‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪1 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫‪04‬‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻴﺒﺔ ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫اﻝ  ‪ :‬م ‬
‫رت ‪  ،‬ر‬

‫**********************************************************************************‬
‫‪www.sites.google.com/site/faresfergani‬‬
‫ا&‪ !%‬ا‪$‬را"! ‪2015/2014 :‬‬ ‫א 

א
‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫م ا
و اس‬
‫•

وמ
אض
‪

:‬‬
‫‪  -‬و ا 
‪ HA‬ه‪ /‬آ‪- .‬د آ(( ‪ ()"*+ ,‬آ ن أم ﺵ رد" ! در  ا  ‪ 2‬وﺕ‪/‬ن ‪ H+‬أو أآ‪3‬‬
‫ﺥ‪6‬ل ﺕ‪ . 4‬آ(( ‪ . ,‬و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪HA = H + A‬‬
‫‪ .=" -‬ا 
‪ - HA‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪HA + H2O = H3O + A-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫و    "‪ 2D‬ا ‪/C‬ل أن ا 

ه‪ /‬آ‪- .‬د آ(( ‪ ! ,‬در  إ‪ A‬ء ﺵ‪/‬ارد ا @(?رو(‪/‬م ‪ H3O+‬أﺙ=? ء ا‪?- E? 6‬‬
‫ا  ء ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إذا آ ن ا 
‪ HA‬ﺕ م ا‪6K‬ل ‪ -‬ا  ء "‪ C‬ل =‪/!
 E‬ي ‪ ،‬أﻡ? إذا آ? ن ا‪ ?- E? 6‬ا ? ء ‪ ?C" ?(,*+‬ل =?‪E‬‬
‫
‪. L(:M‬‬
‫أ ‪:‬‬
‫• 
آ‪/‬ر ا @(رو‪ HCl 2(+‬ه‪/!
 /‬ي ‪ - .=" ،‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl-‬‬
‫• 
ا ‪ H2SO4 N"OD‬ه‪/!
 /‬ي ‪ - .=" ،‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪H2SO4 + 2 H2O = 2 H3O+ + SO42-‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪2 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫• آ‪ .‬ا‪ Q‬ض ا  ﻡ‪ 2‬ا ‪) RCOOH .D‬ﻡ‪

 .3‬ا (‪ ، HCOOH S"/ 3‬ا‪
? ، CH3COOH S"/ 3"T‬‬
‫ا ‪*=O‬و"‪ ( C6H5COOH S‬ه أ ض ‪ 94(:M‬ﺕ=‪ - .‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ا ‪ 9(, ((D‬ا  (‪: 9‬‬
‫‪RCOOH + H2O = RCOO- + H3O+‬‬

‫•

وמ
א س
‪

:‬‬
‫‪  -‬و ا‪Q‬ﺱ س ‪ B‬ه‪ /‬آ‪- .‬د آ(( ‪ ()"*+ ,‬آ ن أم ﺵ رد" ! در ? ﺕ‪ N?(O3‬وﺕ?‪/‬ن ‪ H+‬أو أآ‪ ?3‬ﺥ?‪6‬ل‬
‫ﺕ‪ . 4‬آ(( ‪ . ,‬و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪B + H = BH‬‬
‫‪ .=" -‬ا‪Q‬ﺱ س ‪ - B‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪B + H2O = BH + HO-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫و    "‪ 2D‬ا ‪/C‬ل أن ا‪Q‬ﺱ س ه‪ /‬آ‪- .‬د آ(( ‪ ?! ,‬در ? إ‪ ?A‬ء ﺵ?‪/‬ارد ا @(روآ?( ‪ HO-‬أﺙ=? ء ا‪?- E? 6‬‬
‫ا  ء ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إذا آ ن ا‪Q‬ﺱ س ‪ B‬ﺕ م ا‪6?K‬ل ‪ ?-‬ا ? ء "‪ ?C‬ل =?‪ E‬أﺱ? س !?‪/‬ي ‪ ،‬أﻡ? إذا آ? ن ا‪ ?- E? 6‬ا ? ء ‪ ?C" ?(,*+‬ل =?‪E‬‬
‫أﺱ س ‪. L(:M‬‬
‫أ ‪:‬‬
‫• ه(روآ( ا ‪/X‬د"‪/‬م ‪ NaOH‬ه‪ /‬أﺱ س !‪/‬ي ‪ - .=" ،‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪NaOH = Na+ + HO-‬‬
‫• ه(روآ( ا ‪/O‬ﺕ ﺱ(‪/‬م ‪ KOH‬ه‪ /‬أﺱ س !‪/‬ي "=‪ - .‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪KOH = K+ + HO-‬‬
‫• ا = در ‪ NH3‬ه‪ /‬أﺱ س ‪ - .=" L(:M‬ا  ء و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + HO-‬‬
‫‪: "#$‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫"‪  2D‬ء ‪ H2O‬أن "‪ S‬ﺱ‪/‬ك 
وذ ‪ 2 E( S‬وﺕ‪/‬ن ه(رو‪/( H 2(+‬ل إ  ﺵ ردة ا @(روآ(‬
‫‪ ، HO-‬و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪H2O = HO- + H+‬‬
‫آ "‪ E=D‬أ"[ أن "‪ S‬ﺱ‪/‬ك أﺱ س و ذ ‪O E(O3 S‬وﺕ‪/‬ن ه(رو‪/( H+ 2(+‬ل إ  ﺵ ردة ا @(رو(‪/‬م ‪H3O+‬‬
‫و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪H2O + H = H3O‬‬
‫"‪ C‬ل ‪ 2‬ا  ء ‪ -‬ه]_ ا  ‪ 9‬و آ] ‪ S‬آ‪/ .‬ع آ(( ‪ S" ,‬ه]ا ا ‪/‬ك أ‪ E‬ﻡ]]ب ‪.‬‬
‫•

وמ
א 
) س‪/‬ض(
‪

:‬‬
‫‪
 .D -‬أﺱ س ﻡا‪ ;-‬و ‪ .D‬أﺱ س 
ﻡا‪. ;-‬‬
‫‪= -‬ﻡ " ا 
‪  HA‬وﺕ‪/‬ن ‪ A:" H+‬أﺱ ﺱ‪ E‬ا ا‪ A ;-‬و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪HA = A- + H+‬‬
‫و =ﻡ "‪ NO3‬أﺱ س ‪ B‬وﺕ‪/‬ن ‪ E[ A:" H+‬ا ا‪ BH+ ;-‬و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪B + H+ = BH+‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪3 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻡ* 
و أﺱ ﺱ‪ E‬ا ا‪ ;-‬أو ا‪Q‬ﺱ س و [‪ E‬ا ا‪ 9(, =3 ;-‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ا ‪) .D‬أﺱ س‪ (
/‬و ﺕ ا ‪9(, =3‬‬
‫
أﺱ س ‪.‬‬
‫
ض
א  
‪

:‬‬
‫ا 
‬ ‫ا‪Q‬ﺱ س‬ ‫ا ‪) 9(, =3‬أﺱ س‪(
/‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫)‪(H2O/HO-‬‬
‫‪HBr‬‬ ‫‪Br-‬‬ ‫)‪(HBr/Br-‬‬
‫‪NH4+‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫)‪(NH4+/NH3‬‬
‫‪CH3COOH‬‬ ‫)‪CH3COO- (CH3COOH/CH3COO-‬‬
‫‪H3O+‬‬ ‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫)‪(H3O+/H2O‬‬

‫אن
)‪:
(1‬‬

‫أآ ﺹ(‪ 9b‬ا 

ا ا‪ .D ;-‬أﺱ س و ﺹ(‪ 9b‬ا‪Q‬ﺱ س ا ا‪
 .D ;-‬ﻡ‪ a‬ﺕ" ا ‪) 9(, =3‬أﺱ س‪- (
/‬‬
‫آ‪ .‬ﻡ " ‪:‬‬
‫ا 
‬ ‫ا‪Q‬ﺱ س‬ ‫ا ‪) 9(, =3‬أﺱ س‪(
/‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪HO‬‬
‫‪HNO3‬‬
‫‪NH3‬‬
‫‪HCOOH‬‬
‫‪SO42-‬‬
‫‪CH3O-‬‬
‫‪NaOH‬‬
‫‪HCl‬‬
‫‪PO43-‬‬
‫‪CH3NH3+‬‬
‫‪CH3COO-‬‬
‫אو
‪

