King Vidor's finishing work as director[edit]

On February 12, 1939, Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind. The next
day, the studio assigned Fleming's friend, King Vidor, to finish directing The Wizard of Oz (mainly
the early sepia-toned Kansas sequences, including Garland's singing of "Over the Rainbow" and
the tornado). Although the film was a hit on its release, Vidor chose not to take public credit for
his contribution until Fleming died in 1949. [citation needed]

Special effects, makeup and costumes[edit]

Arnold Gillespie, the film's special effects director, employed several visual-effect techniques.
[30]
 Developing the tornado scene was especially costly. Gillespie used muslin cloth to make the
tornado flexible, after a previous attempt with rubber failed. He hung the 35 ft (11 m) of muslin
from a steel gantry and connected the bottom to a rod. By moving the gantry and rod, he was
able to create the illusion of a tornado moving across the stage. Fuller's earth was sprayed from
both the top and bottom using compressed air hoses to complete the effect. Dorothy's house was
recreated using a model.[36]
The Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow masks were made of foam latex makeup created by makeup
artist Jack Dawn. Dawn was one of the first to use this technique. [37][38] It took an hour each day to
slowly peel Bolger's glued-on mask from his face, a process that eventually left permanent lines
around his mouth and chin.[39]
Hamilton received severe burns to her hands and face in an accident with the flame effect during
her exit from Munchkinland. At the time, she was wearing her green makeup, which was usually
removed with acetone due to its toxic copper content. Because of Hamilton's burns, makeup
artist Jack Young removed the makeup with alcohol to prevent infection. [39] The Tin Man's
costume was made of leather-covered buckram, and the oil used to grease his joints was made
from chocolate syrup.[40] The Cowardly Lion's costume was made from real lion skin and fur. [41] For
the "horse of a different color" scene, Jell-O po