Practical Papers, Articles
and Application Notes
Kye Yak See, Technical Editor
I
n the smart grid era, conventional electromechanical meters
will be replaced by electronic energy meters. There are con-
cerns from consumers on potential electromagnetic interfer-
ence (EMI) that may affect the accuracy of readings taken from
these electronic energy meters. Frank Leferink and Cees Keyer
from University of Twente and Anton Melentjev from University of
Applied Sciences Amsterdam, the Netherlands have performed an
investigative study on possible reading errors taken from these
meters based on controlled laboratory experiments. The experi-
mental results are presented in the first paper, “Static Energy
Meter Errors Caused by Conducted Electromagnetic Interfer-
ence”. With more nonlinear and fast switching loads connected
to the power grid, the types of current sensors used in electronic
energy meters do have an impact on the variations in the meter
readings. Such investigative study will be a useful reference for
electronic energy meter manufacturers to improve the electro-
magnetic immunity of these meters.
The second paper “Characteristic Mode Analysis of Radiating
Structures in Digital Systems” was contributed by Qi Wu, Heinz-
Dietrich Brüns and Christian Schuster from Hamburg University
of Technology, Germany. This paper adopts the characteristic
mode analysis (CMA) to analyze radiating structures in digital
systems up to 3 GHz. Through visualization of the CMA, it pro-
vides useful insight into the optimal placement of signal and
power routing, grounding and placement of loads. Some exam-
Static Energy Meter Errors Caused by Conducted
Electromagnetic Interference
Frank Leferink1,2, Cees Keyer1,3, Anton Melentjev3
1University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands
2Thales Netherlands Hengelo, The Netherlands
3University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract - Static, or electronic, energy meters are replacing the
conventional electromechanical meters. Consumers are some-
times complaining about higher energy readings and billing after
the change to a static meter, but there is not a clear common or
root cause at present. Electromagnetic interference has been ob-
served between active infeed converters as used in photo-voltaic
systems and static meters. Reducing the interference levels elimi-
nated inaccurate reading in static meters. Several field investigat-
ions failed to identify a clear root cause of inaccurate readings of
static energy meters. Experiments were performed in a controlled
©2016 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine – Volume 5 – Quarter 4
ples presented in the paper show that a significant reduction of
radiated power is achievable by using CMA and hence, illustrate
its usefulness for EMC design of digital systems.
The third and last paper, “Comparison of Injected and Radiated
EMC Testing of Active Implanted Cardiac Medical Devices at
the Boundary Frequency of 450 MHz”, is authored by Howard
Bassen and Gonzalo Mendoza from U. S. Food and Drug
Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health.
They compared testing via radiated versus injected suscepti-
bility methods specified in the ISO 14117 standard for EMC of
implantable cardiac medical devices. Experimental and compu-
tational studies were performed to determine voltages induced
in a model of an implant. At the border frequency of 450 MHz
separating the two methods, the radiated and injected tests do
not agree well in terms of the voltage induced at the input of
an implanted device. They present a very detailed study and
analysis in this paper for the cause of disagreement.
As this is the last issue of the magazine in 2016, I would like
to take this opportunity wishing all our readers a Happy New
Year! I thank all the authors who have contributed the won-
derful papers in 2016 and I look forward to receiving more
good papers in the year ahead. Do drop me an e-mail at eky-
see@ntu.edu.sg if you have a good paper in mind and would
like to share it with our readers.
lab environment. Three-phase meters showed large deviations,
even when supplied with an ideal sinusoidal voltage from a four-
quadrant power amplifier. Large variations could be observed
when non-linear, fast switching, loads were connected. A devi-
ation of +276 % was measured with one static energy meter,
+265% with a second and -46% with a third static energy meter.
After dismantling it was revealed that the meters with the positive
deviation used a Rogowski coil current sensor. The meter with a
Hall effect-based current sensor gave the -46% deviation. The
fourth meter, with a current transformer, resulted in -10% in one
45
 experiment and +8% in another experiment, where the deviations
are with respect to a conventional electromechanical meter. Mea-
surements were repeated with more meters and supplied from
standard, low internal impedance, mains supply in the laboratory.
Deviations of +475%, +566%, +569%, +581%, +582% and -31% and
-32% were registered, with again the positive deviation for
Rogowski coil current sensors and negative deviations for the Hall
sensors.
Keywords: Electromagnetic Compatibility, Static Meter, Smart Me-
ter, Electronic Meter, Interference
I. Introduction
Electromechanical energy meters with moving parts, based on
the Ferraris principle, are rapidly being replaced by static, or elec-
tronic, energy meters. These static meters can also measure other
electrical parameters such as phase voltages and currents, fre-
quency, power factor, active, reactive and apparent power. By
adding a communication link, either via a wireless interface, a
data line, or through Power-Line Telecommunication (PLT), these
static meters are also capable of transmitting measured data. The
target is a rollout of at least 80% in Europe by 2020, with the aim to
use energy data in a smart grid.
Some consumers are complaining about their energy bills after
replacement of the energy meter, because the registered energy
is higher with the static meter compared to the old Ferraris meter.
The utility companies use the argument that the old meters were
incorrect because of mechanical wear and consumers should be
happy because they have been under-charged for many years.
Generation of energy through Photo-Voltaic (PV) installations has
become very popular. Energy generated through the PV is fed into
the power grid using Active Infeed Converters (AIC). The lack of
proper Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) standards, especially
in the range 2-150 kHz, created possibilities to generate high inter-
ference levels, causing EMI [1]. Two neighboring farmers using the
same PV system observed that on sunny days one PV generated
only 40% of the energy generated by the other. Measurements
have been carried out and it was found that the power drive sys-
tems for the fans in the barn generated high conducted interfer-
ence on the power lines. As a result, the static energy meter failed
to register the actual value. The problem could be solved by
replacing the power drive system [2]. A similar case was observed
during experimentation with PV installations in Germany. In other
cases high interference levels generated by AICs were also
observed, which caused faulty readings of the static energy
meters [3], [4], [5]. This observation, possibly combined with a
higher number of complaints and failures, resulted in faster publi-
cation of the TR50579 [6] technical report and IEC 61000-4-19 stan-
dard [7]. Specifically the voltages generated by PLT and currents
generated by other equipment connected to the grid are taken into
account. These requirements can be considered as an extension
for the EN 50470-1 [8] and EN 50470-3 [9], which were made in
reply to the Measurement Instruments Directive (MID) [10]. The
MID of 2004 has been superseded by the new MID [11]. The tests
as described in [6] are developed to achieve immunity against dis-
turbing currents between 2 kHz and 150 kHz. In [7] it is stated that
in several cases electricity meters registered only a part of the
46 ©2016 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine – Volume 5 – Quarter 4
energy factually fed into the public supply network from a PV in-
