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Chapter # 01: (1-1) Wapda Safety Policy
Chapter # 01: (1-1) Wapda Safety Policy
Chapter # 01: (1-1) Wapda Safety Policy
(1-1)
WAPDA SAFETY POLICY:-
No operating condition of urgency of service can ever justly
Endangering the life of any one.
The safety policy of WAPDA is designed to achieve the following objective.
1. To completely integrate safety with production, construction, maintenance and operation.
2. To provide safe working condition, proper T&P and protective devices.
3. To train employee in practice for the safe conduct of their work.
4. To enforce the safety measure.
(1-2)
SAFETY PRINCIPLE:-
There are five Principle of safety.
1. Know and identify the hazards.
2. Remove the hazard as much possible.
3. Control the hazard when they can not be eliminated.
4. Minimize the injury during the hazard.
5. Minimize the intensity of hazard.
Looking at the safety principles in sequence which by the way is how they must always be
Applied, we will observed that principles 1, 2, 3. Concentrate on the identification, elimination and
control of hazards.
Principle 4, 5 are directed toward the minimization of injuries.
The above Five Safety Principles are designed to create and maintain a safer working
condition for all of us.
1
CURRENT:-
Flow of electron / charge is called Current.
VOLTAGE:-
Intensity of electron /charge is called Voltage.
(1-3)
ELECTRICAL SHOCKS:-
DIAGNOSE:-
Find out what is reason of Accident / Causality.
DECISION:-
On extent of treatment remove cause.
DO IT:-
Take decision according to situation and do it quickly.
DISPOSE OF CAUSALITY:-
Patient send to doctor, Hospital or Home according to situation.
PERIORITY OF TREATMENT:-
There are three priority of treatment known as (3Bs)
1. Breathing
2. Bleeding control
3. Burns
3
BREATHING:-
Apply artificial respiration as soon as possible.
BLEEDING CONTROL:-
Control bleeding from injury as soon as possible. Apply dressing to
control or stop bleeding.
BURNS:-
Apply dry dressing and transport to medical aid as soon as possible to prevent or
loosen shock.
(1-5)
ARTIFICIAL RESIPRATION:-
There are two method of artificial respiration.
1) Direct Method 2) In Direct Method
DIRECT METHOD:-
1. If breathing is noisy or absent then call out for help.
2. Open the air ways.
3. Re access breathing, look, listen and free for breathing.
4. Start artificial breathing.
INDIRECT METHOD:-
CAUSE OF DEATH:-
Three things can cause of death.
1. Lack of Air
2. Heart stop
3. Failing of nerves system.
CHANCE OF RECOVERY WHEN BREATHIN HAS STOPPED:-
After 01 Minute 95%
After 03 Minute 50%
Around 05 Minute 05%
4
After 05 Minute Brain can damage
After 10-12 Minute Irreparable damage or Death sure
(1-6)
GROUNDING & BONDING:-
GROUNDING:-
A system of conductors in which at least on conductor or point is internally grounded
either solidly or through a non interrupting current limiting device. Bodies of electrical equipment
are got earthed.
Grounding provides low resistance parallel path and hence save the worker from
electrical shock. The resistance of earth is low and hence a heavy current flow to the earth. In this
case the earth fault relay operated and circuit is instantly de-energized and the system is save from
damage. Hence it can be said that a grounding clear the fault.
BONDING:-
The electrical interconnecting of conductive parts designed to maintain a common
electrical potential is called bonding.
The main purpose of bonding is to have a constant electrical potential even if small
parts of the system goes out. In WAPDA the electrical potential is maintained by using this
principle.
5
Bonding to contact all metallic parts in the work area in order to maintain them at
same potential of ground so that there is no danger of appearing any voltage because the feet of
worker are bonded.
As for as grounding is concerned the main purpose are:
a) Human Safety
b) Machine / Material Safety
c) Location of Fault
So bonding and grounding are both important factors
(1-8)
ABSOLUTE LIMITS OF APPROACH:-
(1-9)
USE OF PPE:-
1. Suitable personal protective clothing and equipment shell be used whenever it provides
greater safety.
2. Approved and suitable eye protection shall always be worn when ever there is danger of
exposing the eyes to flying particles, acids, harmful light rays, or any other condition.
