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Exploration and Drilling PDF
Exploration and Drilling PDF
TECHNOLOGIES
TOPIC 2.1
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry
Oil and Gas Industry
Production Engineer
Subsea engineering
Increasing the
amount of Drilling engineer
hydrocarbons
produced from Reservoir Engineer
underground
Earth Science
Petrophysicist
Petroleum Geophysicst
Engineer
Geologist
FİELD LİFE CYCLE
Production
facilities design
Production Site
Where is the Amount of and
of restitution
field? hydrocarbon implentation hydrocarbon
s
Production
Maintenance
Drilling Reservoir Engineer
Engineer Petroleum Engineer
Geologist Engineering
Geophysicst
Support:
IT, Finance, HR, Safety,
Logistics, Government
Relations
Production Profile Phases
PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM-CHEMISTRY
TECHNOLOGIES
TOPIC 2.2
OIL AND GAS FIELDS’ LIFE PHASES
Exploration stage
Analysis of
Drawing Defining core
Analysis samples
the maps the
and
of locations Analysis of (porosity
Seismic interpretat Well Well Well Static
potential of core and
processes ion of logging testing testing modelling
hydrocarb exploratio samples permeabili
seismic
on n wells and ty
data
reservoirs drilling calculation
s)
Appraisal stage
Conduct
Evaluation initial
Reprocessin Define the Defining the of results Using the
Planning conceptual Assessment
g existing locations locations of from seismic newly
and field study of
seismic data and drill exploration and obtained
execution of developmen these
to enhance appraisal wells and appraisal outputs to
t planning conceptual
seismic data update the
the results wells drilling drilling and plans
activities static model
Environmen
tal İmpact
Development stage
Carry out
Plan and schedule
maintenance to
Regulate all production and
Monitor and record safeguards the
production and maintenance
all information to technical integrity
injection to meet activities to
manage the of all wells and
approved plans for minimize
reservoir, wells and facilities and ensure
the quantity and production
facilities their availability
quality of product deferment and
over the life of the
operating costs
field
Abandonment stage
TOPIC 2.3
Some Details in Exploration Stage
Hydrocarbon exploration
• The role of exploration is to provide the information required to exploit the best opportunities presented
in the choice of areas, and to manage research operations on the acquired blocks.
• Goal of exploration is to identify and locate a prospect, to quantify the volume of hydrocarbon which
might be contained in the potential reservoirs and to evaluate the risk inherent the project itself.
- Geophysicists interpret the processed seismic data and integrate other geoscientific information to
make assessments of where oil and gas reservoirs may be accumulated.
- Powered by advanced supercomputer power, rapid data loading, high-speed networking and high-
resolution graphics, visualization centers provide the ability to display and manipulate complex
volumes of 3D data resulting in better interpretation of more data in less time.
Exploratory Drilling activities
• Once geological and geophysical information have defined and evaluated (technically
and economically) the drillable prospect, it is possible to move to a fundamental phase
of the exploration project – the drilling of the first exploratory well.
• The drilling of the exploration well is aimed to confirm the presence of the petroleum
accumulation.
TOPIC 2.4
Introduction to Drilling Engineering
Drilling Proposal and Drilling Program
Proposed
Location for
the Drilling
Rig Drilling Rig
Casing Sizes
to be used
and Depths
for the well
Well Control
• Directional
Equipment
Drilling
and
Information
Bits and Procedures
Hydraulics
Program
Drilling a Well
Casing Types
Casing Types
If the well is to be used for long term production, equipment which will allow the controlled
flow of the hydrocarbons must be installed in the well. In most cases the first step in this
operation is to run and cement production casing (9 5/8" O.D.) across the oil producing zone. A
string of pipe, known as tubing (4 1/2" O.D.), through which the hydrocarbons will flow is then
run inside this casing string. The production tubing, unlike the production casing, can be pulled
from the well if it develops a leak or corrodes. The annulus between the production casing and
the production tubing is sealed off by a device known as a packer. This device is run on the
bottom of the tubing and is set in place by hydraulic pressure or mechanical manipulation of
the tubing string.