verter. The investigations showed that this malfunction was
caused by the ripple current of the inverter in the frequency range
3 kHz to 150 kHz, stemming from the switching frequency of the
inverter (several tens of kHz) and its harmonics.
After observing the PV interference as described above and in [2],
and later replying to complaints and requests from consumers, sev-
eral audits and field survey measurements have been performed by
us to investigate possible interference causes of potentially faulty
higher static energy meter readings. Investigations showed that no
basic mistakes were made, such as incorrect readings or faulty
connections, before experiments were conducted. No obvious
cause was identified during field investigations, although the cur-
rent consumed was often highly distorted, the energy consumption
was highly unbalanced, and relatively high PLT signals were mea-
sured. To investigate the possible cause of EMI influencing the stat-
ic energy meter reading, measurements were performed in a con-
trolled laboratory environment on 1- and 3- phase meters.
II. Constraints
When a consumer makes a complaint about the meter reading, he/
she can request re-calibration of the meter. If the meter perfor-
mance falls within the specified values, the consumer has to pay
for the re-calibration. Our research revealed, however, that cali-
bration is carried out using an ideal sinusoidal voltage of 50 Hz,
and a linear load. Only the effect of phase lag and phase lead (cos
φ) is investigated. The effect of non-linear loads and switching
equipment is not investigated during the recalibration. For exam-
ple, in case of a faulty capacitor the EMI filtering effect is reduced
in the meter, which will not be revealed during such recalibration.
The other problem is that faulty meters are scrapped and are not
available for further research and no information is given on a
probable cause. A third problem is that static meters are supplied
by the utility companies and are not freely available on the market
in the Netherlands. We had to purchase static energy meters used
for the experiments in another European country. The fourth prob-
lem is that meters are sealed and documentation is extremely lim-
ited. After opening meters the seal has to be broken, and we
observed that all manufacturers use their own specific digital sig-
nal processor with proprietary software. In [12] an overview of
techniques used by integrated circuit manufacturers such as
Texas Instruments, Analog Devices, ST and Maxim, shows that
there are various options for signal processing. In case the
reactive power and energy are measured, the different metrics
corresponding to different mathematical models can provide
conflicting results for non-sinusoidal conditions [13], e.g. 90°
shifting of the voltage by means of an integrator, or by means
of a time shift of a quarter of a period, or digital implementa-
tion of the definition of the “non-active power”. Measurements
showed differences of up to 52% [13], and -61% to +47% [14]. It
is also stated in the IEEE 1459 standard [16]: ‘VARmeters that
use 90° phase shift in time of fundamental may measure cor-
rectly the reactive power under sinusoidal conditions. When
the voltage and current waveforms are highly distorted, such
meters yield a reading that has questionable significance’. No
data could be obtained on the active power reading, the pro-
cessing of the data, and neither the technology for the sensors
being used by the manufacturers.
 III. Simple Energy Monitor PLT is used in several static meters to allow communication
-- monitors. Four energy monitors
monitors. Four energy monitors were connected to a four-were connected to a four- for developing a Smart Grid. PLT systems use the 2-150 kHz
-- The effect
quadrant of faulty generating
amplifier readings due to an conducted
ideal electromagnetic
sinusoidal voltage, and band and the modulation system can vary while voltage levels
quadrant amplifier
interference has been
generating
demonstrated
an ideal sinusoidal
using low-cost
voltage, andof up to 10 Vpp are present. These signals need to be removed
energyinmoni-
ee aa distorted
distorted voltage. The distorted voltage is shown Figure 1,
-- and tors.
it Fourvoltage. The distorted
energy monitors were voltage
connected to ais shown in Figure 1,before the ADC by a low-pass filter. Cheaper systems may not
four-quadrant
it is
is an
and amplifier exact
exact replica
an generating replica of
of the
the measured
measured voltage
voltage
an ideal sinusoidal voltage, and a distorted
waveform
waveform in
volt- incontain such a filter, which could result in inaccurate read-
-- aa building
building as described in . The load was a string of 30 Com-
age. The as described
distorted voltageinis .shown
The load was
in Figure a string
1, and it is anof 30 Com-ings. In [17] an inaccurate reading of 1600% was observed at a
exact
pact Fluorescent
pactreplica
Fluorescent Lamps
Lamps (CFL)
(CFL) and
and 20
20 Light
Light Emitting
Emitting Diode
Diodefrequency of 10 kHz and at 20 kHz. The reason for these sus-
of the measured voltage waveform in a modern building as
(LED)
(LED) lamps.
lamps.
described
Using
Using
in [2].
the ideal
the was
The load
sinusoidal
ideala string
sinusoidal voltage
voltage
of 30 Compact
the measured
the measuredceptibilities was traced back to aliasing effects that are con-
Fluorescent
-- power
powerLampsand energy
and(CFL) and 20consumption
energy consumption
Light Emitting Diode was the
the same
was (LED) lamps. for
same for
Using all
allthefour
idealme-
four me-nected to a sampling frequency of 10 kHz. Due to aliasing, dis-
yy ters. In this
ters.sinusoidal case
In this casevoltagethe orthogonality,
thetheorthogonality,
measured poweri.e. i.e. the
andthe RMS
energy
RMS value
value of aa sum
consumption of sumturbing frequencies close to the sampling frequency can
of
of two
was the
two orthogonal
same for all four
orthogonal currents
meters.or
currents voltages
orIn this case thecontains
voltages orthogonality,
contains no
no i.e.cross-
cross-appear as low frequencies, that is, with a sampling frequency
products
products and the squared total RMS value is equal to the sum
the RMS and the
value of squared
a sum of total
two RMS
orthogonal value
currents is equal
or to
voltages the
con- sumof 10 kHz a disturbing frequency of 9.95 kHz can appear as a 50
of the
tainssquared RMS
no cross-products values,
and the resulted
squared total
of the squared RMS values, resulted in a valid reading. But in a
RMS valid
valuereading.
is equal toButHz signal that is recorded by the static meter [17]. However,
,, when
when the
the sumdistorted
the distorted voltage voltage was
of the squared RMS values,
was supplied,
supplied, the the reading
resulted in a valid
reading was
reading. But 361this should not occur in properly designed energy meters,
was 361
-- W, 8when
W, the
349 distorted
W and voltage
0 W, was
whilesupplied,
a the reading
calibrated was 361
energy meterW, 8 stat-because they should be fitted with low-pass filters.
W, 8W,W, 349
349
WThe
W and
and 0meter
0
W, while
W, while
a calibrated
a calibrated
energyalso
energy
metermeasured
meter
stated 360 W.
stat-
ed 360
ed 360 W.
W. The meter with
with 8
8 W
W reading
reading also measured 107
107 Hz,
Hz,PLT signals have been shown to interfere with various sys-
tt The
instead meter
of thewith 8 W
suppliedreading50 also
Hz measured
fundamental 107 Hz, instead
frequency, of the which
instead of the
supplied 50 Hzsupplied
fundamental 50frequency,
Hz fundamental
which supports frequency,
the idea thatwhichtems, like touch-dimmer lights [5]. In case of low-impedance
ff supports
supports the
the idea
idea that
that the
the algorithm
algorithm uses
uses zero-voltage
zero-voltage detec-
detec-
the algorithm uses zero-voltage detection, causing the misreading in loads, the PLT voltages can cause high amplitude current at the
tion, causing
tion,this
causing the misreading in
in this meter. A
A picture of
of the
the dis-
meter. Athe misreading
picture of the display this meter.
is shown in Figurepicture
2. dis-consumer premises. This could also be a cause of misreading
rr play is shown in
play is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. of static energy meters.
ee
ee
IV. Single-Phase Energy Meters