3. Goggles and other protective eye wear shell be approved by WAPDA.
4. Approved protective headgear shall be worn at all the time when work is in progress.
5. Whenever protective clothing is not specifically required, employees, personal clothing shall
confirm to accepted standard of safety. Sandals and Shalwar Kamiz shell not be acceptable
clothing for work.
(1-10)
PRACTICAL PROJECT ON PTG INSTALLATION:-
INTRODUCTION:-
This procedure outline the steps for the safe and efficient grounding of circuit
on tower.
6
GENERAL:-
Grounds are required when a lineman is in physically contact with isolated conductor.
Grounds ensure that the lineman is at same potential as the the conductor.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:-
1. Body Harness
2. Line yard
3. safety Hat
4. Gloves
5. Pilot rope
6. Handline
7. Grip all or Clamp stick
Minimum 3 m. (10 ft.) for 132 KV circuit.
Minimum 3.6 m. (12 ft.) for 220 KV circuit.
Minimum 4.8 m. (16 ft.) for 500 KV circuit.
8. Earth leads (Duck Bell or All Angle)
9. Conductor cleaning brush.
PROCEDURE:-
1. First of all obtain PTW on concerned circuit.
2. Pray to GOD for successful work and did tail board conference.
3. Took up the hand line with the help of pilot rope, maintain the limit of approach, attach hand
line to tower arm or bridge.
4. Raise grip all or clamp stick.
5. The outer or lowest conductor teased for checking of isolation with the help of grip all.
Note:- Isolation of circuit must be verified before proceeding.
6. Attach brush with grip all and clean the conductor450mm.(19inch) from conductor clamp.
7. Raise earth lead and install T clamp on tower arm.
8. Attach the other end (Duck Bell) with the help of grip all on cleaned portion of conductor.
9. Move hand line for access to next conductor and repeat procedure.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:-
1. PTW of required circuit must be obtained.
2. All the T&P must be checked before using.
3. Always approved PPE must be used.
4. When apply grounds, first apply at tower arm or bridge (ground end) then at conductor, when
Removing the ground first remove from conductor and then from tower arm or bridge
(ground end).
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CHAPTER # 02
(2-1)
FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICITY:-
ELETRON THEORY:-
The atom was considered the smallest particle of an element until quit recent
time. It has know been broken and it is known to be made up of smaller parts known as proton,
neutrons and electron.
The atom is now visualized as a solar system like the sun surrounded by its
planets. The central sun of the atom is the nucleus the surrounding planets are electrons. The nucleus
is generally made up of protons and neutrons, which are about in equal weight. The protons carries a
positive charge equal to the negative charge on electron.
When an atom contains one electron for each proton the atom is said to be in
the neutral state.
Normally the atom has so many electrons revolving about as it has protons in
nucleus. The negative charge on the electrons are equal to the positive on the nucleus. The electrons
are held in their path by the attraction between them and charge on nucleus. The neutrons contribute
only to the weight of the atom. Occasionally an atom may loose on of its surrounding electrons or
several of them from knocking about among other atoms or from other causes. The atom then
becomes positively charged because deficiency of electrons (negative charges)
The atom may also pick up additional electrons and become negatively charged such charged
atoms are called ions and are said to be as ionized molecules can also become ionized.
A positively charged particle attract a negatively charged particle, but repels a positively
charged one.
Stated another way unlike charges attract each other while like charges repel each other.
Ions and electrons are found wherever any electrical action take place.
The electrons are indivisible, the nucleus of any atom is also indivisible under ordinary conditions,
but it may be broken as in the atom bomb.
(2-3)
TYPES OF LOAD:-
The operation of electrical appliances based on three fundamental principles,
The “heat effect” principle, the electromagnetic principle, and finally electrostatic principle.
Under these terms, electrical loads on system could be generally classified
into three major types. Given as under.
1. Resistor-Type Load
2. Inductor-Type Load
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3. Capacitor-Type Load
RESISTOR-TYPE LOAD:-
All these device work on the basic principle that when electrons were
made through high resistance wire element, the obstruction of resistance in the flow of electron
which provide high concentrated heating effect.
These devices which operate on the “Resistance Principle” will be in
the general term “Resistance-Type” load. Examples of these in present day use are:
Filament lamp
Toaster
Hot-plate
Electric bank
Electric iron
Electric ranges
Space heater
INDUCTOR-TYPE LOAD:-
About 1900, alternating-current power was cheap enough; and suitable
electromagnetic machines (generator and motor) were becoming more and available for the supply
and use of electric power.