:‬‬
‫ا 
ا ا‪ ;-‬و ا‪Q‬ﺱ س ا ا‪: ;-‬‬
‫ا 
‬ ‫ا‪Q‬ﺱ س‬ ‫ا ‪) 9(, =3‬أﺱ س‪(
/‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫)‪(H2O/HO-‬‬
‫‪HNO3‬‬ ‫‪NO3-‬‬ ‫)‪(HNO3/NO3-‬‬
‫‪NH4+‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫)‪(NH4+/NH3‬‬
‫‪HCOOH‬‬ ‫‪HCOO-‬‬ ‫)‪(HCOOH/HCOO-‬‬
‫‪HSO4-‬‬ ‫‪2-‬‬ ‫)‪(HSO4-/SO42-‬‬
‫‪SO4‬‬
‫‪H2SO4‬‬ ‫)‪(H2SO4/SO42-‬‬
‫)‪CH3COOH CH3COO- (CH3COOH/CH3COO-‬‬
‫‪Na+‬‬ ‫‪NaOH‬‬ ‫)‪(Na+/NaOH‬‬
‫‪HCl‬‬ ‫‪Cl-‬‬ ‫)‪(HCl/Cl-‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 4 : ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ 2015/04/20 : ‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ‬- (1) ‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬- ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬

HPO32- (HPO32-/PO33-)
H2PO3- PO33- (H2PO3-/PO33-)
H3PO3 (H3PO3/PO33-)
CH3NH3+ CH3NH2 (CH3NH3+/CH3NH2)
CH3COOH CH3COO- (CH3COOH/CH3COO-)


:
‫
 س‬−‫•

وמ
א
!ل
ض‬
‫ان و اآ ب‬C-) /‫ دل وﺕ‬O‫ ﺕ‬E(- ‫ "ث‬. 4‫ ﺕ‬.‫ آ‬/‫ أﺱ س ه‬-
 . 4 ‫ ا‬، ‫ري‬/ ‫ و و‬2( : ‫ ا‬
: 9(  ‫ ا‬9 ‫ د‬: ‫ ا‬- 9=(O ‫ ا‬9( f‫; ا‬-‫ و‬2(C-‫ﺱ س و ا 
ا ا‬Q‫ ا‬e=( ‫ 
و أﺱ س‬2( (H+ ‫ن‬/‫وﺕ‬
H+

HA1 + A-2 = A-1 + HA2

1- 2-‫أس‬ 1-‫أس‬ 2-

: ‫أ‬
: 9 ‫ د‬: ‫; ا‬-‫ ا  ء و‬- CH3COOH S"/ 3"T‫ 
ا‬.=" •
CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO- + H3O+
: " ‫ آ‬/‫ دل وﺕ‬O‫ ﺕ‬E(- ‫ ث‬EQ ، ‫ أﺱ س‬-
 . 4‫ ﺕ‬/‫ ه‬. 4 ‫ه]ا ا‬
CH3COOH = CH3COO- + H+
H2O + H+ = H3O+
: ‫ ه‬. 4 ‫ ا‬- 2(‫
( ا اﺥ‬/‫ )أﺱ س‬2((, =3 ‫و ا‬
( H3O+/H2O) ، (CH3COOH/CH3COO-)
: 9 ‫ د‬: ‫; ا‬- ‫ و‬CH3OH ‫ل‬/ 3( ‫ ا‬a‫ ﻡ‬CH3COOH S"/ 3"T‫ 
ا‬. 4" •
CH3COOH + CH3OH = CH3COOCH3 + H2O
. /‫ دل وﺕ‬O‫ ﺕ‬E(- ‫ "ث‬h EQ ، ‫ أﺱ س‬-
 . 4‫ ﺕ‬g( . 4 ‫ه]ا ا‬
:
(2)
‫אن‬

- 9‫
( ا اﺥ‬/‫( ت )أﺱ س‬, =3 ‫(= ا‬O‫أﺱ س ﻡ‬-
 . 4‫ ﺕ‬O:‫ت ا  ﺕ‬6 4 ‫ ﻡ ه ا‬9(  ‫ت ا‬6 4 ‫ ا‬2( 2‫ﻡ‬
. . 4 ‫ا‬
+ -
a) NH3 + H2O = NH4 + HO
b) CH4 + 2O2 = 2CO2 + 2H2O
c) H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH-
d) Cu + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O
e) HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl-
f) C2H5OH + Na = C2H5O- + Na+ + 1/2H2
g) HCOOH + H2O = HCOO- + H3O+
h) Cu2+(aq) + 2HO-(aq) = Ca(OH)2 (s)
i) CH3NH2 + CH3COOH = CH3NH3+ + CH3COO-
‫ ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬: ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬ . ‫ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬، ‫ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬
 5 : ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ 2015/04/20 : ‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ‬- (1) ‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬- ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬

j) HCOOH + CH3OH = HCOOCH3 + H2O

k) HCl + NH3 = NH4+ + Cl-
l) Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2


:
‫אو‬
: ‫ 
أﺱ س‬. 4 ‫ا‬
. 4 ‫ا‬ K ‫ 
أﺱ س أم‬. 4‫ﺕ‬ ‫ ا  دث‬/‫وﺕ‬O ‫ دل ا‬O ‫ا‬ (
/‫( ت )أﺱ س‬, =3 ‫ا‬
NH3 + H+ = NH4+ (NH4+/NH3)
a h:
H2O = HO- + H+ (H2O/HO-)
b K
H2O + H+ = H3O+ (H3O+/H2O)
c h:
H2O = HO- + H+ (H2O/HO-)
d K
HCl = Cl- + H+ (HCl/Cl-)
e h:
H2O + H+ = H3O+ (H3O+/H2O)
F K
HCOOH = HCOO- + H+ (HCOOH/HCOO-)
g h:
H2O + H+ = H3O+ (H3O+/H2O)
h K
CH3NH2 + H+ = CH3NH3+ (CH3NH3+/CH3NH2)
i h:
CH3COOH = CH3COO- + H+ (CH3COOH/CH3COO-)
j K
HCl/Cl- (HCl/Cl-)
k h:
NH3 + H+ = NH4+ (NH4+/NH3)
l K

:
#‫•
א
א‬
, ((D ‫ع ا‬/= ‫ ا‬9‫ ه آ‬، d E- 3‫ و آ‬C0  / ‫ ﺕآ(*_ ا‬C (j , ((‫ع آ‬/ - ( ‫ وة‬C= ‫ ا‬9O ‫ ) أو‬P 9D ‫ ا‬9O= ‫ا‬
: 9(  ‫ ا‬9!6: ‫ ا‬k @= O:" ، C= ‫( ا‬j , ((D ‫ع ا‬/= ‫ ا‬2‫ ﻡ‬100 g - C= ‫ا‬

M.C0
P=
10.d

‫ ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬: ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬ . ‫ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬، ‫ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪6 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫אن
)‪

:
(3‬‬

‫(=‪ 9‬ﻡ‪/ S0 9"O‬ل ه(روآ( ا ‪/X‬د"‪/‬م ﺕ‪ .‬ا ‪/:‬ﻡ ت ا  (‪ 27% : 9‬و ‪d = 1.3‬‬
‫‪   2( -‬ب أن ا آ(* ا ‪/  /‬ل "‪ C‬رب ‪. C0 = 8.8 mol.L-1‬‬
‫אو
‪

:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ا آ(* ا ‪/  /‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫‪10 . d . P 10 . 1.3 . 27‬‬
‫= ‪C0‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 8.8 mol/L‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫‪ pH -2‬ا
"‪ 1‬ا
‪!"0‬‬
‫•

وמ
א‪

:
pH
$‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻡ‪ 2‬أ‪ .+‬ا  (‪ .‬ا ة ) ا ‪:" ( 944‬ف ا ـ ‪ 9!6:  pH‬ا  (‪: 9‬‬

‫[‬
‫‪ log H 3O +‬ـ = ‪pH‬‬ ‫]‬
‫و ه]_ ا ‪ 9!6:‬ﺕ‪: n- D‬‬

‫‪[H3O+ ]= 10-pH mol/L‬‬

‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪  -‬زد" د !(‪ 9‬ا ـ ‪ pH‬ﺕ=‪ H 3O + 9(! pC‬و ا ‪ gD:‬ﺹ(‪. q‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻡ‪ 2‬أ‪ (! .+‬س ‪ pH‬ﻡ‪/‬ل ‪ @+ .:‬ز إ ‪D‬و " ‪ pH‬ﻡ إذا آ ن ا ‪ (C‬س "‪ A‬د!‪ ، 9‬و "‪ 2D‬اﺱ‪ :‬ل‬
‫ورق ‪ pH‬إذا آ ن ا ‪ (C‬س ‪ A" K‬د!‪. 9‬‬

‫ورق ا ـ ‪pH‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪ (C‬س ا ـ ‪pH‬‬