Several single-phase static energy meters were measured in

A
A
various setups. The generator was a four-quadrant amplifier
yy from Spitzenberger & Spies (S&S) PAS 5000, driven by the
ee SyCore generator, also from S&S. This equipment can per-
form EMI measurements according several standards such as
the IEC 61000-4-11 [18]. Measurements with ideal sinusoidal
--
and with distorted voltage waveform have been performed.
yy
Furthermore, interfering signals were injected using the CS101
ee test setup of MIL-STD 461E [19]. The frequency range was 30
Fig.
level1:
Fig.
Fig. 1: High 1:ofHigh
High level of
of harmonic
leveldistortion
harmonic harmonic distortion
distortion Hz up to 150 kHz, and levels were around 10 Vpp. This setup
w
w replicates the IEC 61000-4-19 [7] test. The loads used during
ss the tests were power resistors, strings of CFL and LED lamps,
ss a power drive system, and a dimmer driving these lamps. A
Dranetz PowerXplorer PX5-400, and an oscilloscope were
ss used for reference energy measurements. The results can be
ee summarized in one sentence: no deviation beyond the specifi-
°° cation could be observed; no influence of interference due to
ss interfering or distorted voltage, and no influence caused by
-- interfering currents were observed.
ss Fig.
Fig. 2:
2: Readings
Readings of
of the
the 44 energy
energy monitors
monitors
Fig. 2: Readings of the 4 energy monitors
%
% Most
Most static
static meters
meters use use an
an analog
analog to to digital
digital converter
converter (ADC)
(ADC)V. Three-Phase Energy Meters
-- based
based
Moston audio
onstatic sigma
audiometers
sigmause delta
delta technology.
technology.
an analog To
to digitalTo reduce power
power con-
reduce (ADC)
converter con-
yy sumption
sumption
based on in the
the meter
in audio meter chip itself
itself the
chip technology.
sigma delta the sample
To reducerate
sample rate can be
be re-
cancon-
power re-Four different three-phase static energy meters have been
-- duced. If
If all
sumption
duced. allinsignal content
the meter
signal was
chip itself
content at
was the the
the line
at sample frequency
linerate can be re-then
frequency then in
intested in series with an electromechanical meter. The accura-
-- theory aa second
duced.
theory order
If all signal
second order sigma
content
sigmawas delta
at the
delta with
line a
with 500
500 Hz,
afrequency or
or 600
Hz,then in Hz
600 Hzcy class of the static meters is defined by the IEC 62053.21-22
-- sample
theory
sample frequency
a second order
frequency would
would be
sigma adequate.
be delta with a But
adequate. aa or
500 Hz,
But switched
600 Hz mode
switched modestandard [20] and are either class 1 or class 2. The variations
-- power supply
sample for
frequency instance,
would beespecially
adequate. under a light
But a switched
power supply for instance, especially under a light load, would load,
modewouldin percentage error limits for the specific classes are shown in
rr consume
consume aa lot
power supplyof
lot of power
power at
for instance,
at higher
especiallyfrequencies,
higher frequencies, resulting
under a light load, wouldin aTable I. The meters used in all tests were rated at 80, 85, 100,
resulting in a
consume
misread by a alow
lot ofsampling
power at frequency
higher frequencies,
ADC. resulting in a 120 A, except for the electromechanical Ferraris meter which
misread
misread
by a low
by in
a low
sampling
sampling
frequency
frequency
ADC.
ADC. was rated at 30 A for Imax.
PLT is used several static meters to
PLT is used in several static meters to allow communication allow communication
for
for developing
developing aa Smart Smart Grid.
Grid. PLT PLT systems
systems use use thethe 2-150
2-150 kHzkHz
cc band and the modulation
band and the modulation system©2016 system can vary
can vary while
while voltage
voltage levels
levels
yy of
of up
up to
to 1010 Vpp
Vpp areare present.
present. These
These signals
signals need
need to to be
be removed
IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine – Volume 5 – Quarter 4
removed
47
 Table 1: Accuracy of static meters