Thus, a new type of electrical load, other than resistor type load, made its appearance.
The motors of the day were capable providing industry with ½ , 1, 10 to 100 HP.
Motor load work on a different principle other than resistor type loads previously
defined. Where in resistor type loads, the only have characteristic of resistance in flow of current, in
motors there is the added effect of “Reactance” to the flowing of current.
Some examples of Inductor-type load:
Motors , Refrigerators, Oil burners
Arc welders
Arc furnaces
Florescent lighting
Over head transmission line
CAPACITOR-TYPE LOAD:-
In 1747, constructed a device which possibly could have been known
as condenser or capacitor and 1880 more practical designed form of condenser which becomes very
important with the advent of radio and other electronic devices. In electronic work, capacitors are
relatively very small, but since the end of war 1939-45 it was found to be that capacitors could be
9
applied economically for the salvage of wasted power in electrical systems. Then the third type of
electrical load which is identified as “capacitor –type load”.
(2-4)
Ohm’s Law:-
According to ohm’s law Voltage ‘V’ is directly proportional to Current ‘I’ if the
Resistance ‘R’ is same.
V = IR
(2-5)
SERIES CIRCUIT:-
If a number of resistor are connected end to end such that the same current
passes through all of them they are said to be connected in series.
The current remain same in this circuit.
The current have a one path only.
Voltage will be different on different places.
V=V1+V2+V3
According to ohm’s Law
V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2
V3 = IR3
By substituting these equations
V = IR1+ IR2 + IR3
V = I ( R1+R2+R3)
Dividing both the side by “I” then
V / I = R1+R2+R3
Where ‘V’ is the potential applied to the circuit and ‘I’ is the total current flowing through the
circuit.
Because R = R1+R2+R3
Therefore V/I = R
OR V = IR
PARALLEL CIRCUIT:-
If a number of resistors are connected side by side with their end joined
together at common points such that the same voltage passes through all of them. They are said to be
connected in parallel.
10
Voltage remain same in this circuit. Current flowing ways more than on
current different on different places.
When the total current ‘I' from the battery reaches the junction A it divides in
to three parts I1 goes through Resistor R1 and I2 goes through Resistor R2 and I3 goes through
Resistor R3.
Therefore
I= I1+I2+I3
The current in each resistor can be found by applying ohm’s Law that is.
I = V1/ R1
I = V2/ R2
I = V3/ R3
By substituting these equations
I = V1/ R1 + V2/ R2 + V3/ R3
Because V=V1 = V2 = V3
Therefore I = V/ R1 + V/ R2 + V/ R3
I = V ( 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3 )
Dividing both the side by “V” then
I/V = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3
But by ohm’s Law
I/V = 1/R
Thus equation becomes as
1/R = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3
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CHAPTER # 03
(3-1)
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM:-
GENERATION:-
There are different sources use for generation electrical power. Some major
sources detail is as under.
HYDEL SYSTEM:-
The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force
of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Hydropower is
produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower
in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in
2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use The cost of hydroelectricity is
relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity.
12
Major project of hydel generation power system in Pakistan and their capacity
is as under.
Tarbela Dam 3478MW, Ghazi Brotha 1450 MW, Mangla Dam 1000 MW and
THERMAL SYSTEM:-
A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion in to
electrical energy is known as Thermal power plant or Steam power plant.
Electricity that generate from Furnas Oil and gas is called Thermal system for
power generation. In this system oil and gas burn as fuel. This source of electricity is expensive
instead of hydel system in Pakistan.
Major project of Thermal generation power system in Pakistan is as under.
Jamshoro Thermal Power House, Guddu Thermal Power House, Muzaffar
Garh Thermal Power House, Kot addu Thermal Power House.
ATOMIC SYSTEM:-
Electricity that generate from Atomic Energy is called Atomic system for
power generation. In Pakistan only two projects produce electricity from atomic system first one in
Karachi and other one in chashma.
SOLAR SYSTEM:-
Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics.
energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount of energy falling
on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy" Active
solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the
energy.
Advantage: Solar energy is a completely renewable resource.
Disadvantage: The Solar Cells and Solar Panels that are needed to harness solar energy tend to be
very expensive when you first purchase them.
Advantage: Oil, which is what most people currently use to power their homes, is not a renewable
resource.
Disadvantage: Solar power cannot be harnessed during a storm, on a cloudy day or at night.
