UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

UNIT 7 PESTICIDES

Unit no and name Major Learning Outcomes Topics and Sub-topics

(in cognitive domain)

7a. Describe the important 7.1 Important pesticides:

Unit-VII (i) Algiscide, (ii) Bactericide,
Pesticides Pesticides (iii) Fungicide, (iv) Herbicide,
(v) Insecticide (vi) Biopesticide

7b. Formulate pesticides 7.2 Formulation of Pesticide

7c. Draw block diagram and 7.3 Manufacturing process of

explain manufacturing of (i) methyl bromide
(i) methyl bromide (ii) 2-4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic
(ii)2-4 Dichlorophenoxy acid
acetic acid

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

7.1. Important pesticides:

 Pesticide is any agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi,

bacteria, or other organisms.

 Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then

 destroying, or mitigating any pest.

 These are derived from various chemicals and they contain different elements.

 Hence, in general any pesticide shall be classified based on the pest they kill and based

on the chemical groups they contain.

 The term pesticide includes all of the following:

1. Algiscide

2. Bactericide

3. Biopesticide

4. Fungicide

5. Herbicide

6. Insecticide

1.Algiscide

 An algaecide or algicide is a biocide used for killing and preventing the growth of algae.

 So these pesticides are used to control algae in lakes, canals, swimming pools, water

tanks, and other sites.

 Synthetic algicides include copper sulphate and polyquat.

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

2.Bactericide

 A bactericide is a substance that kills bacteria.

 Bactericides are

1. Disinfectants

2. Antiseptics,

3. Antibiotics

 The most used disinfectants are

 Hypochlorite, Chloramines, Potassium Per sulfate, Sodium Per borate, Ethanol, 1-

Propanol, Phenol ,Cresols , Ozone and Permanganate Solutions, Copper Sulfate, Copper

Oxide-chloride etc.

 As antiseptics or germicide agents that can be used on human or animal body, skin,

mucoses, wounds are

 Potassium Hypochlorite Solution, Iodopovidone , Urea Per Hydrate solutions , Ascorbic

acid, Benzoic acid, Lactic acid and Salicylic acid

 Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria. Bacteriostatic antibiotics slow their growth or

reproduction.

 Example: Penicillin derivatives.

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

3.Biopesticide

 Growing environmental concerns and consumer inclination towards chemical free

crops especially food crops there has been increasing use of bio-pesticides.
 Three major classes of bio-pesticides are microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides
and plant incorporated pesticides
 Bio-pesticides getting importance as they are less toxic than conventional pesticides
which has become serious threat to environment due to its increasing use.
 Bio-pesticides affect only the target pest and closely related organisms.
 Delivering a better alternative to manage harmful insects, weeds and fungal plant
pathogens, bio-pesticides is poised to witness robust gains in coming years.
 Some of the important bio-pesticides are:
1. Trichogramma
2. Fungi (Trichoderma and Gliocladium)
3. Baculovirues
4. Bacillus thuringiensis
5. Neem

4.Fungicide

 Fungicides are used to control fungi and parasitic plant.

 Examples:- Copper sulphate, Sulphur Dust, Copperoxychloride.

5. Herbicide

 Herbicide are used to weed control.

 Examples: 2,4-D ,Atrazine Butachlor, Isoproturon

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

6. Insecticide

 Insecticide are used to control insects.

 Examples:-DDT, Dieldrin,
Heptachlor.

7.2 Formulation of Pesticide

 Registered pesticide products are available in wet and dry formulations. The
formulation consists of the active ingredient and the so-called inerts.
 A pesticide has to be formulated to be:
1. As biologically effective as possible in controlling the pest/weed/disease,
2. Physically and chemically stable in storage (minimum of 2 years),
3. Easy to mix,
4. Compatible with other pesticides, and
5. Stable as a spray solution.

 To achieve these qualities, a range of other chemicals are mixed with the active
ingredient.
 Pesticides are formulated by following components.
1. Active ingredients
2. Inert ingredients
3. Adjuvants
4. Solvents
5. Emulsifiers
6. Other ingradients such as stabilisers,dyes and chemicals that improves pesticidal
activities.

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

 Active ingredients

 The active ingredient or constituent is the part of the formulation that is responsible
for the pesticide’s biological activity, e.g. in an insecticide it is the part that kills the
insect and in a herbicide the part that kills the weed.

 Inert ingredients
 So-called inert or ‘inactive’ ingredients are solvents and carriers that deliver the
active ingredient to the target – pest, weed or disease.

 If the inert ingredient is a scheduled poison or hazardous substance, i.e. harmful to

human health, it should be listed on the front panel of the label under the active
ingredient but this is not always the case.

 Adjuvants

 Adjuvants are inert ingredients that are added to a pesticide formulation to alter its
physical and/ or chemical properties to improve its efficacy.
 Adjuvants are added to assist/improve the ability of the formulation to:
1. Be retained on the plant.
2. Achieve a satisfactory coverage of the plant.

3. Be compatible with the plant surface .

 Types of formulation

 Formulations are either wet or dry.

 Wet formulations will be expressed as concentration of active ingredient per litre.
 Dry formulations as concentration of active ingredient per kilogram.

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

A. Dry formulations Products B. Wet Formulations Products

Wettable powders Emulsifiable Concentrate

Water dispersible granules Suspension Concentrate

Dusts Soluble Concentrate

Pellets Microencapsulate

Granules Ultra Low Volume

Tablets Gels

Baits

7.3 (i) Manufacturing Process of Methyl Bromide

 Raw Materials
 Methanol
 Bromine
 Hydrobromic Acid
 Sulfuric Acid
 NaOH

 CHEMICAL REACTION

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

 First of all Bromine, methanol and HBr are fed to the reactor.
 The reaction is carried out in the presence of reducing agent like sulphur or H 2SO4 at
75-85 °C temperature.
 Then the product stream is fed to the separator.
 In separator unreacted raw materials are removed from the top and fed to the
fractionation column.
 From fractionation column dilute H2SO4 is removed and other gas (Bromine, methanol
and HBr) are recycle back to the reactor.
 While the bottom product of the separator is fed to the caustic conactor to remove
bromine as N
 aBr.
 Then the product stream is fed to the dryer to remove water and dissolved impuritie
from product stream.
 Then the dried product stream is fed to the cooling storage after condensation. From
where methanol is separated as a residue and recycle back to the reactor.Then the
product is methyl bromide ois compressed and stored in high pressure containor.

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

7.3(ii) Manufacturing Process of 2-4 Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

 Raw Materials
 Monochloro acetic acid
 2,4-Dichloro phenol
 50% NaOH
 Water
 HCL

 CHEMICAL REACTION

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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 UNIT 7 PESTICIDES O7 MARKS CPT II 2015-16

 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

 First of all dichlorophenol is charged into an agitated jacketed reactor with 50% NaOH
solution.
 Here sodium dichlorophenoxide is produced.
 Then it is reacted with monochloroacetic acid to produce sodium salt of 2,4-D.
 This exothermic reaction is carried out at 60-80°C temperature for 6-8 hours period.
 Then the product stream is fed to steel holding tank.
 Then the product is fed to the enamel lined pH adjustment tank.after neutralization
product is fed to the steam still to remove unreacted 2,4-dichlorophenol and water.
 Then the product is fed to holding tank.
 Then it is fed to acidification tank from where sodium salt of 2,4-D is reacted with HCL
to produce 2,4-D.
 Then the product is filtered and dried.

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LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENGINERING
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