Range for test current Power Factor Class 1 Class 2

0.05In < I < Imax 1 ± 2.0% ± 2.5%
90o
0.2In < I < Imax 0.5 inductive ± 2.0% ± 2.5%
y not The three-phase meters
The three-phase meterswere
wereusedusedin in a three-phase
a three-phase testtest
setupsetup 90o
ings. using normal mains supply, and in a single-phase
using normal mains supply, and in a single-phase test setup using test setup
a fre- using the programmable powerwith source with the four-quadrant 90o
the programmable power source the four-quadrant amplifier
scep- amplifier from Spitzenberger & Spies (S&S) PASSyCore
5000. gen-
The 135o
from Spitzenberger & Spies (S&S) PAS 5000. The S&S
ected S&S SyCore generator and the PAS 5000 are used
erator and the PAS 5000 are used to generate a controlled distor- to generate 135o
rbing
ay not ation-free
controlled
The idealdistortion-free
three-phase ideal
metersvoltage
sinusoidal were sinusoidal
used voltage
internalwaveform.
in a three-phase
waveform. The test setup
imped- These
135o
sdings.
low The
usinginternal
normal impedance
mains of
supply,this source
and in ais less that
single-phase0.4+j0.25
ance of this source is less that 0.4+j0.25 Ω, as defined in the stan-test ,
setup
Fig. 4: Voltage and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, non-d
Hz a
a fre- as defined
using[18]. in
theThe the standard
programmable [18]. The
powerinsource test setup is drawn in Fig- These
dard test setup is drawn Figure with
3. the four-quadrant
Fig. at 450and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, dimmer
4: Voltage
dimmer with
ignal
uscep- ure 3.
amplifier from Spitzenberger & Spies (S&S) PAS 5000. The Fig. 4: Voltage and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, non-d
at 45 0 serve
Thes
hould
nected S&S SyCore generator
SM1 and the PAS 5000SM3
SM2 generate dimmer at 450
are used to SM4 with
loads
non-d
they
urbing controlled distortion-free ideal sinusoidal voltage waveform. Fig. 4: Voltage
agenerator and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, served
dimmer at 450 with
s low The internal impedance of this source is less that 0.4+j0.25 , loads.
sys-a serve
kHz as defined in the standard [18]. The test setup is drawn in Fig- Four
dance L N loads
signal ure 3. the s
nt at
hould SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 Four
rent s
eread-
they 230Vac the sh
generator are
Fourfr
rent se
amplifier and
the sS
s sys- are fr
load using
rent s
dance N
L setup
Fig. 3: Test and S
transf
are f
ed
ent inat Various loads were used, including an electric heater (resistive using
transf
and S
lifier
sread- Fig. 3: Test setup
load), a string of CFL lamps and a string of LED lamps. These transf
230Vac Fig.5: Voltage and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, most
using
y the loads were controlled by a dimmer creating a chopped part of transf
amplifier dimmer at 1350 the re
trans
form aVarious loads were used, including an electric heater (resistive
sinusoidal waveform, in case a resistive load would be used. Fig.5: Voltage and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, most
Hall
trans
load),waveforms
a string load the re
s the Fig. of3: CFL
for lamps and aatstring
450, of LED atlamps.
1350, These
when loads Fig.5: Voltage 0
The Test asetup
dimmer and using dimmer at 135and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, dimmer at
sulted
Fig.5: Voltage and current, for heater, CFL and LED as load, most
ledandin were
the controlled
electric heaterby aanddimmer
30 CFL creating
and a20 choppedare part of a sinusoi- 135 0 Hall s
Various loads were used, including an LED shown
electric heater in Fig-
(resistive dimmer at 135 0 Read
the re
Fur-
plifier dal waveform,
ures 4 and 5 in case a resistive load would be used. The wave-
respectively. sulted
load), a string of CFL 0lamps and a0 string of LED lamps. These highe
Hall
S101
by the formsvoltage
The for a dimmerdips inat 45 , and
theby at 135waveform
voltage , when using the electric Readi
loads were controlled a dimmer creatingare caused
a chopped by
parttheof was c
sulted
highe
as 30
rform heater and
internal 30 CFL andof20 the
impedance LED four-quadrant
are shown in Figures 4 and which
amplifier, 5 is Tests
a sinusoidal waveform, in case a resistive load would be used. Read
setup
as the respectively. was c
less
Thethan 0.4+j0.25
waveforms for. Tests were
a dimmer at 45performed
0
, and at during
1350, whenat least 24
using repea
highe
uring
al and Tests
hours, and sometimes
the electric heater andover 30 CFL the weekend,
and 20 LED overare a 48
shownhourinperi-
Fig- was c
mps,
Fur- The voltage repeat
od.
uresThe
4 and 5dips
registered in the voltage
energy
respectively. of thewaveform are caused
static meters was by the
measured Tests
ps. A
CS101 internal animpedance
using
The voltage Arduino inof the
the voltage
dips microprocessorfour-quadrant amplifier,
and optical
waveform whichfor
aresensors
caused isbyless
de-
the repea
were
was 30 tecting theimpedance
pulses fromofwere
the
than 0.4+j0.25
internal Ω. Tests theLED on the static
performed
four-quadrant during meter
at least
amplifier, fronts.
24 Theis
hours,
which
nsetup
be readings
and thanwere
less sometimes verified
0.4+j0.25over . theusing
weekend,
Tests the liquid
were over acrystal
performed48 hour display
period.
during (LCD)
The 24
at least
ecifi-
during reading
registered on the meter. For example, the LCD displayed an18 Fig.6: Deviation of static meter (SM) 1 to 4, referenced
hours, andenergy sometimesof theoverstatic themeters
weekend, was measured
over a 48 using hour peri-
ue
amps,to kWh,
Arduino and the Arduino measured 17902 Wh, while on another to an electromechanical (Ferraris) energy meter
od. Themicroprocessor
registered energy andof optical sensors
the static for detecting
meters was measured the
Fig.6: Deviation of static meter (SM) 1 to 4, referenced
d by
ps. A meter
using the
pulses an
from display
the LEDshowed
Arduino 7.43 kWh,
microprocessor
on the static andand
meter the The
optical
fronts. Arduino
sensors meas-
for
readings de- to an electromechanical (Ferraris) energy meter
were ured 7430
tecting
were theWh.
verified pulses A conventional
using from the LED
the liquid electromechanical
on the
crystal static(LCD)
display meter
meterreading
fronts. based
onThe Table
Fig.6:
Fig.6: II: Deviation
Deviation
Deviation of static of static
of meter
static (SM) meter
meter
1 to 4, (SM)1 1tototo4,
(SM)
referenced 4,anreferenced
referenced
electrome-
an be on the
readings
the Ferraris
meter. were principlethe
verified
For example, was
using LCDused
the as reference,
liquid
displayed crystal because
18 kWh,display
and the(LCD)con- to
to an
an electromechanical
electromechanical (Ferraris)
energy
chanical (Ferraris) energy meter energy
meter meter
pecifi- sumers are also using this as reference. Most experiments have Table II: Deviation of static meter (SM) 1 to 4, referenced
Arduino measured 17902 Wh, while on another meter the dis- 18
reading on the meter. For example, the LCD displayed CFL+
duetest-to been repeated to confirm the to an electromechanical energy meter CFL+
theconclusions, andwhile
repeated again,
Dim-Dim-Dim-

kWh,showed
and the7.43 Arduino measured 17902measured
Wh, onWh.another Table II: Deviation
of staticofmeter
static meter (SM) 1 to 4,toLED+
referenced
mer mer mer