Advantage: Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. They do not make a single peep while
extracting useful energy from the sun.
Advantage: Solar energy creates absolutely no pollution.
Advantage: Very little maintenance is required to keep solar cells running. Because there are no
moving parts in a solar cell.
13
Advantage: Solar panels and solar lighting may seem quite expensive when you first purchase it,
but in the long run you will find yourself saving quite a great deal of money.
Advantage: Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely easy to install.
Advantage: Solar power technology is improving consistently over time, as people begin to
understand all of the benefits offered by this incredible technology.
WIND POWER:-
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy,
such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for
water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
Energy received from the movement of the wind across the earth. This energy
is a result of the heating of our oceans, earth, and atmosphere by the sun.
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CHAPTER # 5
(5-1)
TRANSMISSION LINE RIGGING:-
RIGGING DEFINATION:-
Arrangement of mechanical apparatus to move the load.
PLACEMENT OF RIGGING:-
The proper placement of rigging is very important not only mechanical
advantage also important for safety point of view. When you rig the T&P or Material you would be
great to able to attach it on most convenient position. The proper placement of slings, pulleys, blocks
etc.
ROPES:-
There are four kinds of rope.
1. Nylon rope ( Very Strong )
2. Polyproline rope ( 2nd Strong)
3. Manila rope ( 3rd Strong)
4. Polymer rope (New Technology)
KNOTS:-
A knots is the inter winning of the end of a rope with in a portion of rope.
15
1. Square or Reef Knot
2. Single Bowline
3. Double Bowline
4. Double Bowline on a bight
5. Running Bowline
6. Bowline tied away from you
BENDS:-
A bend is the inter winning of the end of two rope or of the same rope to make one
continuous rope is called bend.
TYPES OF BENDS:-
1. Single Sheet Bend
2. Double Sheet Bend
3. Becket Bend
HITCHES:-
A hitch is the attachment of a rope to a post pole ring hook or other object.
TYPES OF HITCHES:-
1. Clove Hitch
2. Clove Hitch with two half hitches
3. Snubbing Hitch
4. Timber Hitch
5. Taut Line Hitch
6. Double Black wall
7. Stirrup Hitch
HAND HOIST:-
It is used for
1. To raise up the load.
2. To Lower the load.
3. To operate without load.
It has two types.
1. Model C 2. Model D
16
CAPACITY OF MODEL D:-
Capacity of Model are 3/4 , 1.5 , 3 Ton.
Both Models (Types) have disc type brake.
Model C has Roller link chain.
Model D has Alloy Steel coiled link.
OPERATION:-
Keep the chain clean and lightly lubricated. Dirty chain badly effect the performance.
OILING:-
Use light machine oil.
BEARING:-
Oil holes are provided with ball valve oiler.
CHAIN:-
Chain should be clean and lubricated lightly.
LOAD BREAK:-
Operated dry. Load disc must be kept clean and free of oil .
Excessive over loading may be freeze the load brake.
REMEDY:-
If load brake freeze due to overloading then it released as:-
Set the pawl rod lever to ‘DOWN’ position tapping the handle lightly with a hammer
and lowering the handle.
17
PARTS TO BE OILED:-
Chain , Bearing
BLOCK:-
There are two types of blocks.
1. Tackle Block
2. Snatch Block
PARTS OF BLOCKS:-
1. Shell
2. Swivel Hook
3. Sheave
4. Backet
STATIONARY BLOCK:-
This is a fix block. This can not change from one place to other.
MOVING BLOCKS:-
This block can move from one place to other and change from one place to
other.
SNATCH BLOCK:-
It is used for pulling conductor and lowering, Lifting material in many ways.
ROPE LADDER:-
It is used for changing disc insulator string.
Normal length of ladder (17-21) ft
From thimble eye to bottom (15-19) ft
Chain length (2-2.5) ft
Rope used Polypropline (4 strands Size ¾”)
Rungs Made of Close grain wood
Rungs Dia 1 3/8”
Rungs length 19.25”
Rungs used length 15.5”
Rungs hole size 3/8”
Spacing between two rungs 12” = 1ft
18
STRAIN BOARD:-
It is used for working on dead end on 220KV or 132KV Transmission line for
changing of disc insulator or changing of complete string.
