CHAPTER 5.

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

529. aá~Öçå~ä=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=ëèì~êÉ==ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~ää==ÉäÉãÉåíë==òÉêç=
ÉñÅÉéí=íÜçëÉ=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äK==
=
530. råáí=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=Çá~Öçå~ä==ã~íêáñ==áå=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çå=
íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~ä=~êÉ=~ää=ìåáíóK=qÜÉ=ìåáí=ã~íêáñ=áë===========
ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó=fK==
=
531. ^=åìää=ã~íêáñ=áë=çåÉ=ïÜçëÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=~ää=òÉêçK=
=
=
=
5.4 Operations with Matrices
=
532. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë=^=~åÇ=_=~êÉ=Éèì~ä=áÑI=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ÄçíÜ=
çÑ==íÜÉ==ë~ãÉ==ëÜ~éÉ== ã × å ==~åÇ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=
Éèì~äK=
=
533. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë==^=~åÇ=_==Å~å=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=Eçê=ëìÄíê~ÅíÉÇF=çÑI=~åÇ=
çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ëÜ~éÉ= ã × å K=fÑ==
 ~NN ~NO K ~Nå 
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå 
[ ]
^ = ~ áà =  ON
 M M
 I==
M 
 
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå 
 ÄNN ÄNO K ÄNå 
Ä ÄOO K ÄOå 
[ ]
_ = Äáà =  ON
 M M
 I==
M 
 
ÄãN Äã O K Äãå 
=
=
=
=
=

111
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

íÜÉå==
 ~NN + ÄNN ~NO + ÄNO K ~Nå + ÄNå 
~ +Ä ~ OO + ÄOO K ~ Oå + ÄOå 
^+_=  ON ON  K=
 M M M 
 
~ ãN + ÄãN ~ ã O + Äã O K ~ ãå + Äãå 
=
[ ]
534. fÑ=â=áë=~=ëÅ~ä~êI=~åÇ= ^ = ~ áà =áë=~=ã~íêáñI=íÜÉå=
 â~NN â~NO K â~Nå 
 â~ â~ OO K â~ Oå 
[ ]
â^ = â~ áà = 
 M
ON

M
 K=
M 
 
â~ ãN â~ ã O K â~ ãå 
=
535. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=qïç=j~íêáÅÉë=
qïç= ã~íêáÅÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ãìäíáéäáÉÇ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= çåäó= ïÜÉå= íÜÉ=
åìãÄÉê= çÑ= Åçäìãåë= áå= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= áë= Éèì~ä= íç= íÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=
êçïë=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇK==
=
fÑ=
 ~NN ~NO K ~Nå 
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå 
[ ]
^ = ~ áà =  ON
 M M M 
 I==
 
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå 
 ÄNN ÄNO K ÄNâ 
Ä ÄOO K ÄO â 
[ ]
_ = Äáà =  ON
 M M
 I=
M 
 
ÄåN Äå O K Äåâ 
=
=
=
=
=

112
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

íÜÉå==
 ÅNN ÅNO K ÅNâ 
Å Å OO K Å O â 
^_ = ` =  ON  I==
 M M M 
 
Ä ãN Å ã O K Å ãâ 
ïÜÉêÉ==
å
Å áà = ~ áNÄNà + ~ á O ÄO à + K + ~ áå Äåà = ∑ ~ á λ Äλ à =
λ =N
E á = NI OI KI ã X à = NI OI KI â FK==
=
qÜìë=áÑ=
 ÄN 
[ ] ~ NN
^ = ~ áà = 
~ NO ~ NP 
 I= _ = [Ä á ] = Ä O  I==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP 
ÄP 
íÜÉå==
Ä 
~ NN ~ NO ~ NP   N  ~ NNÄN ~ NO Ä O ~ NP ÄP 
^_ =  ⋅ Ä = K==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP   O  ~ ONÄN ~ OO Ä O ~ OP ÄP 
ÄP 
=
536. qê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=íÜÉ=êçïë=~åÇ=Åçäìãåë=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñ=~êÉ=áåíÉêÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=íÜÉå=
íÜÉ=åÉï=ã~íêáñ=áë=Å~ääÉÇ=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çêáÖáå~ä=ã~íêáñK===
fÑ= ^= áë= íÜÉ= çêáÖáå~ä= ã~íêáñI= áíë= íê~åëéçëÉ= áë= ÇÉåçíÉÇ= ^ q = çê=
ú
^ K==
=
537. qÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=^=áë=çêíÜçÖçå~ä=áÑ= ^^ q = f K==
=
538. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
(^_ )q = _ q ^ q K=
=
=

113
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

539. ^Çàçáåí=çÑ=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= å× å ã~íêáñI=áíë=~ÇàçáåíI=ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó= ~Çà ^ I=
áë=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=çÑ=ÅçÑ~Åíçêë= ` áà =çÑ=^W=
[ ]
~Çà ^ = ` áà K==
q

=
540. qê~ÅÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ= ^= áë= ~= ëèì~êÉ= å × å ã~íêáñI= áíë= íê~ÅÉI= ÇÉåçíÉÇ= Äó= íê ^ I= áë=
ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ==íÜÉ=ëìã=çÑ==íÜÉ=íÉêãë=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äW=
íê ^ = ~NN + ~ OO + K + ~ åå K=
=
541. fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= å× å ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~=åçåëáåÖìä~ê=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=
ÇÉí ^ I=íÜÉå=áíë=áåîÉêëÉ= ^ −N =áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=
~Çà ^
^ −N = K=
ÇÉí ^
=
542. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
(^_)−N = _ −N^ −N K=
=
543. fÑ==^==áë=~=ëèì~êÉ=== å × å ==ã~íêáñI==íÜÉ==ÉáÖÉåîÉÅíçêë==u===ë~íáëÑó=
íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=
^u = λu I==
ïÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=ÉáÖÉåî~äìÉë= λ =ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Éèì~íáçå=
^ − λf = M K===
=
=
=
5.5 Systems of Linear Equations
=
=
s~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=òI= ñ N I= ñ O I K =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW= ~ N I ~ O I ~ P I ÄN I ~ NN I ~ NO I K =