play kWh, and Arduino 7430 A Table Resistive

II: Deviation CFL
(SM) 1 to 4, referenced an electro-
uracy
ed by and again, because some of the static energy meters gave large LED CFL+
meter the display showed 7.43 kWh,
conventional electromechanical meter based on the Ferraris and the Arduino meas- to an electromechanical
mechanical energy meter energy meter CFL+ Resistive Fig. 7
1-22 differences. Inused
Figure Resistive CFL LED+
ns in
ured 7430
principle wasWh. as 6reference,
the deviation
A conventional becausewith consumers
respect tometer
electromechanical the
areFerra-
based
also SM1 -2% -4% LED
-4% -3%
CFL+
Resistive (heate
ris
on meter
the is shown,
Ferraris using
principle was used as reference, because con- CFL+ Fig. 7
wn in using this as reference. Most experiments have been repeated DimmerSM2 Resistive CFL
-3%Resistive-9% CFL -11%
LED
CFL+ LED+
CFL+
-3% LED+ Meas
sumers are also using this E
as  E
reference.
to confirm the conclusions, and repeated again, and again,
SM Most
ferraris experiments have 0 o
SM1 -2%
-3%
-4%
-7%
-4% -3%
-6%LED Resistive
Resistive
-3%
(heate
and
Fig. a7
n100,
test- been repeated deviation
to the
confirm% the conclusions, 100% and large
repeated again,
SM3
SM2 -3% -2% -9% -11%-4% -3%-3% Measu
which
uracy because some of static energy Estatic
meters gave differenc- 0o 0o SM4
SM1 SM1-3%
-2% -4%
-7% -4% -4%
-6% -3%
-4% (heat
circu
and again, because some of the ferrarisenergy meters gave large
es. In Figure 6 the deviation with respect to the Ferraris meter SM3 -3% -3% -7% -6%-11% -3%-3% and a
21-22 SM2 SM2-14%
SM1 -3% -9%
0% -9% -11%
-4% -3%
-16% sisten
Meas
differences. In Figure 6 the deviation with respect to the Ferra-
is shown, using
0
45
oo
SM4 SM3-3% -3% -7% -7% -6% -6% -4%-3% circui
ons in SM3
SM2 -3%
-14% -7%
6% -6%
-5% -3%
-16% ing.
and a
The test results
ris meter is shown,are also
using listed in Table II. SM1 SM4-14% -3% 0% -4% -6% -16% sisten
wn in 45o SM4 -3% -7% -7% -6% -4%-4% circu
ss 2 ESM  E ferraris 45oSM2 -14%
SM1 SM1-14% -14% 0%
6% 0% -5% -4% -16% -16%
ing.
sisten
, 100, deviation%  100% -4% -16%
45o
5%
which E ferraris SM2 SM2-14% -14% 6% 6% -5%-5% -16%
-16% ing.
5% SM3 -3% 7% -8% -3%
The test results are also listed in Table II. SM4 -4% 7% -6% -3%
The test results are also listed in Table II.
ass 2
2.5%
48 ©2016 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine – Volume 5 – Quarter 4
2.5%
 VII. EXTENDED EXPERIMENTS ON MORE METERS
VII. EXTENDED EXPERIMENTS ON MORE METERS The r
A series of experiments have been tested over a period of 6  Di
A series of experiments have been tested over a period of 6 
SM3 -3% 7% -8% -3% months, with tests lasting at least 1 week, sometimes several  Di
months, with tests lasting at least 1 week, sometimes several 
SM4 -4% 7% -6% -3% weeks. The tests have been performed using standard mains  Di
o
90 SM1 SM1 weeks. The tests9 have been performed using standard mains 
5% 5% -46% -46% -52%-52% -40% -40% ply. InInthis
supply.
supply. In
series,
this series,
this
static
series, 9
meters
9 static meters
static
werewere
meters
connected
connected
were
in series
connected
with
in series
in
1
series
The de
The
SM2
SM2
5%
5%
-46%
-46%
-53%
-53%
-40%
-40% with 1 electromechanical
electromechanical energyenergy
meter, meter,
and 1 and
phase 1 phase
was was
used, used,
because LED+C
90o with 1 electromechanical energy meter, and 1 phase was used, LED+
SM3 -1% 3% 1% -6% because
some of some of the are
the meters meters are single-phase
single-phase types. The types. Theistest
test setup SM8 is
SM3 -1% 3% 1% -6% because some of the meters are single-phase types. The test SM8
SM4 -2% -26% -28% -20% setup
shownis shown
in Figure in 8.Figure 8. Also measurements
Also measurements using energy using
and energy
power firm, wi
SM4 -2% -26% -28% -20% setup is shown in Figure 8. Also measurements using energy firm,
135o SM1 122% 253% 169% 265% andmeters
powerfor meters
lab use forhave
lab been
use have been performed.
performed. One static
One static meter is using but it is
SM1 122% 253% 169% 265% and power meters for lab use have been performed. One static but it
SM2 105% 268% 180% 276% meter is using
a shunt, others a shunt,
are using others are using
a Rogowski andaHall
Rogowski
sensors.and The Hall
fabri- Rogows
SM2 105% 268% 180% 276% meter is using a shunt, others are using a Rogowski and Hall Rogo
135o SM3 -1% -10% -3% -4% sensors.
cationThe dates fabrication
are 2004, 2007 dates(2),are 2004,
2009, 2011,2007
2013(2), 2009,(2).2011,
(2), 2014 The the Hall
SM3 -1% -10% -3% -4% sensors. The fabrication dates are 2004, 2007 (2), 2009, 2011, the H
SM4 2% -46% -36% -39% 2013 (2), are
meters 2014 (2). The meters
representative are representative of the in- in
SM4 2% -46% -36% -39% 2013 (2), 2014 (2). Theofmetersthe installed base of energy
are representative ofmeters
the in-
These measurements have been performed using a standard non- stalled base
The Netherlands. of energy meters
The following in The Netherlands.
experiments The
have beenThe follow-
performed,
These measurements have been performed using a standard ingstalled base of energy
experiments haveare
meters in
been
The Netherlands.
performed, and the key results are
follow-
Meter
distorted voltage generated by the four-quadrant amplifier with a and
ing the key results
experiments have noted:
been performed, and the key results are