‫●
אدא'
א* د(
 '
&‪
%‬א ل
א 
‪

:‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪ -‬ا  ء ا ‪ SD4" AC‬ذاﺕ( إ  ﺵ‪/‬ارد ا @(رو(‪/‬م ‪ H3O‬و و ﺵ‪/‬ارد ا @(روآ( ‪ HO‬و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫)‪H2O(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) = H3O+(aq) + HO-(aq‬‬
‫‪ -‬ه]ا ا ‪+ L(:M SD4‬ا ‪ ،‬ﻡ "‪ .:t‬ا  ء ا ‪+ L(:M .!  AC‬ا ( ر ا ‪. , @D‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪7 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫‪ - -‬ا ر‪/D" 25°C 9+‬ن ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 7 mol / L‬ـ ‪ ] = 10‬ـ ‪[H3O+ ] = [HO‬‬
‫و = ه]_ ا ر‪/D" 9+‬ن أ"[ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ]= 10-14‬ـ ‪[H3O+ ][HO‬‬
‫‪:" -‬ف ه]ا ا ‪t‬اء  ‪t‬اء ا  ردي  ء ‪" ،‬ﻡ* ‪ E‬ـ ‪ Ke‬و ه‪ /‬ون وة و ‪: D‬‬

‫[‬
‫ـ ‪Ke = H 3O + HO‬‬‫[]‬ ‫]‬
‫‪ 9(! -‬ه]ا ا ‪t‬اء ‪ a(+ - @4‬ا  (‪ .‬ا  ‪ g4 = 9(,‬در‪ 9+‬ا ارة ‪.‬‬
‫[] ‪[H3O+‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬ ‫[‬
‫‪ -‬إذا ازدادت !(‪ - H 3O + 9‬ﻡ‪/‬ل ﻡ ‪ XC @= e=" ،‬ن ‪ 9(! -‬ـ ‪ HO‬آ "‪ CO‬ا ‪t‬اء ـ ‪HO‬‬ ‫]‬
‫ﺙ ‪ - N‬ا ‪/‬ل ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺕ‪ 9(! (b‬ا ـ ‪ (b Ke‬در‪ 9+‬ا ارة آ ﻡ‪ - 2(O‬ا ‪t‬ول ا   ‪:‬‬
‫در‪ 9+‬ا ارة‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪25°C‬‬ ‫‪40°C‬‬ ‫‪60°C‬‬ ‫‪80°C‬‬ ‫‪100°C‬‬
‫‪Ke‬‬ ‫‪1.1 . 10 1.0 . 10 3.0 . 10 1.0 . 10 2.5 . 10 5.5 . 10-13‬‬
‫‪-15‬‬ ‫‪-14‬‬ ‫‪-14‬‬ ‫‪-13‬‬ ‫‪-13‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻡ‪ =- 3‬ا ـ ‪u- pH‬ن ا ـ ‪: 9!6:  E= O:" pKe‬‬

‫‪ log Ke‬ـ = ‪pKe‬‬

‫و ه]_ ا ‪ 9!6:‬ﺕ‪: n- D‬‬

‫‪Ke = 10- pKe‬‬

‫ل ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ا ر‪/D" 25°C 9+‬ن ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ke = 10-14 → pKe = 14‬‬

‫‪ -‬ا ر‪/D" 60°C 9+‬ن ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ke = 10‬‬ ‫‪-13‬‬
‫‪→ pKe = 13‬‬

‫●
מ
א‪

:
pH
$‬‬
‫‪ -‬ا  ء ا ‪ AC‬و ا ‪/‬ل ا ‪:‬ل "‪/D‬ن ‪:‬‬
‫] ـ ‪[H3O+ ] = [HO‬‬
‫وﻡ=‪/D" E‬ن ‪:‬‬
‫[ ] [] [‬
‫‪ = H 3O +‬ـ ‪Ke = H 3O + HO‬‬ ‫‪]2‬‬
‫] ‪Ke = [H 3O +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪8 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫[‬
‫‪log Ke = log H 3O +‬‬ ‫‪]2‬‬
‫] ‪log Ke = 2 log[H 3O +‬‬
‫)] ‪ log[H 3O +‬ـ (‪ log Ke = 2‬ـ‬
‫‪pKe = 2pH‬‬
‫إذن ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪pH‬‬ ‫‪pKe‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪ -‬أﺙ= ء ا‪6‬ل 
‪ -‬ا  ء ا ‪  .X AC‬ﻡ‪/‬ل [ ‪ ،‬و =ه "*داد ‪ H 3O +‬و "=‪ pC‬ا ـ ‪pH‬‬
‫ (‪/D‬ن ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫< ‪pH‬‬ ‫‪pKe‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪ -‬أﺙ= ء ا‪6‬ل ا‪Q‬ﺱ س ‪ -‬ا  ء ا ‪  .X AC‬ﻡ‪/‬ل أﺱ ﺱ ‪ ،‬و =ه "=‪ H 3O + pC‬و "*داد ا ـ ‪pH‬‬
‫ (‪/D‬ن ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫> ‪pH‬‬ ‫‪pKe‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ pH -‬ا ‪/‬ل ﻡ‪/X‬ر (‪ 0 2‬و ‪ pKe‬و "‪ 2D‬ا ‪/X‬ل  ا ‪t‬ول ا   ‪:‬‬

‫ﺱ‪ h‬ا ـ ‪ - pH‬ا  (‪ .‬ا  ‪ = 9(,‬ا ر‪ 9+‬آ(‪9(4‬‬

‫[(‪9‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪9 :‬‬ ‫أﺱ ﺱ(‪9‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0 < pH < pKe pH = pKe‬‬ ‫‪pKe < pH < pKe‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ل ‪:‬‬
‫ا  (‪ .‬ا  ‪ = 9(,‬ا ر‪( pKe = 14 ) 25°C 9+‬‬
‫[(‪9‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪9 :‬‬ ‫أﺱ ﺱ(‪9‬‬
‫‪pH < 7‬‬ ‫‪pH = 7‬‬ ‫‪pH > 7‬‬
‫ا  (‪ .‬ا  ‪ = 9(,‬ا ر‪( pKe = 13 ) 60°C 9+‬‬
‫[(‪9‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪9 :‬‬ ‫أﺱ ﺱ(‪9‬‬
‫‪pH < 6.5‬‬ ‫‪pH = 6.5‬‬ ‫‪pH > 6.5‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪9 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫אن
)‪:
(4‬‬

‫أآ‪ .‬ا ‪t‬ول ا    أن ا ‪ h(C‬ﻡ‪ A:‬ة = ا ر‪. 25°C 9+‬‬

‫‪pH‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫)‪[H3O+] (mol.L-1‬‬ ‫‪4 . 10‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪1.25 . 10-9‬‬
‫)‪[HO-] (mol.L-1‬‬ ‫‪1.25 . 10-4‬‬
‫ا ‪9:(OA‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪:‬ل‬

‫אو
‪

:‬‬
‫إآ ل ا ‪t‬ول ‪:‬‬
‫‪pH‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8.9‬‬ ‫‪10.1‬‬
‫)‪[H3O+] (mol.L-1‬‬ ‫‪10-2‬‬ ‫‪4 . 10-3‬‬ ‫‪3.98 . 10-4‬‬ ‫‪10-7‬‬ ‫‪10-8‬‬ ‫‪1.25 . 10-9‬‬ ‫‪8 . 10-11‬‬
‫)‪[HO-] (mol.L-1‬‬ ‫‪10-12‬‬ ‫‪2.5 . 10-12‬‬ ‫‪2.51 . 10-11‬‬ ‫‪10-7‬‬ ‫‪10-6‬‬ ‫‪8 . 10-6‬‬ ‫‪1.25 . 10-4‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻡل‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬

‫‪ -3‬ا‪7‬ازن ا‪30"

"4‬‬
‫●
‪
,‬אوאزن
א‪

:
% #‬‬
‫‪ -‬إذا آ ن ا ‪ . 4‬ا ‪/D , ((D‬س ‪  /@-‬ﺱ(‪/D‬ن ‪ (j‬ﺕ م ‪Q‬ن ا‪/Q‬اع ا ‪ 9(, ((D‬ا = ﺕ‪ 9t‬ﺕ‪: . 4‬ﻡ ﺕ‪، .D‬‬
‫و ه]ا ﻡ "‪ .:t‬ا ‪6 4‬ت ‪ K‬ﺕ‪ 4‬آ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - -‬ا ‪/‬ل ‪ (j‬ا  م = ‪ z6‬م ﺕ‪/A‬ر ا ‪ 9t‬ا ‪ : 9(, ((D‬ﻡة ‪ ،‬أي =ﻡ ﺕ‪/D‬ن ا ‪6 4‬ت و ا =‪/‬اﺕ‪e‬‬
‫ﻡ‪/+/‬دة ‪ -‬ا  ‪ 9‬ا =@ ‪ (D 9(,‬ت ﺙ ‪/C 9‬ل ‪ 2‬ا ‪ 9t‬ا ‪ 9(, ((D‬أ@ ‪ 9  -‬ﺕ‪/‬ازن ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = -‬ا ‪/‬ازن "‪ L!/‬ا ‪ | . 4‬ه" ‪  2D ، {C-‬ا ‪/‬ى ا ‪@t‬ي ‪ L!/" K‬و إ "‪/D‬ن ا ‪. 4‬‬
‫و ا ‪ . 4‬ا ‪ :‬آ‪ g‬ﺙ  و ﻡ و" ا ‪) 9‬ﺕ‪/‬ازن د"= ﻡ(‪. ( D‬‬
‫●
‪
#‬א
!ل
‪

