an alliance. Seven decades of non-alignment and a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Soviet Russia from 1971- 91 established

7
www.cfr.org
8
www.ipcs.org
9
www.thediplomat.com
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patterns in India’s foreign policy that have been slow to change. India has a long-established relationship with Iran, which tends to complicate
New Delhi’s partnership with Washington. In addition, the US tendency to occasionally try to repair relations with Pakistan has fostered Indian
suspicions. The US-India exercise partnership has a chance of moving towards greater military interoperability and a more substantial strategic
partnership. India has proved that it is willing and able to be a partner with the US, primarily by maintaining security and stability in the Indian
Ocean region and through the development of its naval forces. As the US desired, India is anchoring economic growth and stabilization in South.
US activity focused in Southeast Asia will be complemented by India’s Act East policy. There is the prospect of joint Indo-US partnerships with
Myanmar, Vietnam and other ASEAN nations. However, Southwest Asia and its crises will continue to distract the US and India from “looking
east” as much as they should. The US will find it difficult to reassure India and other partners that it will follow through on its security
commitments. US credibility will remain suspect, while it continues to engage China and Pakistan. While the US is paying more attention to
Asia and less to the rest of the world, the major flashpoints in Asia will remain in the East and South China seas and less so in the Indian Ocean.
India will continue to press for transfer of technology and local production of weapons and other defense items, and US slow rolling will
continue to cause frustration in New Delhi. US officials doubt Indian credibility and see India as a geopolitical underperformer, which may not
be able to deliver as much in the way of a strategic partnership as Washington would like. India’s relations with Iran and agreement to purchase
the S-400 present additional challenges to stronger collaboration. 10 The US-India strategic partnership is now advancing as many officials and
security experts in the US and India have wanted to see. This is because the Nehruvian strand is fading in importance in Indian foreign policy
thinking. The BJP government has brought a resurgence of nationalism and has led India to draw closer to the US. With a BJP government, the
US-India strategic partnership has developed more in line with the Washington’s vision of New Delhi’s role. In the future, it is unlikely that the
Congress Party will return to the type of dominance that it enjoyed from 1947 to the 1990s. At the same time, the BJP will probably not have the
type of majority that it had from 2014-2019. In relation to the US, India wants to maintain its strategic autonomy and does not feel compelled to
move from a partnership towards an alliance. Only sustained aggression by China would compel India to enter into an alliance with the US and
move from the current state of “soft balancing” towards China towards “hard balancing” by forming alliances. As India engages in soft
balancing by strengthening relations with states that are concerned with the rise and expansion of China, India is seeking stronger partnerships.
India may eventually ask the US for a surge of military hardware and security assistance in dealing with China over the escalating border
dispute. However, moves toward a US-India alliance are unlikely unless China pushes India too far. Much depends on how China behaves on the
border and conducts relations with Pakistan and other South Asian countries. Washington has proceeded cautiously in building its partnership
with New Delhi in order to avoid unnecessarily provoking Beijing. However, in the unlikely event that China was to attack India, the door would
be open to the formation of an alliance with a 11mutual defense pact with the US. Revisit UNISCI / UNISCI Bibliography Backes, Oliver: “The
Traditional Friend: Russia-India Military-Technical Ties”.

10
www.quora.com
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www.npr.org
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
WEBSITES:

 www.humanrightscareers.com
 www.researchgate.net
 www.ucl.ac.uk
 www.ipu.org
 www.crf.org
 www.quora.com
 www.thediplomat.com

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