load, non-distorted voltage generated by the four-quadrant amplifier noted: Mete
defined low-impedance internal impedance. The observed effects noted:
with a defined low-impedance internal impedance. The ob-  Resistive load 1800 W <3%
are due to the pulsed currents consumed by the loads. ⋅ Resistive load load1800 1800WW <3%
served effects are due to the pulsed currents consumed by the   20 Resistive LED + 30 CFL <3%
<3%
⋅  20 20 LED ++ 3030 CFLCFL <3% <3% SM1
loads. LED SM1
 ⋅ 20 20 LED ++30
 20 LED LED +o3030
CFL
CFLCFL ++CCx
x+ Cx <3% <3%
<3%
SM2
 Dimmer 90 ,oLED+CFL -28%, +64% SM2
VI. Root CauseVI. Analysis ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS Dimmer 90
⋅  Dimmer ,
o LED+CFL -28%, +64% SM4
o90 , LED+CFL -28%, +64% SM4
 ⋅ Dimmer 90 ,oLED+CFL
Dimmer 90 ,o LED+CFL + line choke + line choke <3% <3% SM5
Four types of current sensors are widely used in static meters:  Dimmer 90o , LED+CFL + line choke <3% SM5
Fourshunt
the typesresistor,
of currentcurrent
sensorstransformer,
are widely used Hallineffect-based the  ⋅ Dimmer
static meters:cur- Dimmer 135135,oLED+CFL
,oLED+CFL -32%,
-32%, +575%+575% SM6
 Dimmer 135 o , LED+CFL -32%, +575% SM6
shunt
rent resistor,
sensor, andcurrent
Rogowski transformer, Hall effect-based
coil. Static Meter 1 (SM1) current sen-
and SM2  ⋅ Dimmer 135 ,o LED+CFL
Dimmer 135 , LED+CFL repeated repeated -32%,
-32%, +582% +582% SM7
 Dimmer 135o, LED+CFL repeated -32%, +582% SM7
sor, from
are and Rogowski
the samecoil. Static MeterSM1
manufacturer. 1 (SM1)
wasand SM2 arein
produced from the
2013 SM8
SM8
same
and manufacturer.
SM2 in 2007. After SM1 was produced
opening it wasin revealed
2013 and SM2 in 2007.
that both are SM1 SM2 SMn SM9
After opening it was revealed SM1 SM2 SMn SM9
using the Rogowski principle.that bothfrom
SM3, are using
2007,the Rogowski
used a current SM10
SM10
transformer,
principle. SM3,and fromSM4,2007, 2014, the Halltransformer,
used a current sensor. The current
and SM4,
transformer
2014, the Hallissensor.
the most The expensive technique,
current transformer andmost
is the SM3 is the
expen- The dev
L N The d
load, most
sive technique, and SM3 is the most costly meter, it results in theto
costly meter, it results in the best reading, very similar L N using
the
bestreading
reading,ofvery
the similar
electromechanical
to the readingmeter.of theThe meter with the
electromechanical using
mains
Hall
meter. sensor, SM4,
The meter withis the
the Hall
bestsensor,
for theSM4,consumer because
is the best for theit re- mains
supply 230Vac
supply 230Vac
sulted often in a negative reading, with a
consumer because it resulted often in a negative reading, with amaximum of -46%.
Readings
maximum of taken
-46%.by Rogowski
Readings takencoil meters coil
by Rogowski are meters
dramatically
are load
higher, at +265 % for SM1 and +276%
dramatically higher, at +265 % for SM1 and +276% for SM2. for SM2. The Theeffect load If the re
Fig. 8: Test setup If the
was consistent over the three phases, as is shown
effect was consistent over the three phases, as is shown in Figure in Figure 7. Fig. 8: Test setup
Tests
7. Testswere
wererepeated
repeatedseveralseveral times
times and andthe
theresults
results were
were very very Fig. 8: Test setup
The Cx is a capacitance of 200F between phase and neutral to
repeatable, within a few
repeatable, within a few percent.
percent. The Cx is a capacitance of 200F between phase and neutral to
create a very low mains impedance. This did not result in ex-
createCx ais very
The high ainrush low mains
capacitance impedance. This didand not resulttoin ex-
treme currentofusing
200μF between
the LEDphaseand CFLneutrallights. The cre-
treme high inrush current using the LED and CFL lights. The then the
series
ate ainductance
very low mains of 1.2 mH reduced
impedance. This didthe
notinrush
result incurrent
extremerise-high then
series inductance of 1.2 mH reduced the inrush current rise- 582%),
time, as shown
inrush currentin Figure
using 9. and CFL lights. The series inductance of
the LED 582%
time, as shown in Figure 9.
1.2 mH reduced the inrush current rise-time, as shown in Figure 9.
nced Many e
Many
meters
meter
experien
nced exper
power d
powe
as the h
as the
This int
This
of the in
of the
e Fig. 7: Deviation of static meter (SM) 1 to 4, with resistive load er drive
Fig. 7: Deviation of static meter (SM) 1 to 4, with resistive load (heater) er dri
(heater) and dimmer at 1350, for all three phases of the m
and dimmer at 1350, for all three phases of th
but, alt
Measurements were also performed using the mains supply but,
could no
and a balanced load over the three phases, but with the dimmer Fig. 9: Current waveform LED+CFL lights, with dimmer at 90o could
Measurements were also performed using the mains supply and a o The reas
circuit in only one single phase. The deviations were con- andFig. 9: Current
dimmer at 135 0waveform LED+CFL lights, with dimmer at 90
, and with additional line choke The r
balanced load over the three phases, but with the dimmer circuit Fig. 9: Current waveform
0 LED+CFL lights, with dimmer at 90o and and the
sistent, but only a factor 3 lower because of the balanced load- and dimmer at0 135 , and with additional line choke and t
in only one single phase. The deviations were consistent, but only dimmer at 135 , and with additional line choke
ing.
a factor 3 lower because of the balanced loading.
The rise times are