:‬‬
‫‪ 9+ O: -‬آ(( ‪ 9(,‬ﺕ‪/D‬ن ﻡ‪ 2‬ا‪/Q‬اع ا ‪ D ، C ، B ، A 9(, ((D‬ﻡ‪/‬از‪ 9‬و ‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪aA+bB=cC+dD‬‬
‫‪ t 9~ -‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ا ‪: ، . 4‬ف آ ا ‪ . 4‬ا ]ي "ﻡ* ‪ E‬ـ ‪ Qr‬و ه‪ /‬ون وة  ‪: 9!6:‬‬

‫‪[C]c [D]d‬‬
‫= ‪Qr‬‬
‫‪[A]a [B]b‬‬

‫‪ - -‬وﺱ{ ﺕ‪  4‬ﻡ ‪" K ، ,‬ﺥ‪ O - .‬رة آ ا ‪ . 4‬ا  ‪ 9C‬آ‪/ .‬ع آ(( ‪ j ,‬زي أو ﺹ أو إذا آ ن ا =‪/‬ع‬
‫ا ‪ "* , ((D‬دة ﻡ‪ .3‬ا  ء أو ﺵ‪/‬ارد ا @(رو(‪/‬م ‪= H3O+‬ﻡ ﺕ‪ - .:‬ﺕ(
وﺱ{ ﺕ‪.  4‬‬
‫‪ -‬آ ا ‪ E g( . 4‬وة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 9" @ - -‬ا ‪ (j . 4‬ا  م )ا ود ( "‪/D‬ن ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪10 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫‪Qr = Qrf = K‬‬

‫" ا ‪C‬ار ‪ N 3 K‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪ , ((D‬و ‪: D‬‬

‫‪[C]cf [D]df‬‬
‫=‪K‬‬
‫‪[A]af [B]fb‬‬

‫‪ 9" @ - -‬ا ‪ . 4‬ا  م ‪ K‬ﻡ‪ N 3 =:‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪Q K , ((D‬ن ﺕآ(* أ ا ‪ 2( 4‬أو آ‪6‬ه "‪/D‬ن ﻡ‪:‬وم ‪.‬‬
‫●

א‪-‬دמ
‪

:‬‬
‫‪ - -‬ا ~‪ t 9‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ا ‪/‬ل ا ‪ , ((D‬أ"‪/D" 2‬ن ا ‪C‬م ‪ ، x‬ﺕ‪:‬ف ‪ 9O‬ﺕ‪C‬م ا ‪ - . 4‬ه]_ ا ~‪ 9‬و ا  "ﻡ* @‬
‫ـ ‪ τ‬و ه ون وة و ﻡ‪/X‬رة (‪ 0 2‬و ‪ O:  1‬رة ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫=‪τ‬‬
‫‪x max‬‬

‫‪ 9" @ - -‬ا ‪ . 4‬أ"‪/D" 2‬ن ‪ 9O 2 O:" ، x = xf‬ا ‪C‬م و ا  ﺕ ‪ -‬ه]_ ا  ‪ 9O 9‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪: 9!6:  ,‬‬

‫‪xf‬‬
‫= ‪τf‬‬
‫‪x max‬‬

‫‪ -‬إذا آ ن ‪ -‬ﺕ‪ . 4‬ﻡ ‪ xf = xmax‬أو ‪u- τf = 1‬ن ه]ا ا ‪/D" . 4‬ن ﺕ م ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إذا آ ن ‪ -‬ﺕ‪ . 4‬ﻡ ‪ xf < xmax‬أو ‪u- τf < 1‬ن ه]ا ا ‪/D" . 4‬ن ‪ (j‬ﺕ م ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إذا آ ن ‪ -‬ﺕ‪ . 4‬ﻡ ‪ 2D" ، Qrf >> 104‬ا‪ O‬ر ا ‪ . 4‬ﺕ م ‪.‬‬
‫‪: "#$‬‬
‫‪ -‬أﺙ‪ NO‬ا ‪ t‬رب أن ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ K ,‬ﺕ‪ (b (b‬در‪ 9+‬ا ارة ‪ 2( -‬ﺕ= !‪* p‬ا" ا اآ(* ا‪K‬ا‪9(,‬‬
‫ ‪6 4‬ت ‪ ،‬آ أن ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ‪) K‬آ ا ‪ . 4‬ا =@ ‪ (b (b" ( Qrf ,‬در‪ 9+‬ا ارة ‪ ،‬و ‪(b (b" K‬‬
‫ا اآ(* ا‪K‬ا‪6 4 9(,‬ت ‪.‬‬
‫אن
)‪:
(5‬‬

‫‪ [ -1‬ﻡ‪/‬ل 
ا‪ CH3COOH S"/ 3"T‬ﺕآ(*_ ا ‪  /‬ا‪K‬ا‪ C1= 2,7 . 10-3 mol/L ,‬و‪Et‬‬
‫‪ = pH = 3,7 E pH 9(! V1= 100 ml‬ا ر‪. 250C 9+‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬أآ ﻡ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ا‪6‬ل 
ا‪ - S"/ 3"T‬ا  ء ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬أ‪+ n‬ول ﺕ‪C‬م ا ‪ ، . 4‬و د ﻡ‪ 2‬ﺥ‪ 9(! E 6‬ا ‪C‬م ا‪. ~Q‬‬
‫‪+‬ـ‪ -‬أو‪ +‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ xf ,‬و آ]ا ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ . τf1 ,‬ﻡ ذا ﺕ=‪ e‬؟‬
‫د‪ -‬أآ ‪ O‬رة ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ‪ . 4‬ﺙ‪ 2( h‬أ‪ " E‬وي ا ‪. K1= 1,6 . 10-5 : 9(C‬‬
‫‪ = g(C -2‬ا ر‪ 250C 9+‬ا = !(‪ 9‬ا =‪/ 9(/‬ل ﺥ 
ا‪ S"/ 3"T‬ﺕآ(*_ ‪C2 = 0.1 mol /L‬‬
‫‪. σ = 5 . 10-2 S/m : t=-‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪11 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫أ‪ -‬ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م أﺙ‪ NO‬ﻡ " ‪:‬‬

‫[‬ ‫] [ ]‬
‫• ‪ f = H 3O + f‬ـ ‪. CH 3COO‬‬
‫• ‪. [CH 3COOH ]f = C - [H 3O + ]f‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬أآ ‪ O‬رة ‪ λ( H3O+) 9 K [H3O+]f‬و )‪ λ(CH3COO-‬و ‪ . σ‬ﺙ‪ h‬أ !(@‬
‫[‬
‫‪H 3O + f‬‬ ‫]‬
‫= ‪ ، τ f‬ﺙ‪ 2( h‬أن ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪.τ f2 = 1.25 ,‬‬ ‫‪+‬ـ‪ -‬أﺙ‪ NO‬أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫دـ أ ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪ - K2 , ((D‬ه]ا ا ‪. . 4‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ﺥ‪6‬ل !(‪ h‬آ‪ .‬ﻡ‪: K2، K1، τf2 ، τf1 2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻡ ﺕ‪k‬ﺙ( ا اآ(* ا‪K‬ا‪  9(,‬ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ‪. K‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻡ ﺕ‪k‬ﺙ( ا اآ(* ا‪K‬ا‪ 9O  9(,‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪. τf ,‬‬
‫"‪λ( H3O+)= 35.9 .10-3 S.m2 .mol-1 , λ(CH3COO-)=4,1 .10-3 S.m2 .mol-1: A:‬‬
‫אو
‪

:‬‬
‫‪-1‬أ‪ -‬ﻡ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ا‪6K‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO + H3O‬‬
‫ب‪+ -‬ول ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪: ,‬‬
‫ا ‪C‬م ا  ‪9‬‬ ‫‪CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO- + H3O+‬‬
‫‪ x = 0‬اا‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪n0 = CV‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ا‪9( C‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪CV - x‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫@ ‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪CV – xf‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫‪n0(CH3COOH) = CV = 2.7 . 10-3 . 0.1 = 2.7 . 10-4 mol‬‬