When the packer is positioned just above the pay zone its rubber seals are expanded to seal off
the annulus between the tubing and the 9 5/8" casing (Figure 3). The BOP’s are then removed
and a set of valves (Christmas Tree) is installed on the top of the wellhead. The Xmas tress is
used to control the flow of oil once it reaches the surface. To initiate production, the production
casing is “perforated” by explosive charges run down the tubing on wireline and positioned
adjacent to the pay zone. Holes are then shot through the casing and cement into the
formation. The hydrocarbons flow into the wellbore and up the tubing to the surface.
PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM-CHEMISTRY
TECHNOLOGIES
TOPIC 2.5
Drill Rig Components
Drilling rigs
• Drilling rigs are large and noisy. They operate numerous pieces of enormous equipment.
Drillship The purpose of a drilling rig is only to drill a hole in the ground. Although the rig is big, the
• Drill ships are exactly as they sound: ships designed to carry out drilling operations. These boats hole it drills is relatively small. The purpose of the drill hole is to tap an oil or gas reservoir
are specially designed to carry drilling platforms out to deep-sea locations. A typical drillship will often thousands of feet or hundreds of meters below the surface of the earth. The drill hole
have, in addition to all of the equipment normally found on a large ocean ship, a drilling platform
and derrick located on the middle of its deck. In addition, drill ships contain a hole (or ‘moonpool’), is usually less than one foot (30 centimeters) in diameter at final depth.
extending right through the ship down through the hull, which allows for the drill string to extend • A variety rotary drilling rigs might be used depending on the location and geography of
through the boat down into the water. Drill ships are often used to drill in very deep water, which the reservoir. Offshore, the ocean environment plays an important role in rig design. Rigs
can often be turbulent. Drill ships use what is known as ‘dynamic positioning’ systems. Drill ships
are equipped with electric motors on the underside of the ship’s hull, capable of propelling the may be broadly divided into two categories: rigs that work on land and rigs that work
ship in any direction. These motors are integrated into the ship’s computer system, which uses offshore. One type of offshore drilling facility is a platform. Offshore exploration and
satellite positioning technology, in conjunction with sensors located on the drilling template, to
ensure that the ship is directly above the drill site at all times. development wells are often drilled from mobile offshore drilling units. Depending on the
water depth and remoteness of the location, these "rigs" may be jackups (up to 400 feet of
Semi Submersible water), or semisubmersibles, or drill ships (up to 12,000 feet of water). Jackups are
bottom-supported units; semisubmersibles and drill ships are floating units ("floaters").
• Semisubmersible rigs are the most common type of offshore drilling rigs, combining the
advantages of submersible rigs with the ability to drill in deep water. A semisubmersible rig works
on the same principle as a submersible rig: through the ‘inflating’ and ‘deflating’ of its lower hull.
The main difference with a semisubmersible rig, however, is that when the air is let out of the
lower hull, the rig does not submerge to the sea floor. Instead, the rig is partially submerged, but
still floats above the drill site. When drilling, the lower hull, filled with water, provides stability to
the rig. Semisubmersible rigs are held in place by huge anchors, each weighing upwards of 10
tons. These anchors, combined with the submerged portion of the rig, ensure that the platform is
stable and safe enough to be used in turbulent offshore waters. Semisubmersible rigs can be used
to drill in much deeper water than the rigs mentioned above.
Jackup
• Jack-ups do not float. Once a jack up rig is towed to the drilling site, three or four ‘legs’ are
lowered until they rest on the sea bottom. Hence it provides a stable platform from which to drill.
This allows the working platform to rest above the surface of the water. However, jack-up rigs are
suitable for shallower waters, as extending these legs down too deeply would be impractical.
Submersible
• Submersible rigs, also suitable for shallow water, are like jackup rigs in that they come in contact
with the ocean or lake floor. These rigs consist of platforms with two hulls positioned on top of
one another. The upper hull contains the living quarters for the crew, as well as the actual drilling
platform. The lower hull works much like the outer hull in a submarine – when the platform is
being moved from one place to another, the lower hull is filled with air – making the entire rig
buoyant. When the rig is positioned over the drill site, the air is let out of the lower hull, and the
rig submerses to the sea or lake floor. This type of rig has the advantage of mobility in the water,
however once again its use is limited to shallow water areas.