VII. Extended Experiments On More Meters ⋅ Dimmer 90o, LED+CFL and line choke 0.086 A/μs
⋅ Dimmer 90o, LED+CFL 0.67 A/μs
A series of experiments have been tested over a period of 6 ⋅ Dimmer 135o, LED+CFL 1.1 A/μs
months, with tests lasting at least 1 week, sometimes several The deviations for the experiment with the dimmer and LED+CFL
weeks. The tests have been performed using standard mains sup- are shown in Table III.

©2016 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine – Volume 5 – Quarter 4 49

 SM8 is a meter using the shunt principle. We could not confirm, The reason for faulty readings appears to be the current sensor,
without breaking the seals, if SM5 is also using the shunt, but it is and the associated circuitry. As a Rogowski coil results in a time-
likely. SM1, SM2, SM6, SM7 and SM9 are using the Rogowski coil derivative of the measured current, the measured voltage has to
S TheSM4,
and rise times
and weareexpect also SM10, are using the Hall principle. be integrated. Probably active integration is used instead of pas-
The rise times areo
d of 6  Dimmer 90 , LED+CFL and line choke 0.086 A/s sive integration, and the input electronics are pushed in saturation
of 6  Dimmer 90oo, LED+CFL and line choke 0.086 A/s
everal  Dimmer 90 , LED+CFL 0.67 A/s caused by the high rise-time of the current. Although the peak
everal  Dimmer 90o, oLED+CFL 0.67 A/s
mains Table Dimmer
 III: 135of, energy
Deviation LED+CFLmeters 1.1 A/s current level is below the maximum level stated for the meters. As
mains  Dimmer 135o, LED+CFL 1.1 A/s
series The deviations for the experiment with the dimmer and stated before, no information or documentation at all is available
series The deviations for the experiment with the dimmer and
used, LED+CFL
Meter are shown
Year of in Table III.
Dimmer Dimmer Dimmer from meter manufacturers.
used, LED+CFL are shown in Table oIII.
e test SM8 is a meter using
production the shunt
90 principle.
135oWe could
135o,not con-
repeat
e test SM8 is a meter using the shunt principle. We could not con-
nergy firm, without breaking the seals, if SM5 is also using the shunt, The recently introduced standards [6], [7] only assume a damped
nergy firm, without breaking the seals, if SM5 is also using the shunt,
static butSM1
it is likely.2013
SM1, SM2, 60% SM6, SM7 559%
and SM9 are 566%
using the sinewave current and voltage as potential interference. These sig-
static but it is likely. SM1, SM2, SM6, SM7 and SM9 are using the
d Hall Rogowski coil and SM4, and we expect also SM10, are using nals are actually the pulse response of a larger system formed by
Hall Rogowski coil and SM4, and we expect also SM10, are using
2011, the Hall principle.
2011,
he in- theSM2 2007
Hall principle. 64% 574% 581% the cabling. The experimental results presented in this paper show
he in- that static energy meters can be pushed into faulty reading (posi-
ollow- SM4 Table III: Deviation
2014 III: of energy
-28% of -32% meters
llow- Table Deviation energy meters -32% tive and negative) if sufficiently fast pulsed currents are drawn by
ts are Meter Year of Dimmer the consumer. The actual response (damped sinewave) is not of
ts are Meter Year of Dimmer o
SM5 production
2004 Dimmer0% Dimmer-5% 135 o,
-6% interest anymore.
production Dimmero Dimmer o 135 ,
90 135 repeat
90o 135o repeat
SM1
SM6 2013
2007 60%60% 559%563% 566%
569% The observations of a consumer that were reported on an inter-
SM1 2013 60% 559% 566%
SM2 2007 64% 574% 581% net forum are consistent with the results contained in this
SM2 2007 64% 574% 581%
4% SM4
SM7 2014
2009 -28%61% -32%
575% -32%
582% paper: a small electronic circuit consumed only a very small
4% SM4 2014 -28% -32% -32%
SM5 2004 0% -5% -6% amount of peak current, but caused the meter to read 500 W,
SM5 2004 0% -5% -6%
75% SM6
SM8 2007
2011 60% 563% 569%
75% SM6 2007 60%1% 563% 0%
569%0% resulting in a yearly additional energy ‘consumption’ of 4380
82% SM7 2009 61% 575% 582% kWh [22].
82% SM7 2009 61% 575% 582%
SM8
SM9 2011
2013 1%28% 0%480% 0%
475%
SM8 2011 1% 0% 0%
Mn SM9 2013 28% 480% 475%
Mn SM9 2013 28% 480% 475%
SM10
SM10 2014
2014 -25%-25% -31%
-31% -31%
-31% IX. Conclusion
SM10 2014 -25% -31% -31%
Thedeviation
The deviation shown
shown in Table
in Table II is on
II is based based on the calculation
the calculation using Conducted electromagnetic interference can cause misreading
The deviation shown in Table II is based on the calculation
using of static electronic energy meters. This was already observed
using
ESM  E ferraris in the past, but only for cases with lower energy reading. In
deviation%  ESM  E ferraris 100% one actual case the cause of this misreading is the interfering
deviation%  E ferraris 100%
E ferraris currents caused by active infeed converters for renewable
load energy. In this paper it is shown that also higher readings are
load IfIfthe
thereading
readingwould
wouldbebe listed,
listed, using
using possible. Electromagnetic interference tests have been intro-
If the reading would be listed, using
ESM duced so that static meters will be immune against this type of
reading%  ESM 100%
tral to
ral to
reading%  E 100% interference. The static energy meters are used for billings and if
in ex- E ferraris
ferraris
a customer files a complaint the meter can be calibrated. How-
n ex-
. The ever, this is done using ideal sinusoidal voltages and currents,
. The then thereading
reading of, instance
for instance SM7, is(deviation
682% (deviation
rise- then
then the
the reading of, of,
for SM7, is
for instance 682%is
SM7, 582%),
682% (deviation while in our current living environment the currents deviate sub-
rise- 582%), and for SM4 it is 68%.
and for SM4
582%), and itfor
is SM4
68%. it is 68%. stantially due to the non-linear loads of modern equipment.
VIII. DISCUSSION
VIII. DISCUSSION Controlled experiments performed on static energy meters con-
Many experiments were performed to find out if static energy
VIII.
ManyDiscussion
experiments were performed to find out if static energy
meters can provide inaccurate readings. Based on our own
firm that they can present still faulty, and substantially higher,
meters can provide inaccurate readings. Based on our own readings. The main cause of interference appears to be the cur-
experience [2] the large conducted interference caused by
experience
Many [2] the large conducted interference
if static caused by
powerexperiments
drive systems were orperformed
some active to find out converters,
infeed energy
as well rent sensor. Meters with a Rogowski coil current sensor showed
power
meters drive systems
can provide or some
inaccurate active infeed
readings. to Based converters, as well
as the high PLT levels, were assumed be a on our ownculprit.
potential a positive deviation of 276%, or an increased reading of 376%,
as the high [2]
experience PLTthelevels,
large were assumed
conducted to be a potential byculprit.
This interference can be solved byinterference
reducing the caused
emission level using a controlled power supply with undistorted voltage and
This
power interference can be solved by reducing the emission level
of the drive systemssources,
interference or some oftenactivesimply
infeed byconverters,
replacingasthe well
pow- defined impedance, compared to the reading of a conventional
of the
as the high
interference
PLT levels,sources, assumed
often simply beby replacingculprit.
the pow-
er drive system [2] orwerethe AIC [21]. toLarge a harmonic
potential distortion electromechanical meter based on the Ferraris principle. Meters
er
Thisdrive system
interference [2] or the
can becould AIC
solved [21]. Large harmonic distortion
of the mains supply bebyanother
reducing the emission
source level of
of misreading, with a Hall sensor showed a deviation of registered energy of
of the
the mains supply could be another source ofthemisreading,
but,interference sources,
although observed often
for simply
low-cost by replacing power this
energy monitors, -46%, or a decrease in energy reading to 54%.
but, system
drive although observed for low-cost energydistortion
monitors, this
could not be[2] or the AIC
confirmed for[21].
theLarge
staticharmonic
energy meters. of the
at 90o could not be confirmed for the static energy meters.
at 90o The reason
mains supplyfor faulty
could readingssource
be another appears of to be the current
misreading, but, sensor, Using the mains supply in the laboratory, from 9 static meters 5
The reason for faulty readings appears to be the current sensor,
and the observed
although associatedforcircuitry.
low-cost As a Rogowski
energy monitors, coil resultsnotin a
this could showed positive deviations of up to 582%, which is a higher ener-
and the associated circuitry. As a Rogowski coil results in a
be confirmed for the static energy meters. gy reading of 682%, and 2 showed deviations of around -30%,
equivalent to a reading of 68%.