‫‪ -‬ا ‪C‬م ا‪: xmax ~Q‬‬
‫‪ -‬إذا ا‪ O‬ا ‪ . 4‬ﺕ م ‪:‬‬
‫‪CV – xmax = 0 → xmax = CV = 2.7 . 10-4 mol‬‬
‫‪+‬ـ‪ -‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪: xf ,‬‬
‫‪PH = 3.7 → H 3O +‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪]f1 = 10-3.7 = 2.0 .10- 4 mol‬‬
‫ﻡ‪+ 2‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫‪n1f (H 3O + ) x f1‬‬
‫[‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫= ‪H 3O f1‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪→ x f1 = H 3O + f1.V1‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪x f1 = 2 . 10- 4 . 0.1 = 2 . 10-5 mol‬‬
‫‪ -‬ا =‪ 9O‬ا =@ ‪C 9(,‬م ‪: τf‬‬
‫‪xf‬‬
‫= ‪τf‬‬
‫‪x max‬‬
‫‪2 . 10-5‬‬
‫= ‪τ f1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.074‬‬ ‫)‪(7.4 %‬‬
‫‪2.7 . 10- 4‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪12 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫ا‪K‬ﺱ= ج ‪:‬‬
‫‪ e= ، τf < 1 : z6‬أن ا‪6‬ل 
ا‪ ?- S"/ 3"T‬ا ? ء ه?‪ /‬ﺕ?‪/‬ل ‪ ?(j‬ﺕ? م ‪ ،‬آ? أن ا‪ S?"/ 3"T‬ه?‪
? /‬‬
‫‪. L(:M‬‬
‫د‪ O -‬رة ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪: K , ((D‬‬
‫[‬ ‫[ ]‬
‫‪ f1‬ـ ‪H 3O + f1 CH 3COO‬‬ ‫]‬
‫= ‪K1‬‬
‫‪[CH3COOH]f1‬‬
‫إﺙ‪ O‬ت أن ‪: K = 1.6 . 10-5‬‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪▪ H 3O + f1 = 2 . 10- 4 mol/L‬‬
‫‪x f 1 2 .10-5‬‬
‫[‬
‫= ‪▪ CH 3COO f1‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫=‬ ‫]‬‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪= 2 .10- 4 mol/L‬‬

‫‪2.7 . 10- 4 - x f1 2.7 .10- 4 - 2 .10-5‬‬

‫= ‪▪ [CH 3COOH ]f1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.5 .10-3 mol/L‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪2 . 10 . 2 .10‬‬
‫= ‪K1‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪= 1.6 . 10-5‬‬
‫‪2.5 . 10‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪ f = H 3O +‬ـ ‪: CH 3COO‬‬ ‫[ ]‬ ‫‪-2‬أ‪ -‬إﺙ‪ O‬ت ‪]f‬‬
‫ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪n f ( H 3O +‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫[‬
‫= ‪▪ H 3O f‬‬‫‪+‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪→ H 3O + f = f‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫]‬
‫ـ‬
‫‪n (CH 3COO ) x f‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪▪ CH 3COO - f = f‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬

‫‪[CH3COO- ]f = [H3O+ ]f‬‬

‫‪: [CH 3COOH ]f = C - H 3O +‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫• إﺙ‪ O‬ت ‪]f‬‬

‫ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫‪xf‬‬
‫[‬
‫= ‪▪ H 3O + f‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n f (CH 3COOH ) CV - x f‬‬
‫= ‪▪ [CH 3COOH ]f‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪[CH3COOH]f = CV - x f‬‬
‫‪V V‬‬

‫‪[CH3COOH]f = C - [H3O+ ]f‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 13 : ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ 2015/04/20 : ‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ‬- (1) ‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬- ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬

: δ ، λ(CH3COO-) ، λ(H3O+) 9 K H 3O + [ ]f ‫ رة‬O -‫ب‬

[ ]
δ = λ(H 3O + ) H 3O + + λ (CH 3COO - ) CH 3COO ‫ـ‬ [ ]f
: ‫و ﺏ‬
[CH3COO- ]f = [H3O+ ]f
: qOX" E=‫وﻡ‬
[ ]
δ = λ(H 3O + ) H 3O + + λ(CH 3COO - ) H 3O + [ ]f
δ = ( λ(H 3O + ) + λ(CH 3COO - )) H 3O + [ ]f
δ
[H3O+ ]f =
λ (H3O + ) + λ(CH 3COO - )
5 .10- 2
[H3O ]f =+
-3 -3 = 1.25 mol/m3 = 1.25 .10-3 mol/L
35.9 . 10 + 4.1 .10

[H3O+ ]f
: τf = ‫ ت‬O‫ــ إﺙ‬+
C
: ="
xf
τf =
x max
: ‫م‬C ‫ول ا‬+  ‫ ا دا‬-
n f ( H 3O + ) x
[
▪ H 3O + ]f =
V
[
→ H 3O + f = f
V
] [
→ x f = H 3O + f V . ]
: C ‫ ﺱ‬+‫ن (‰ و‬/D" ‫ ا  م‬. 4 ‫ ر ا‬O  -
CV - xmax = 0 → xmax = CV
: τf ‫ رة‬O -
"/:  -
[H3O ]f .V +
τf =
CV

[H3O+ ]f
τf =
C

: τf2 9(!
-3
1.25 . 10
τ f2 = -1 = 1.25 . 10- 2 ( 1.25% )
10

‫ ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬: ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬ . ‫ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬، ‫ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪14 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫دـ ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪ - K2 , ((D‬ه]ا ا ‪: . 4‬‬

‫ "= ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ]f2‬ـ ‪[H3O+ ]f2 [CH3COO‬‬
‫= ‪K2‬‬
‫‪[CH3COOH]f2‬‬
‫ا دا  ﻡ ﺱ‪: ;O‬‬
‫‪[ ]f2 = 1.25 .10-3 mol/L‬‬
‫‪▪ H 3O +‬‬
‫‪▪ [CH 3COO - ]f = [H 3O + ]f = 1.25 . 10-3 mol/L‬‬
‫‪▪ [CH 3COOH ]f2 = C - [H 3O + ]f2 = 0.1 - 1.25 . 10-3 = 9.88 . 10- 2 mol/L‬‬
‫ ‪ O -
"/:‬رة ‪: t K2‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪1.25 . 10 . 1.25 . 10‬‬
‫= ‪K2‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪≈ 1.6 . 10-5‬‬
‫‪9.88 . 10‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺕ‪k‬ﺙ( ا اآ(* ا‪K‬ا‪ - 9(,‬ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ‪ K‬و ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪: τf 9(,‬‬
‫و‪ +‬ﺱ ‪: C‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪C1 = 2.7 . 10 mol/L → K1 = 1.6 . 10‬‬
‫‪C2 = 1.0 . 10-1 mol/L → K2 = 1.6 . 10-5‬‬
‫‪C2 > C1 → K1 = K2‬‬
‫ه]ا "‪ =:‬أن ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪  ;:" K , ((D‬اآ(* ا‪K‬ا‪= 9(,‬ﻡ ‪ K‬ﺕ‪ (b‬در‪ 9+‬ا ارة ‪.‬‬
‫و‪ +‬ﺱ ‪ C‬أ"[ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪C1 = 2.7 . 10 mol/L → τf1 = 7.4 %‬‬
‫‪C2 = 1.0 . 10-1 mol/L → τf2 = 1.25%‬‬
‫‪C2 > C1 → τf2 < τf1‬‬
‫ه]ا "‪ =:‬أن ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ ,‬ﺕ= !‪ p‬آ ازدادت ا اآ(* ا‪K‬ا‪. 9(,‬‬
‫אن
)‪:
(6‬‬

‫ "= ﻡ‪/‬ل = در ‪ V Et NH3‬و ﺕآ(*_ ‪ C‬ﻡ‪C‬را  ‪/‬ة )‪. (mol.L-1‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اآ ﻡ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ا ‪ . 4‬ا ‪ , ((D‬ا =]ج ‪/‬ل ا ‪ , ((D‬ا  ﺹ‪ 2( .‬ا = در و ا  ء ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬أ‪+ n‬و‪C K‬م ا ‪ . 4‬ا ‪ , ((D‬ا  ; ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م أﺙ‪ NO‬أن ‪:‬‬
‫] [‬
‫• ‪ f‬ـ ‪. [NH 4 + ]f = HO‬‬
‫• ‪ ]f‬ـ ‪. [NH 3 ]f = C - [HO‬‬
‫] ـ ‪[HO‬‬
‫= ‪. τf‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪σf‬‬
‫[‬
‫ـ ‪ .@" ) HO‬ا د ا ]اﺕ  ء( ‪.‬‬ ‫= ‪]f‬‬ ‫•‬
‫) ـ ‪λ ( NH 4 + ) + λ (HO‬‬
‫‪ - -4‬ا ر‪ =" 25°C 9+‬ﻡ‪/‬ل ﻡ ‪ = ,‬در ‪ NH3‬ﺕآ(*_ ا ‪ C = 10-2 mol/L  /‬و ذو ‪. pH = 10.6‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪15 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫أ‪ -‬أ ﺕاآ(* ا‪-Q‬اد ا ‪ 9(, ((D‬ا ‪/‬ا‪+‬ة ‪ -‬ا ‪/‬ل = وث ا ‪/‬ازن ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬أ ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ . τf ,‬ﻡ ذا ﺕ=‪  e‬أن ا = در ‪ O‬رة ‪ 2‬أﺱ س ‪.‬‬
‫אو
‪

:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻡ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ا ‪ . 4‬ا ‪: , ((D‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪NH3 + H2O = NH4 + HO‬‬
‫‪+ -2‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫ا ‪C‬م ا  ‪9‬‬ ‫= ‪NH3 + H2O‬‬ ‫‪NH4+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪HO-‬‬
‫‪ x = 0‬اا‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪n0b = CV‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ا‪9( C‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪CV - x‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫@ ‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪CV - xf‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫ـ ‪: [NH 4 + ]f = HO‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪ • -3‬إﺙ‪ O‬ت ‪]f‬‬

‫ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫ـ‬
‫‪n f (HO ) x f‬‬
‫[‬
‫= ‪ f‬ـ ‪▪ HO‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ f .V‬ـ ‪→ x f = HO‬‬‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪▪ [NH 4 + ]f‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪xf‬‬
‫=‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪ f .V‬ـ ‪HO‬‬
‫‪→ [NH 4 + ]f = HO -‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪]f‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ـ ‪: [NH 3 ]f = C - HO‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪]f‬‬ ‫• إﺙ‪ O‬ت‬
‫ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ) x f‬ـ ‪n f (HO‬‬
‫[‬
‫= ‪▪ HO f‬‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ f .V‬ـ ‪→ x f = HO‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫= ‪▪ [NH3 ]f‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫) ‪ f .V V ( C - HO- f‬ـ ‪CV - x f CV - HO‬‬ ‫[‬
‫ـ ‪→ [NH 3 ]f = C - HO‬‬
‫]‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪]f‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫‪: τf‬‬ ‫=‬

‫[‬‫] ـ ‪HO‬‬
‫• إﺙ‪ O‬ت‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫ "= ‪:‬‬
‫‪xf‬‬
‫= ‪τf‬‬
‫‪x max‬‬
‫ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ) x f‬ـ ‪n f (HO‬‬
‫‪[HO ]f‬‬ ‫ـ‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪ f .V‬ـ ‪→ x f = HO‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪4‬ض أن ا ‪ . 4‬ﺕ م "‪/D‬ن ‪:‬‬
‫‪CV - xmax = 0 → xmax = CV‬‬
‫ ‪ O -
"/:‬رة ‪: τf‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪16 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫‪τf‬‬ ‫=‬
‫[‬‫‪ ]f V‬ـ ‪HO‬‬
‫‪→ τf‬‬ ‫=‬
‫[‬‫‪ ]f‬ـ ‪HO‬‬
‫‪CV‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪σf‬‬
‫ـ ‪ ) HO‬ه ل ا د ا ]اﺕ  ء( ‪:‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫= ‪]f‬‬ ‫• إﺙ‪ O‬ت‬
‫) ـ ‪λ ( NH 4 + ) + λ (HO‬‬
‫ﻡ‪/‬ل ا = در "‪/‬ي  ا ‪/‬ارد ‪ 9- MT  HO- ، NH4+‬إ  ا ‪/‬راد ‪ H3O+‬ا  إه‪ O N‬إه ل ا ‪SD4‬‬
‫ا  ردي  ء ‪] ،‬ا "‪/D‬ن ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ f = λ (NH 4 + ) [NH 4 + ]f + λ(HO- ) HO - f‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫ا دا  ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ) x f‬ـ ‪n f (HO‬‬
‫[‬
‫= ‪▪ HO f‬‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ f .V‬ـ ‪→ x f = HO‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪▪ [NH 4 + ]f = f‬‬
‫ـ‬
‫‪HO f .V‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪→ [NH 4 + ]f = HO -‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪]f‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫و ﻡ=‪: qOX" E‬‬
‫[‬ ‫‪[ ]f‬‬
‫‪ f + λ(HO- ) HO -‬ـ ‪σ f = λ (NH 4 + ) HO‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪σf‬‬
‫= ‪ ]f‬ـ ‪σ f = ( λ(NH 4 + ) + λ(HO- ) ) [HO - ]f → [HO‬‬
‫) ـ ‪λ ( NH 4 + ) + λ (HO‬‬
‫‪-4‬أ‪ -‬ﺕاآ(* ا‪-Q‬اد ا ‪ 9(, ((D‬ا ‪/‬ا‪+‬ة ‪ -‬ا ‪/‬ل = وث ا ‪/‬ازن ‪:‬‬
‫ا‪-Q‬اد ‪ (j) NH3 ، NH4+ ، H3O+ ، HO- ، H2O :‬ﻡ=‪. (9‬‬
‫ا اآ(* ‪:‬‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪▪ pH = 10.6 → H 3O + = 10-10.6 = 2.5 . 10-11 mol/L‬‬
‫‪Ke‬‬ ‫‪10-14‬‬
‫[‬
‫= ‪▪ HO‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫[ ]‬
‫= ‪+‬‬
‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪-11 = 4 . 10 mol/L‬‬
‫]‬
‫‪H 3O‬‬ ‫‪2.5 . 10‬‬
‫ا‪#‬دا ‪ !"#‬ول ام و ﻡ  ‪:‬‬
‫‪▪ [NH 4‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪]f = [HO ]f = 4 .10‬‬
‫ـ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪mol / L‬‬
‫ـ ‪▪ [NH 3 ]f = C - HO‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪]f‬‬ ‫‪= 10- 2 - 4 . 10- 4 = 9.6 . 10-3 mol/L‬‬
‫ب‪ 9O -‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪: ,‬‬
‫ﻡ ﺱ‪ ;O‬و‪: +‬‬

‫‪τf‬‬ ‫=‬
‫[‬‫] ـ ‪HO‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪4 .10- 4‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫= ‪τf‬‬ ‫‪ 2 = 4 . 10‬ـ‬ ‫)‪( τ f = 4%‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ا‪K‬ﺱ= ج ‪:‬‬
‫‪ e= ، τf < 1 : z6‬أن ا‪6‬ل ا = در ‪ -‬ا  ء ه‪ /‬ﺕ‪/‬ل ‪ (j‬ﺕ م ‪ ،‬آ أن ا = در ه‪ /‬أﺱ س ‪. L(:M‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪17 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫‪
:‬ر‪!;<7= 89‬‬

‫אن
)‪/ D ) :
(7‬ر" ‪/ – 2008‬م ﺕ‪) ( 9(O"t‬ا ‪ .‬ا ‪ : .X4‬ﺕ"‪ 2‬ﻡ‪C‬ح ‪  06‬ا ‪(a!/‬‬

‫‪]= -‬ج ا ‪/‬ل ا ‪ , ((D‬ا ود 

ا‪
) S"/ 3"T‬ا ‪ (.‬ﻡ‪ a‬ا  ء ‪ . 4‬آ(( ‪ ,‬ﻡ‪ :‬د ‪: E‬‬
‫)‪CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) = CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq‬‬
‫‪ -1‬أ{ ﺕ‪
 4":‬و‪ 9"~ ;-‬و ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬أآ ا ‪) 2((, =3‬أﺱ س‪ (
 /‬ا اﺥ(‪ - 2‬ا ‪ . 4‬ا  ﺹ‪. .‬‬
‫‪ -3‬أآ ‪ O‬رة ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ‪ K‬ا ‪/‬ا‪ . 4 ;-‬ا ‪ , ((D‬ا  ; ‪.‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪ [ -II‬ﻡ‪ K/‬ﻡ ‪
 (,‬ا‪ ، V = 100 mL Et S"/ 3"T‬و ﺕآ(*_ ا ‪، C = 2.7 . 10 mol/L  /‬‬
‫و !(‪ 9‬ا ـ ‪ - E pH‬ا ر‪ 25°C 9+‬ﺕ وي ‪. 3.7‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﺱ=‪ e‬ا آ(* ا ‪  /‬ا =@ ‪/ ,‬ارد ا @(رو(‪/‬م ‪ -‬ﻡ‪/‬ل 
ا‪. S"/ 3"T‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ا‪+ n‬و‪C K‬م ا ‪ ، . 4‬ﺙ‪ h‬أ آ‪ 6‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ xf ,‬و ا ‪C‬م ا‪. xmax ~Q‬‬
‫‪ -3‬أ !(‪ 9‬ا =‪ 9O‬ا =@ ‪C (τf ) 9(,‬م ا ‪ . . 4‬ﻡ ذا ﺕ=‪ e‬؟‬
‫‪ -4‬أ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬ا آ(* ا ‪  /‬ا =@ ‪ .D ,‬ﻡ‪ (CH3COO ) 2‬و )‪. (CH3COOH‬‬
‫ب‪ ، (CH3COOH/CH3COO-) 9(, =3 pKa 9(! -‬و اﺱ=‪ e‬ا =‪/‬ع ا ‪ , ((D‬ا ‪ - b‬ا ‪/‬ل ا [ ‪.‬‬
‫ر أ‪. S +‬‬
‫و
‪:
./0‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪ ( 1-I‬ا 
ه‪ /‬آ‪?- .‬د آ((? ‪ ?()"*+ ,‬آ? ن أم ﺵ? رد" !? در إ ? إ‪ ?A‬ء وﺕ?‪/‬ن ه(?رو‪ H 2(+‬أو أآ‪ ?3‬ﺥ?‪6‬ل‬
‫ﺕ‪ . 4‬آ(( ‪. ,‬‬
‫[‬ ‫[]‬
‫‪ f H 3O + f‬ـ ‪CH 3COO‬‬ ‫]‬
‫=‪. K‬‬ ‫‪(3 ، (CH3COOH/CH3COO-) , (H3O+/H2O) (2‬‬
‫‪[CH3COOH]f‬‬
‫‪[H3O+ ]f = 2 .10-4 mol/L ( 1-II‬‬
‫‪+ -‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪ CH3COOH +‬ا ‪C‬م ا  ‪9‬‬ ‫‪H2O = CH3COO + H3O‬‬
‫‪ x = 0‬اا‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪2.7 . 10-4‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ا‪9( C‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2.7 . 10-4 – x‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫@ ‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪2.7 . 10-4 – xf‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫‪xf‬‬
‫‪= 0.074 (74%) ، xf = 2 . 10-5 mol‬‬
‫= ‪τf‬‬
‫‪x max‬‬
‫‪ e= ، τf < 1 (3‬أن ا‪6‬ل ‪ - CH3COOH‬ا  ء ‪ (j‬ﺕ م و أن ا 
‪. L(:M CH3COOH‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪ -4‬أ( ‪ f = 2 .10-4 mol/L‬ـ ‪[CH3COOH]f = 2.5 . 10-3 mol/L ، CH 3COO‬‬ ‫]‬
‫ب( ‪، pKa = 4.8 ، Ka = 1.6 . 10-5‬‬
‫‪ ، pH = 3.7 , pKa = 4.8 → pH < pKa‬إذن ا =‪/‬ع ا ‪ , ((D‬ا ‪ b‬ه‪ /‬ا 
‪. CH3COOH‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 18 : ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ 2015/04/20 : ‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ‬- (1) ‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬- ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬

(a!/ ‫  ا‬07 ‫ح‬C‫ ﻡ‬2"‫ ﺕ‬: .X4 ‫ ا‬. ‫( ت ( )ا‬M "‫ – ر‬2008 "‫ر‬/ D ) :
(8)
‫אن‬

g(C . C = 1.0 . 10-2 mol/L  / ‫ و ﺕآ(*_ ا‬V = 100 mL Et S"/ 3"T‫( 

ا‬, ‫ ﻡ‬K/‫ ﻡ‬O:
9t(= ‫ ا‬N D- k = 1.2 . 10-2 m E(‫ ﺥ‬N ‫ ﺙ‬، 9(! = ‫@ ز !( س ا‬t 25°C 9+‫ ا ر‬- ‫ل‬/ ‫ @]ا ا‬G 9(! = ‫ا‬
. G = 1.92 . 10-4 S
. ‫ل‬/ ‫ ا‬2‫ ﻡ‬V ht ‫ ا‬- 9= ‫ ا‬C= ‫ ا 
ا‬9‫ أ آ‬-1
. ‫ ا  ء‬- S"/ 3"T‫ل 
ا‬6K ‫ ا =]ج‬. 4 ‫ ا‬9 ‫ د‬:‫ أآ ﻡ‬-2
. V Et ‫ل و‬/ C *(‫ ا آ‬9 K E= O ‫ و‬xmax ~Q‫م ا‬C ‫ ف ا‬. . 4 ‫م ا‬C K‫و‬+ n‫ أ‬-3
: ‫ل‬/ σ 9(/= ‫ ا‬9(! = ‫ رة ا‬O {‫ أ( أ‬-4
. 9( k N 3 ‫ل و ا‬/ G 9(! = ‫ ا‬9 K -
+
[ + ]
9( / ‫ ا‬9(! = ‫ و ا‬λ(H3O ) 9"‫ ا  رد‬9( / ‫ ا‬9(! = ‫ و ا‬، H 3O ‫م‬/(‫ارد ا @(رو‬/  / ‫ ا آ(* ا‬9 K -
. (‫ ا د ا ]اﺕ  ء‬.@ ) λ(CH3COO-) 9"‫ا  رد‬
[
. λ(CH3COO-) ، λ(H3O+) ، k ، G 9 K ( ‫زان‬/ ‫ ا‬9  ) 9(, @= ‫ ا‬9  ‫ ا‬- H 3O + f ‫ رة‬O e=‫ب( اﺱ‬ ]
. E(! ‫أ‬
. ‫ل‬/ ‫ ا‬pH 9(! e=‫ـ( اﺱ‬+
[
‫ ﻡ ذا‬. ‫ل‬/ C *(‫ و ا آ‬H 3O + ]f 9 K (‫ازن‬/ ‫ ا‬9 ) 9(, @= ‫ ا‬9  ‫ ا‬- Qrf . 4 ‫ رة آ ا‬O +‫( أو‬5
‫ ؟‬9  ‫ ه]_ ا‬- Qrf .3"
. (CH3COOH/CH3COO-) 9(, =3 pka ‫( أ‬6
M(O) = 16 g/mol ، M(H) = 1 g/mol ، M(C) = 12 g/mol : A:"
+ 2 -1 - 2 -1 -14
λ(H3O ) = 35 mS.m .mol , λ(CH3COO ) = 4.1 mS.m .mol , Ke = 10
:
./0
‫و‬
. CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) = CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq) ، m = CVM = 0.06 g (1
: ‫م‬C ‫ول ا‬+ (3
9  ‫م ا‬C ‫ ا‬CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO- + H3O+
9(,‫ اا‬x = 0 n0 = CV ‫*" دة‬ 0 0
9( C‫ا‬ x CV – x ‫*" دة‬ x x
9(, @ xf CV – xf ‫*" دة‬ xf xf
. xmax = n0 = CV ، E( ‫ ا 
و‬9(‫ آ‬.‫ آ‬. 4‫ =ﻡ ﺕ‬x ‫م‬C ‫ ا‬9(! /‫ ه‬xmax ~Q‫م ا‬C ‫▪ ا‬
G
. σ = (λ (CH 3COO ‫ ) ـ‬+ λ (H3O + )) H 3O + ، σ =
K
[
(‫ أ‬- 4 ]
G
[
. pH = 3.4 ، H 3O + f = ] -
3 -4
+ = 0.4 mol/m = 4 . 10 mol/L (‫ب‬
K (λ (CH 3COO ) + λ(H 3O )
[H3O+ ]f 2
، Q rf = (5
C - [H 3O + ]f
. (CH3COOH/CH3COO-) 9(, =3 Ka 9M/ ‫ ا‬N ‫ ﺙ‬9  ‫ ه]_ ا‬- Qrf .3"
Ka = 1.66 . 10-5 → pKa ≈ 4.8 (6
‫ ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬: ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬ . ‫ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬، ‫ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪19 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫אن
)‪/ D ) :
(9‬ر" ‪/ - 2011‬م ﺕ‪) ( 9(O"t‬ا ‪ .‬ا ‪ : .X4‬ﺕ"‪ 2‬ﻡ‪C‬ح ‪  12‬ا ‪(a!/‬‬

‫ا‪6‬ل 
ا‪ - CH3COOH S"/ 3"T‬ا  ء ه‪ /‬ﺕ‪/‬ل آ(( ‪]=" ,‬ج  ‪ . 4‬ذي ا ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ا  (‪: 9‬‬
‫)‪CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) = CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq‬‬
‫‪ - g(C‬ا ر‪ 25°C 9+‬ا = !(‪ 9‬ا =‪/ 9(/‬ل ا ]ي ﺕآ(*_ ا ‪  /‬ا‪K‬ا‪t=- C0 = 1.0 . 10-2 mol.L-1 ,‬ه‬
‫‪. σ = 1.6 . 10-2 S.m-1‬‬
‫‪ -1‬د ا ‪ (, =3‬ت )أﺱ س‪ (
/‬ا  رآ‪ - 9‬ه]ا ا ‪/‬ل ‪.‬‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪ -2‬أآ ‪ O‬رة ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪ C0 9 K K , ((D‬و ‪. H 3O + (aq ) éq‬‬
‫‪ A:" -3‬ا ‪ .D‬ا ‪ :‬م ‪ O:‬رة ا = !(‪ 9‬ا =‪ - 9(/‬آ‪ 9 K 9~ .‬ا آ(* ا ‪  /‬و ا = !( ت ا =‪ 9(/‬ا ‪ 9( /‬ا  رد"‪9‬‬