Its size are 12’ or 14’
19
CHAPTER # 6
(6-1)
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER:-
132 KV TOWER:-
Normal tower or suspension tower 0 – 2o or 3o
Light angel Tower 2o – 20o – 30o
Heavy Angel or dead end Tower or Terminal Tower 20o – 60o
NAME TYPE
Linux ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel reinforce)
Greely AAC (All Aluminum conductor)
Rail ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel reinforce)
Tiger ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel reinforce)
1. Arbutus 400mm2
2. Hawthorn 600mm2
1. Rail ACSR
20
2. Drake ACSR
4. JKD:-
Dead end Tower with 6 meter leg extension and 6 meter body extension.
1. DS-I
2. DA-I
3. DD-I
CHAPTER # 7
21
(7-1)
WEIGHT OF CONDUCTOR CURRENT CAPACITY NO OF STRAND STEEL OR
ALUMINIUM
(7-2)
WEIGHT SPAN:-
22
Distance between sag point from both sides of tower is called weight span.
WEIGHT:-
Weight that require for rigging are two types.
1. Fixed weight
2. Variable weight
1. FIXED WEIGHT:-
Fixed weight such as poles towers etc.
2. VARIABLE WEIGHT:-
Variable weight such as conductor under varying condition of tension,
line angle, span, wind , ice etc.
fixed can be mentioned on the reference data book. But the variable weight will be increase
or descries due to lowering or rising and other additional forces I.e conductor tension and effects of
cross wind and snow also increased the weight of conductor.
WIGHT FORMULA:-
To find the weight of supported conductor. First measure the length of
conductor supported by pole 2 i.e The distance between the lowest points of conductor in the two
spans adjacent to pole 2.
Determine the weight / ft of conductor of conductor supported by pole 2.
(From Table) Standard Table for construction of transmission line.
Hence, weight imposed by each conductor on pole is determined as
Length of conductor suppoted by pole X weight of conductor / ft
TABLE
Sr.No Size Weight / ft
1 2 ACSR 0.091 Lbs
2 1/0 ACSR 0.145 Lbs
3 3/0 ACSR 0.230 Lbs
4 4/0 ACSR 0.290 Lbs
5 336.4 ACSR 0.462 Lbs
6 477 ACSR 0.655 Lbs
7 605 ACSR 0.778 Lbs
8 795 ACSR 1.091 Lbs
9 1192 ACSR 1.524 Lbs
10 336.4 Aluminum 0.315 Lbs
11 556.5 Aluminum 0.519 Lbs
NOTE:-
For three or four bundle conductor we will multiply by 3 or 4 respectively.
23
CALCULATION ABOUT FIND THE WEIGHT OF CONDUCTOR
(In plain area)
Formula about to find the weight of conductor on suspension tower (In Plain Area)
Weight of conductor = weight/m conductor X ( Span A + Span B )
2
Exp# 01
Exp# 02
(7-3)
TENSION:-
A force that pulled the conductor is called Tension in Transmission line.
There are two type of tension.
1. Simple tension
2. Bisect Tension
SIMPLE TENSION:-
Conductor tension can be determined as:-
In line pulling forces applied to the conductor by
1. It’s weight per foot or meter.
2. The length of span at dead end in foot or meter.
3. The sag of span in foot or meter.
Formula for calculation of simple Tension:-
Hence the formula is
Tension = (wt of conductor/ft) x (Length of span in ft)2
8 x Sag of span in ft
OR
T = W x Span2
8 x Sag
1. Weight of conductor in per ft or meter.
2. Length of span in in ft2
3. Sag of span in foot or meter.
Exp# 01
25
Tension = (wt of conductor/ft) x (Length of span in ft)2
8 x Sag of span in ft
T = 0.230 x ( 250 ) 2
8x4
T = 0.230 x 62500
8x4
T = 14375
32
T = 449.21 lbs
T = 449.21 / 2200 = 0.204 Ton
Exp# 02
BISECT TENSION :-
Bisect tension is the side way tension on conductors at an angel structure
which tries to pull the conductor into line with the two adjacent structure.
T = 0.591 x ( 315 ) 2
8x3
T = 58542.75
24
T = 2439.28 lbs
T = 1.10 Ton
Bisect Tension = Line tension x Line angle
60
B.Tension = 1.10 x 20
60
B.Tension = 0.363 Ton
(7-4)
SAG:-
Distance between the dip point of conductor and straight line of suspension point. The sag of
conductor can be found by a telescope.