Drilling rigs classification
Function:
• The hoisting system is the set of equipment necessary to
lower or raise drill strings, casing string and other
subsurface equipment into or out of hole
Components:
• Derrick and substructure
• Crown block
• Travelling block
• Draw works
• Drilling line
• Hook
Hoisting system
Derrick:
• is an open-framework structure of steel beams, whose function is to hold the ensemble of of sheaves at its top,
known as the crown block, on which all of the items of equipment operated in the well or on the drilling floor are
suspended.
• The height of the derrick must be such as to permit the vertical movement of the travelling block for a distance
greater than the equipment of one stand. For example, to handle a stand of 3 drill pipes (about 27 m long) the
derrick has to be about 40 m high. The derrick is designed to resist the loads tripped in and out of the well in the
operating phases, which include both static and dynamic stresses.
• Every derrick has a rated load capacity defined by API standards
Crown block:
• An assembly of sheaves mounted on beams at the top of the derrick and over which the drilling line is reeved
• The crown block bears the load applied at the hook and its function is to reduce the wire rope tension required to
pull the tubular material used to drill the well. At the top of the rig. It consists of a set of sheaves (usually from 3
to 7) supported by a framework of steel beams.
Travelling block:
• Consisting of another set of sheaves (one fewer than for the crown block), mounted on an axis connected to the
hook.
• The number of sheaves in the crown and travelling block is chosen on the basis of the rated capacity of the tower
and the rate of pulling, which is inversely proportional to the number of lines of wire rope connecting the
travelling block and the crown block.
Hoisting system
Hook:
• The high capacity J-shape equipment used to hand various equipment, particularly the swivel and Kelly, the elevator
bails or top drive units. The hook is attached to the bottom of the travelling block and provides a way to pick up
heavy loads with the travelling block. The hook is either locked (the normal condition) or free to rotate, so that it
may be mated or decoupled with items positioned around the rig floor, not limited to a single direction.
Drawwork:
is to provide the condition for lowering and raising the travelling block. The principal function is to convert the power
source into a hoisting operation and provide braking capacity to stop and sustain the weights imposed when lowering
or raising the drill string.
Drum: The drum is housed in the drawworks and transmits the torque required for hoisting and braking. It also stores
the drilling line required to move the traveling block the length of the derrick.
Cathead: The cathead is a shaft with a lifting head that extends on either side of the drawworks and has two major
functions. It is used in making up and breaking out tool joints in the drill string. It is also used as a hoisting device for
heavy equipment on the drill floor.
Rotary system
Rotary system is used to rotate the drill string, and therefore the drill bit, on the bottom
of the borehole. The rotary system includes rotary table, swivel, kelly, kelly bushing and
master bushing.
• Supports the weigh of the drill string
• Permits the string to rotate
• Allows mud to be pumped while the string is
rotating
• The kelly is a three-, four-, or six-sided length of pipe, about 12,19 m(40
feet) long, that is the upper part of the drill stem.
• It serves as a passageway for the drilling fluid on its way into the hole and
transmits the rotary movement to the drill pipe and bit.
• The kelly fits into a corresponding square or hexagonal opening in a device
called a kelly, or drive, bushing.
• The kelly bushing fits into a part of the rotary table called the master, or
rotary, bushing.
• As the master bushing rotates, the kelly rotates; and as the kelly rotates,
the drill string and bit rotate
Drill String is the column, or string, of drill pipe with attached tool joints that transmits
fluid and rotational power from the kelly to the drill collars and the bit. Often, the term is
loosely applied to include both drill pipe and drill collars.
– Drill collars, like drill pipe, are steel tubes through which mud can be pumped.
✓ Drill collars are heavier than drill pipe and are used on the bottom part of the string to
put weight on the bit.
✓ This weight presses down on the bit to get it to drill.