‫] ‪∑ λi [x i‬‬
‫‪i=n‬‬
‫=‪. σ‬‬ ‫ ‪ L‬ا‪-Q‬اد ا ‪ 9(, ((D‬ا ‪/‬ا‪+‬ة ‪ -‬ا ‪/‬ل  ‪9b(X‬‬
‫‪i=l‬‬
‫اآ ا ‪ O:‬رة ا ‪ 9(! = 9(-‬ا =‪/ σ 9(/‬ل ا  ; ‪ .@") ،‬ا ‪ SD4‬ا ]اﺕ  ء ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬أ‪+ n‬و‪C K‬م ا ‪ . 4‬ا  دث ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬أ‪ -‬ا ا اآ(* ا ‪ L 9( /‬ا‪-Q‬اد ا ‪ 9(, ((D‬ا ‪/‬ا‪+‬ة ‪ -‬ا ‪/‬ل = ﺕ‪/‬ازن ا ‪ 9t‬ا ‪. 9(, ((D‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ا ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪. K , ((D‬‬
‫‪+‬ـ‪ 2( -‬ا =‪ 9O‬ا =@ ‪C 9(,‬م ‪ . τf‬ﻡ ذا ﺕ=‪ e‬؟‬
‫اﻝ‪-.‬ت ‪:‬‬
‫‪λ(H3O ) = 35.9 . 10 S.m .mol ; λ(CH3COO ) = 4.10 . 10 S.m .mol-1‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫و
‪:
./0‬‬
‫‪[H3O+ ]éq2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‪K‬‬ ‫‪، (CH3COOH/CH3COO-) ; (H3O+/H2O) (1‬‬
‫‪C0 - [H3O + ]éq‬‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪σ f = λ (CH 3COO - ) CH 3COO - f + λ (H3O + ) H 3O +‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪]f‬‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫‪+ (4‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫‪ CH3COOH +‬ا ‪C‬م ا  ‪9‬‬ ‫‪H2O = CH3COO- + H3O+‬‬
‫‪ x = 0‬اا‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪n0 = CV‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ا‪9( C‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪CV – x‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫@ ‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪CV – xf‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ]f = 4 .10-4 mol/L ، [H3O+ ]f = 4 .10-4 mol/L (5‬ـ ‪[CH3COO‬‬

‫‪ ، [CH 3COOH ]f = 9.6 .10-3 mol/L‬ب( ‪. K = 1.66 . 10-5‬‬
‫‪[H3O+ ]f‬‬
‫= ‪ e=? τf < 1 ، τ f‬أن ا ‪ .? 4‬ا =?]ج ‪6?K‬ل ا ?
‪?- CH3COOH‬‬ ‫‪+‬ـ( )‪= 0.04 (4%‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫ا  ء ‪ (j‬ﺕ م )ﻡود( و أن ا 
‪. L(:M CH3COOH‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪20 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫אن
)‪/ D ) :
(10‬ر" ‪ - 2012‬ر" ‪ (M‬ت ( )ا ‪ .‬ا ‪ : .X4‬ﺕ"‪ 2‬ﻡ‪C‬ح ‪  15‬ا ‪(a!/‬‬

‫‪ [ -1‬ﻡ‪ K/‬ﻡ ‪
 V = 200 mL Et S1 (,‬ا ‪*=O‬و"‪ C6H5COOH S‬آ(* ﻡ‪ /‬‬
‫‪ ، C1 = 1.00 . 10-2 mol.L-1‬ﺙ‪ pH g(C h‬ه]ا ا ‪/‬ل ‪. pH1 = 3.1 _t=-‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬اآ ﻡ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ﺕ‪
 . 4‬ا ‪*=O‬و"‪ S‬ﻡ‪ a‬ا  ء ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬أ‪+ n‬و‪C K‬م ا ‪. . 4‬‬
‫‪+‬ـ‪ -‬ا ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪]@ τ1f ,‬ا ا ‪ . . 4‬ﻡ ذا ﺕ=‪ e‬؟‬
‫د‪ -‬اآ ‪ O‬رة ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪. C6H5COOH(aq)/C6H5COO-(aq) 9(, =3 Ka1 9M/‬‬
‫‪τ1f2‬‬
‫‪ ، K a1 = C1‬ﺙ‪ h‬ا !(‪. E‬‬ ‫هـ‪ -‬أﺙ‪ NO‬أن ‪: 9!6:  A:" Ka1 :‬‬
‫‪1 - τ1f‬‬
‫‪k -2‬ﺥ] ‪ 20 mL t‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ا ‪/‬ل ‪ S1‬و د_ ‪ 10‬ﻡات   ء ‪  .X=-‬ﻡ‪/‬ل '‪
 S1‬ا ‪*=O‬و"‪ S‬آ(*‬
‫ﻡ‪ ، C1'  /‬ﺙ‪ pH g(C h‬ه]ا ا ‪/‬ل ‪. pH1' = 3.6 _t=-‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬أﺙ‪ NO‬أن ‪. C1' = 1.00 . 10-3 mol.L-1 :‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ا ا ‪ 9(C‬ا ‪"t‬ة =‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪
 . 4 τ2f ,‬ا ‪*=O‬و"‪ S‬ﻡ‪ a‬ا  ء ‪.‬‬
‫‪+‬ـ‪ -‬ﻡ ه‪ /‬ﺕ‪k‬ﺙ( ﺕ‪ L(4‬ا  (‪ 9O  .‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ ,‬؟‬
‫و
‪:
./0‬‬
‫‪ -1‬أ( )‪C6H5COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) = C6H5COO (aq) + H3O+(aq‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫ب( ‪+‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬

‫ا ‪C‬م ا  ‪9‬‬ ‫‪C6H5COOH + H2O = C6H5COO- + H3O+‬‬
‫‪ x = 0‬اا‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪n0 = C1V‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ا‪9( C‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪C1V – x‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫@ ‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪C1V – xf‬‬ ‫*" دة‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬
‫‪+‬ـ( )‪ e= τf < 1 ، τ f = = 0.08 (8%‬أن ا ‪ . 4‬ا  دث (‪
? 2‬ا ‪*=O‬و"?‪ S‬و ا ? ء ‪ ?(j‬ﺕ? م )ﻡ?ود(‬
‫آ أن 
ا ‪*=O‬و"‪. L(:M S‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪[C6H5COO- ]f [H3O + ]f‬‬
‫‪K a1 = 6.96 . 10‬‬ ‫= ‪ ، K a1‬هـ(‬ ‫د(‬
‫‪[C6H5COOH]f‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ب( )‪τ 2 f = = 0.25 (25%‬‬
‫‪+‬ـ( ‪ e= ، C1' < C1 → τ2f > τ1f‬أن ‪ 9O‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪ ,‬ﺕ*داد آ ﺥ‪ L4‬ا ‪/‬ل ‪.‬‬

‫אن
)‪) :
(11‬ا ‪ .‬ا ‪ : .X4‬ﺕ"‪ 2‬ﻡ‪C‬ح ‪  03‬ا ‪(a!/‬‬

‫"??? دراﺱ???‪ 9‬ا ‪ 0.1mol 2(??? .??? 4‬ﻡ???‪ 2‬ﺵ???‪/‬ارد ا‪/ ? ?3"T‬ات ‪ CH3COO-‬ﻡ???‪ 0.1mol a‬ﻡ???‪
??? 2‬ا (‪S???"/ 3‬‬
‫‪ HCOOH‬ا ]ي "‪ h‬و‪ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪: 9‬‬
‫)‪CH3COO (aq) + HCOOH(aq) = CH3COOH(aq) + HCOO-(aq‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻡ‪+ .3‬ول ا ‪C‬م @]ا ا ‪. . 4‬‬

‫‪ -2‬أو‪ 9(! +‬آ ا ‪ . 4‬ا‪K‬ا‪. Qri ,‬‬
‫‪ -3‬أو‪ O +‬رة آ ا ‪ 9" @ - . 4‬ا ‪ 9O 9 K . 4‬ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪. τf ,‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪21 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ - (1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ‪2015/04/20 :‬‬

‫‪  -4‬أن ﺙ ‪ N‬ا ‪/‬ازن ا ‪/‬ا‪ _]@ ;-‬ا ‪ :‬د ‪ 9‬ه‪ . K = 13 /‬اﺱ=‪: e‬‬
‫• ا =‪ 9O‬ا =@ "‪C 9‬م ا ‪. . 4‬‬
‫• ا ‪C‬م ا =@ ‪. ,‬‬
‫• ا آ( ا ‪ 9" @ = e"*  /‬ا ‪. . 4‬‬
‫و
‪:
./0‬‬
‫‪+ (1‬ول ا ‪C‬م ‪:‬‬
‫ا  ‪9‬‬ ‫‪ CH3COO- +HCOOH = CH3COOH + HCOO-‬ا ‪C‬م‬
‫اا‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪x=0‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ا‪9( C‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪0.1 – x‬‬ ‫‪0.1 – x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫@ ‪9(,‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪0.1 – xf‬‬ ‫‪0.1 – xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫‪τf 2‬‬
‫= ‪، xf = τf xmax = 0.078 mol ، τf = 0.78 (4 ، K‬‬ ‫‪(3 ، Qri = 0 (2‬‬
‫‪( 1 - τf )2‬‬
‫‪nf(CH3COO-) = nf(HCOOH) = 0.022 mol ، nf(CH3COOH) = nf(HCOO-) = 0.078 mol‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ – ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