PARTS OF TELESCOPE:-
It has two parts . 1) Tube 2) Eye piece
INFORMATION:-
The most accurate result is obtain when the measurement is taken in level
span where the suspension point are approximately at the same elevation.
If the sag is being checked to determine the tension of conductor between the dead
ends, the span measure should be the same length, or as close as possible to the same length as the
ruling span.
PROCEDURE:-
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Climb tower A and line by eye sight the low point of the sag between tower A and
tower B with an identifying tower on tower B.
Climb to suspension point on tower A and measure the vertical distance from
suspension point to same identified member on tower A as sight to on tower B record this
measurement as X.
Clamp telescope on tower A and align cross hair of scope with low point of sag and
identified member on tower B.
Measure the distance from suspension point of tower A to scope record this
measurement as Y.
NOTE:-
X and Y measurement should be as close as possible (1.5m or 5ft) maximum
difference.
SAFETY SUMMARY:-
This job is normally done as tower carrying energized circuit. Absolute limits
of approach for circuit.
Only qualified person may perform this task.
(7-5)
TEMPERATURE SYSTEM:-
1. Degree Kelvin Ko
2. Degree Faran heat Fo
3. Degree centigrade Co
SCALE:-
1. Co = ( 0 – 100 )
2. Fo = ( 32 – 212 )
3. Ko = (Co – 273 )
CONVERSION FORMULA:-
i. C – 0 = F – 32
100 180
ii. Co = 5/9 (Fo – 32 )
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iii. Fo = 9/5 (Co +32 )
iv. Ko = (Co + 273 )
Normal body temperature = 98.6 Fo = 30o C
Boiling temperature of water= 212 Fo = 100o C
Freezing temperature of water= 32 Fo = 0o C
CHAPTER # 8
(8-0)
TRANSMISSION LINE MAINTENANCE:-
(8-1)
LINE PATROLLING:-
29
An important part of transmission line maintenance is line patrolling. Line
patrolling is carried out to identify the defects or abnormal condition in transmission line system or
equipment. Line patrolling is usually carried out by the line crew, under the supervision of line
supervisor. It may be classified as following:-
1. Scheduled or Regular Patrolling
2. Non-Scheduled Patrolling
3. Check Patrolling
4. Crash Patrolling
5. Night Patrolling
All types are being discussed separately in detail under the following sections:-
SCHEDULED OR REGULAR PATROLLING:-
Regular patrolling is the through out checking of transmission line and equipmen
according to monthly /annual scheduled interval of time.
NON-SCHEDULED PATROLLING:-
The patrolling which is not carried on any fix scheduled / intervals, but is necessitated
due to some happenings / events / incidents taking place on the system, is called Non-Scheduled
Patrolling. It has been further categorized as below:-
a) Incidental Patrolling
b) Casual Patrolling
c) Emergency Patrolling
d) Follow up Patrolling
INCIDENTAL PATROLLING:-
No definite time fixed for incidental patrolling. The efficient line man of the line crew
do this job while they are on tour or while on other job on any line other specific work along with
other line mans.
CASUAL PATROLLING:-
Casual patrolling of lines is not done according to any preplanned scheduled. This
patrolling is necessitated by event beyond human control such heavy rain fall, wind storms, flood or
any other abnormal situations. This patrolling should be carried out by the concerned line staff
immediately when the normal condition restored. It must be done immediately after any above
mentioned or other related incident even the supply is normal.
EMERGENCY PATROLLING:-
Emergency patrolling is carried out after a permanent fault has developed on the
lines. When the permanent fault such as breakage of conductor, short circuit of conductors with each
other or with pole or with earth have occurred and circuit breaker of the line at grid station does hold
30
or indicate the fault on fault on fault locator after two consecutive switching operations, then the Sub
Station operator at grid station inform to concerned SDO/Supervisor to arrange for emergency
patrolling. The checking of is thoroughly carried out according to fault locator indications till the
cause of fault is traced. The cause of fault is rectified and the line is again energized.
FOLLOW UP PATROLLING:-
Some time there are temporary line interruptions, under such situations, the line staff
is ordered to trace and clear away the cause of temporary line interruption.
CHECK PATROLLING:-
In order to evaluate the efficiency of his maintenance staff, an officer may check
certain portions of the lines himself without giving prior notice. He goes through the petrol book of a
petrol man and check the line with reference to some entries made there in.