50 ©2016 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine – Volume 5 – Quarter 4

References Biographies

Frank Leferink (M’91–SM’08) received his B.

[1] Frank Leferink, ‘’Conducted interference, challenges and interference
Sc. in 1984, M.Sc. in 1992 and his Ph.D, in
cases’’, IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, Volume 4, Quarter 1,
2015, pp. 78 – 85 2001, all electrical engineering, at the Univer-
[2] R.B. Timens, ‘’Electromagnetic interference of equipment in power supply sity of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
networks’’, PhD thesis University of Twente, 2013, ISBN 978-90-365-0719-6
He has been with THALES in Hengelo, The
[3] Jörg Kirchhof, G. Klein, ‘’EMV - Grenzwertlücke – Wechselrichter stört
Zähler“, 24. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Bad Staffelstein, Netherlands since 1984 and is now the Tech-
2009 nical Authority EMC. He is also manager of
[4] Jörg Kirchhof, ‘’Grenzwertlücke - wechselrichter stört elektrizitätszähler’’,
the Network of Excellence on EMC of the THALES Group. In 2003
EMV 2010, Düsseldorf
[5] CLC/TR 50627 Study Report on Electromagnetic Interference between Elec- he was appointed as (part-time, full research) professor, Chair for
trical Equipment/Systems in the Frequency Range Below 150 kHz Ed. 2, 2014 EMC at the University of Twente. Prof. Dr. Leferink is past-presi-
[6] CLC/TR50579, Electricity metering equipment - Severity levels, immu-nity
dent of the Dutch EMC-ESD Association, Chair of the IEEE EMC
requirements and test methods for conducted disturbances in the fre-quen-
cy range 2 -150 kHz, 2012 Benelux Chapter, member of ISC EMC Europe, and associate edi-
[7] IEC 61000-4-19: Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-19: Testing and tor of the IEEE Transactions on EMC.
measurement techniques - Test for immunity to conducted, differential
mode disturbances and signalling in the frequency range from 2 kHz to 150
kHz, at a.c. power port, 2014 Cees Keyer (M’97–SM’16) received his B.Sc.
[8] EN 50470-1, Electricity metering equipment (a.c.), Part 1: General re-quire- in 1989, and is working towards a Ph.D. at
ments, tests and test conditions – Metering equipment (class in-dexes A, B
University of Twente, Enschede, The Nether-
and C), 2006
[9] EN 50470-3, Electricity metering equipment (a.c.), Part 3: Particular require- lands under the supervision of Frank Leferink.
ments – Static meters for active energy (class indexes A, B, and C), 2006 He is a full time lecturer at the Amsterdam
[10] Directive 2004/22/EC, Measuring Instrument Directive, 31 March 2004
University of Applied Sciences (Hogeschool
[11] Directive 2014/32/EU, Measuring Instruments (recast), 26 February 2014
[12] K. S. K. Weranga, Sisil Kumarawadu, D. P. Chandima, ‘’Smart metering van Amsterdam), in mathematics, analogue
design and applications’’, Springer, ISBN 978-981-4451-81-9, 2014 electronics, electromagnetics and electromagnetic compatibility.
[13] Antonio Cataliotti, Valentina Cosentino, Alessandro Lipari, Salvatore Nuccio,
He has published several articles in peer reviewed symposia and
“On the methodologies for the calibration of static electricity meters in the
presence of harmonic distortion”, 17th Symposium IMEKO TC 4, 3rd Sympo- journals. Cees Keyer is a past-president of the Dutch EMC-ESD
sium IMEKO TC 19 and 15th IWADC Work-shop Instrumentation for the ICT Association, Treasurer of the IEEE EMC Benelux Chapter, and sec-
Era, Sept. 8-10, 2010, Kosice, Slova-kia, pages 167-172
retary of Technical Committee 7 on Low Frequency EMC of the
[14] G. A. e Melo, A. Fazio Jr., L. P. Sampaio, M. A. G. de Brito, R. A. N. Oliveira,
C. A. Canesin, ''Practical comparisons among electronic energy meters, a EMC Society.
precision energy meter and IEEE1459 for reactive energy measurements,
under unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions'', 10th IEEE/IAS Internation-
Anton Melentjev received his B.Sc. degree in
al Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON), 2012
[15] R. B. Timens, F. J. K. Buesink, V. Cuk, J. F. G. Cobben, W. L. Kling, F. B. J. electrical engineering at the University of
Leferink, ''Large number of small non-linear power consumers causing Applied Sciences of Amsterdam in 2015, with
power quality problems'', 10th Int. Symposium on Electromag-netic Compati-
a minor in power- and high-voltage engineer-
bility (EMC Europe 2011), York, UK, September 26-30, 2011, pp. 592-596
[16] IEEE Std 1459-2010, IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Elec- ing and a major in telecommunication engi-
tric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Non-sinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbal- neering. He performed his final research on
anced Conditions, 2010
the subject of electromagnetic interference in
[17] Frank Gronwald, ''On advanced transmitter and receiver models for the EMC
analysis of modern communication systems'', General Assembly and Scien- smart energy meters at the University of Twente, while also using
tific Symposium (URSI GASS), 2014, 16-23 Aug. 2014, P 1-4 the test facilities at THALES. Currently he is working at Scarabee
[18] IEC 61000-4-11:2004, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-11: Test-
at Schiphol Airport as a Research and Development Engineer.
ing and measurement techniques- Voltage dips, short interrup-tions and
voltage variations immunity tests
[19] MIL-STD 461E, Requirements for the control of electromagnetic inter-
ference characteristics of subsystems and equipment, 20 August 1999
[20] IEC 62053-21:2003 - Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) - particular require-
ments - part 21: Static meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2), 2003.
[21] http://www.1miljoenzonnepanelen.nl/contact/forum/nieuwe-post/subject/
slimme-meter-op-hol-geslagen-door-zonnepanelen
[22] https://forum.www.trosradar.nl/viewtopic.php?t=142703

©2016 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine – Volume 5 – Quarter 4 51