✓ Drill collars are about 9,14 m (30 feet) long and, unlike the drill pipe that has tool joints
welded on, they have the boxes and pins cut into them.
Mud Circulation system
The shale shaker is a contaminant removing device. It is used to remove the coarser drill
cuttings from the mud. This device is located at the end of the flow line. The shale shaker is
composed of series of trays with sieves or screens that vibrate to
remove cuttings from circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. The size of the openings in
the sieve is selected to match the size of the solids in the drilling fluid
and the anticipated size of cuttings.
Power system
• In a drilling site, power is needed to run the machines driving the main
components of the rig, such as the drawworks, the pumps, the rotary table and
the engines of the various auxiliary facilities (compressed air, safety systems,
centrifugal pumps, lightings, services, etc.)
PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM-CHEMISTRY
TECHNOLOGIES
TOPIC 2.6
Drilling Fluids and Drill Bits
Drilling Fluids
Drilling fluid or drilling mud is a critical component in the rotary drilling process. Its primary
functions are to remove the drilled cuttings from the borehole whilst drilling and to prevent fluids
from flowing from the formations being drilled, into the borehole. It has however many other
functions and these will be discussed below. Since it is such an integral part of the drilling process,
many of the problems encountered during the drilling of a well can be directly, or indirectly,
attributed to the drilling fluids and therefore these fluids must be carefully selected and/or
designed to fulfil their role in the drilling process.
The cost of the mud can be as high as 10-15% of the total cost of the well. Although this may
seem expensive, the consequences of not maintaining good mud properties may result in drilling
problems which will take a great deal of time and therefore cost to resolve. In view of the high
cost of not maintaining good mud properties an operating company will usually hire a service
company to provide a drilling fluid specialist (mud engineer) on the rig to formulate, continuously
monitor and, if necessary, treat the mud.
Functions of Drilling Fluids
Transmit Remove
Hydraulic cuttings
Horsepower from the
to Bit Wellbore
The drilling fluid must be selected and or
designed so that the physical and chemical
properties of the fluid allow these functions to
Prevent
The primary Formation be fulfilled. However, when selecting the fluid,
Cool and consideration must also be given to:
functions of a Fluids
Lubricate the
drilling fluid Flowing into Bit • The environmental impact of using the fluid
the Wellbore
• The cost of the fluid
• The impact of the fluid on production from the
pay zone
Maintain
Wellbore
Stability
Drilling Fluid Types
The two most common types of drilling fluid used are water based mud and oil based mud.
These muds will be discussed in detail in Section 3 and 4 below but as a general statement,
Water-based muds (WBM) are those drilling fluids in which the continuous phase of the
system is water (salt water or fresh water) and Oil-based muds (OBM) are those in which the
continuous phase is oil. WBM’s are the most commonly used muds world-wide. However,
drilling fluids may be broadly classified as liquids or gases (Figure 1). Although pure gas or
gas-liquid mixtures are used they are not as common as the liquid based systems. The use of
air as a drilling fluid is limited to areas where formations are competent and impermeable
(e.g. West Virginia). The advantages of drilling with air in the circulating system are: higher
penetration rates; better hole cleaning; and less formation damage. However, there are also
two important disadvantages: air cannot support the sides of the borehole and air cannot
exert enough pressure to prevent formation fluids entering the borehole. Gas-liquid mixtures
(foam) are most often used where the formation pressures are so low that massive losses
occur when even water is used as the drilling fluid. This can occur in mature fields where
depletion of reservoir fluids has resulted in low pore pressure.
Drilling Fluid Types
Mud Compositions
Drill Bits
TOPIC 2.7
Cementing and Perforation
Cementing
Cement is used primarily as an impermeable seal material in oil and gas well
drilling. It is most widely used as a seal between casing and the borehole,
bonding the casing to the formation and providing a barrier to the flow of
fluids from, or into, the formations behind the casing and from, and into, the
subsequent hole section. Cement is also used for remedial or repair work on
producing wells. It is used for instance to seal off perforated casing when a
producing zone starts to produce large amounts of water and/or to repair
casing leaks.