CRASH PETROLLING:-
When the system is to be completely over hauled a patrolling programmed is called
out to inspect all the line. The instructions for crash patrolling are received every year from the
authorities and the field formations are usually advised to submit their daily progress to the higher
authorities.
NIGHT PATROLLING:-
The night patrolling is classified as following:-
The patrolling of newly constructed lines is also carried out at night with in 24 hours to
energizing the line to locate any loose jumper.
The night patrolling of existing lines is carried to check the loose jumpers and to locate any
glow of conductor at crossing point to other transmission lines, having to less clearance
between energized lines or between the energized conductors, jumper points.
LINE PATROLLING POCEDURE:-
For carrying out the schedule patrolling, programme for inspection of lines /
equipments are usually preplanned. The patrolling is carried out through walking along the lines
from tower to tower. Each and every equipment of the tower / system is care fully inspected before
and defects if any are to be recorded on the patrol book. However, to ensure the through checking,
checklists are usually used. See a specimen in figure. During patrolling necessary T&P should be
used and all the items on the check list should be minutely examined observing necessary safety
precautions as mentioned in the following section.
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T&P FOR PATROLLING:-
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
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Patrol Book and Pencil
First Aid Kit
Proper Clothing and Foot Wear
Binocular
Torch for Night Patrolling
Warning Sign
Earth Resistance Tester
CHAPTER # 9
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(9-1)
PTW :-
PTW is the formation of Permit to work. It is the permission for doing the work on line
provided by the incharge of grid station on the behalf of NPCC ( National Power Control Centre ) or
RCC (Regional Control Centre
NPCC issue the permit for 220 KV or 500 KV Transmission line. NPCC head quarter
is only in Islamabad.
RCC issue the permit for 132 KV, 66 KV, 33 KV, and 11 KV line. RCC head quarter
is Jamshoro for South region and other one in Islamabad for North region.
(9-2)
JOB PLANNING:-
Develop your own work plan. Planning of work may be divided into three
Steps.
A) Determine exactly what is to be done
1. Study the work order or job order.
2. where the job is not written out, carefully study and analyze what you are going to do.
3. Clear up any question in your mind by consulting your supervisor.
1. Check the job location or work area by inspecting of site or from maps or job order.
2. Review your T&P requirement to sure sufficient tools, plants, material and parts are
available in store.
3. Review worker required by wok done the job. Consult your supervisor if any assigned
manpower is desirable.
4. Consider existing and potential hazards created by the job and nature of work to be done, by
the weather condition and the job location.
5. Determine what is necessary to overcome or protect against the job hazards
(9-3)
TAIL BOARD CONFERENCE:-
A meeting done before starting practical work called tail boad
conference. Tail board conference is shortly called 5wh that is given below.
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1. What is to be done.
2. Why it is to be done.
3. When it is to be done.
4. Where it is to be done.
5. How it is to be done.
6. Who is do it.
CHAPTER # 10
(10-1)
INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTER (MEGGER) INSULATOR TESTING:-
MEGGER:-
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The instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of disc insulator is called
megger. Donated by Ri.
Ri is less then 2000 MΩ.
MEGGER RANGES:-
2000 V or 2 KV
5000 V or 5 KV
MEGGERING PROCEDURE:-
Insulate the object from the system whose insulation resistance Ri is to be measured.
Megger never be used for energized circuit.
Before meggering first check the accuracy of megger.
Megger must be checked before its used for.
Zero check
Infinity check
ZERO CHECK OR SHORRT CIRCUIT TEST:-
To short the megger leads together crank the
megger 3 times / second. Pointer of megger must deflect towards zero value.
INFINITY CHECK OR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:-
To OPEN the megger leads together crank the
megger 3 times / second. Pointer of megger must deflect towards infinity value.
To check the disc insulator disconnect the disc from circuit and ground it after dischadge.
Megger leads must be dry clean and free of defect i.e. no joint etc.
Ground terminal never touch during testing.
Rating of megger should not more than the rating of under test equipment.
METHOD OF USE:-
Reading Must refer to 20Co
Ri ∞ 1
Temperature
Reading taken at any temperature converted at 20oc.
For every 10oc rise of temperature from 20oc the Ri becomes half of its value.
For every 10oc fall of temperature from 20oc the Ri becomes of its value.
1 MΩ reading for 1 KV rated equipment at 20oc is considered satisfactory.
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