114
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

aÉíÉêãáå~åíëW=aI= añ I= aó I= aò ==
j~íêáÅÉëW=^I=_I=u=
=
=
~ ñ + ÄNó = ÇN
544.  N I==
~ O ñ + ÄO ó = Ç O
a aó
ñ = ñ I= ó = =E`ê~ãÉê∞ë=êìäÉFI==
a a
ïÜÉêÉ==
~ ÄN
a= N = ~NÄO − ~ O ÄN I==
~ O ÄO
Ç ÄN
añ = N = ÇNÄO − Ç O ÄN I==
Ç O ÄO
~ ÇN
aó = N = ~NÇ O − ~ OÇN K==
~ O ÇO
=
545. fÑ= a ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~=ëáåÖäÉ=ëçäìíáçåW==
a aó
ñ = ñ I= ó = K=
a a
fÑ= a = M = ~åÇ= añ ≠ M Eçê= aó ≠ M FI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = åç==
ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a = añ = aó = M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = áåÑáåáíÉäó= = ã~åó==
ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
~Nñ + ÄNó + ÅNò = ÇN=

546. ~ O ñ + ÄO ó + Å Oò = Ç O I==
~ ñ + Ä ó + Å ò = Ç
 P P P P

añ aó a
ñ= I= ó = I= ò = ò =E`ê~ãÉê∞ë=êìäÉFI==
a a a
=

115
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

ïÜÉêÉ==
~N ÄN ÅN ÇN ÄN ÅN
a = ~ O ÄO Å O I= añ = Ç O ÄO Å O I=
~ P ÄP ÅP ÇP ÄP ÅP
~N ÇN ÅN ~N ÄN ÇN
aó = ~ O ÇO Å O I= aò = ~ O ÄO Ç O K==
~P ÇP ÅP ~P ÄP ÇP
=
547. fÑ= a ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~=ëáåÖäÉ=ëçäìíáçåW==
a aó a
ñ = ñ I= ó = I= ò = ò K=
a a a
fÑ= a = M =~åÇ= añ ≠ M Eçê= aó ≠ M =çê= aò ≠ M FI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=
Ü~ë=åç=ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a = añ = aó = aò = M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= áåÑáåáíÉäó=
ã~åó=ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
548. j~íêáñ=cçêã=çÑ=~=póëíÉã=çÑ=å=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë=áå=================
å=råâåçïåë=
qÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=äáåÉ~ê=Éèì~íáçåë==
~NNñ N + ~ NO ñ O + K + ~ Nå ñ å = ÄN
~ ñ + ~ ñ + K + ~ ñ = Ä
 ON N OO O Oå å O
 =
 K K K K K K K K K K K K
~ åNñ N + ~ å O ñ O + K + ~ åå ñ å = Äå
Å~å=ÄÉ=ïêáííÉå=áå=ã~íêáñ=Ñçêã=
 ~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå   ñ N   ÄN 
     
 ~ ON ~ OO K ~ Oå   ñ O   Ä O 
 M ⋅ = I==
M M   M   M 
     
~     
 åN ~ å O K ~ åå   ñ å   Ä å 
áKÉK==
^ ⋅ u = _ I==

116
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

ïÜÉêÉ==
 ~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå   ñN   ÄN 
     
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå   ñO   ÄO 
^ =  ON I= u = I= _ =  M  K==
M M M   M 
     
~ ~ å O K ~ åå  ñ  Ä 
 åN  å  å
=
549. pçäìíáçå=çÑ=~=pÉí=çÑ=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë= å × å =
u = ^ −N ⋅ _ I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^ −N =áë=íÜÉ=áåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=^K=
=
=

117
 Chapter 6
Vectors
=
=
=
=
r r r r →
sÉÅíçêëW= ì I= î I= ï I= ê I= ^_ I=£=
r r
sÉÅíçê=äÉåÖíÜW= ì I= î I=£=
r r r
råáí=îÉÅíçêëW= á I= à I= â =
r
kìää=îÉÅíçêW= M =
r
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= ì W= uN I vN I wN =
r
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= î W= u O I vO I wO =
pÅ~ä~êëW= λ I µ =
aáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉëW= Åçë α I= Åçë β I= Åçë γ =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=îÉÅíçêëW= θ =
=
=
6.1 Vector Coordinates
=
550. råáí=sÉÅíçêë=
r
á = (NI MI M) I=
r
à = (MI NI M) I=
r
â = (MI MI N) I=
r r r
á = à = â = N K=
=
r → r r r
551. ê = ^_ = (ñ N − ñ M ) á + (ó N − ó M ) à + (ò N − ò M ) â =
=

118
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

======= =
=
Figure 73.
=
→
r
552. ê = ^_ = (ñ N − ñ M )O + (óN − ó M )O + (òN − ò M )O =
=
→ →
r r
553. fÑ= ^_ = ê I=íÜÉå= _^ = − ê K=
=

=
=
Figure 74.
=
r
554. u = ê Åçë α I=
r
v = ê Åçë β I=
r
w = ê Åçë γ K=

119
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

===== =
=
Figure 75.
=
r r
555. fÑ= ê (uI v I w ) = êN (uN I vN I wN ) I=íÜÉå==
u = uN I= v = vN I= w = wN K==
==
=
6.2 Vector Addition
=
r r r
556. ï = ì + î =
=

== =
=
Figure 76.

120