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09 Frost - Odt
09 Frost - Odt
09 Frost - Odt
Frost
2 Frost
2.1 Frost susceptibility
Soil types may be divided into four classes according to their load-bearing capacity during the
spring thaw period:
T1 Non frost-susceptible
T2 Slightly frost-susceptible
T3 Averagely frost-susceptible
T4 Very frost-susceptible
Mal:Textbook material
Soils used in the frost zone must be of the type 'Non-frost- susceptible'. Frost susceptibility is
assessed based on the material's grain uniformity. (Refer to Table 1.).
The frost criteria may be expressed thus: 'For a material to be non-frost-susceptible, the mass
percentage of the material < 0.02 mm must not be greater than 3% based on material that passes
through a 19 mm strainer'.
Peat Marshy ground
Tabell 1: Frost susceptibility classification
Mass percentage (of material < 19.0 mm)
Frost < 0.02 < 0.2
Designation Soil examples
class mm mm
Sand
Gravel
Non-frost-susceptible T1 ≤ 3 %
Sand
Slightly frost- >3-≤ Gravel
T2
Moraine (sandy, susceptible 12 %
gravelly)
Sand
Averagely frost- Moraine (clayey)
T3 > 12 % < 50 %
susceptible Clay with more than
40% < 0.002 mm
Very frost-susceptible T4 > 12 % > 50 % Clay with less than
40% < 0.002 mm
Silt
Moraine (silty)
Figur 1: Examples of grain size distribution curves for soils within the various frost groups
3.2.4.1 Materials
Requirements for materials are as specified for lightweight aggregate and foam glass in
Underbygning/Prosjektering_og_bygging/Stabilitet. Table 2 contains an example of thermal
conductivity parameters for dry lightweight aggregate. Table 3 contains an example of thermal
conductivity parameters for dry foam glass. Thermal conductivity that is more beneficial than that
stipulated in the design value must not be used.
Tabell 2: Material requirements, lightweight aggregate
Density, dry Thermal conductivity, dry (at
Material Comments
(kg/m3) -5°C) (W/mK)
Lightweight
Max. 400 0.12 (Design value 0.15) Ext. grading 0–32 mm
aggregate
Foam glass || Max. 300 || 0.11 (Design value 0.15) || Ext. grading 10–50/60 mm
Tabell 3: Material requirements, foam glass
Density, dry Thermal conductivity, dry (at -5°C)
Material Comments
(kg/m3) (W/mK)
3.2.4.2 Implementation
Layers of lightweight aggregate or foam glass for frost insulation are distributed on the formation.
The requirements for the implementation of frost protection layers with these materials are
equivalent to the requirements for embankments comprising the same materials, refer to
Underbygning/Prosjektering_og_bygging/Stabilitet.
3.2.4.3 Inspection
Inspection is generally the same as for embankments of lightweight aggregate or foam glass, refer
to Underbygning/Prosjektering_og_bygging/Stabilitet. In addition:
• the layer thickness must be inspected with particular care
• the distribution of rock material on top of the light backfill must be undertaken with care in
order to avoid deformations and larger rocks penetrating the insulation layer.
3.2.5.1 Implementation
The boards must be protected against mechanical damage from gravel/stones. This is achieved with
fine gravel or sand/gravel to a thickness of 5–10 cm, including the underside if stones are used
beneath the boards. The boards must be laid close together, and without any gaps between them.
The exception to this are the wedge sides at each end of an insulated section. For the design of the
required gravel layer thickness beneath the insulation (XPS), refer to
Underbygning/Vedlikehold/Banelegeme/vedlegg 6.a.
3.2.6 Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is primarily used for stabilisation purposes. Also refer to
Underbygning/Prosjektering og bygging/Stabilitet. In such cases, the EPS slabs will also form part
of the frost protection layer. The thickness of the EPS layer will then normally be a minimum of one
slab thickness, i.e. 0.5 m and further frost protection layers are therefore usually unnecessary.
4 Frost dimensioning
The frost protection layer must be designed according to local frost levels measured in freezing
degree hours. The rationale for the choice of design frost level is that, statistically, no more than one
total freezing of the substructure, resulting in a suspension of service, will occur in a 100 year
period.
Definition of frost level F10, F20 and F100
• F100 is frost level taken from Figure 2
• F20 = 0.85 · F100
• F10 = 0.75 · F100
• Drainage
• Cross-section design
• Layer thickness
• Sealing ditch slopes
• Cutting depth
• Subsoil
• Water channels
• Underpasses
• Culverts
||
• Dry bulk density and porosity depending on:
• grading:
• dmaks
• fines content
• open/sealed structure
• degree of compaction:
• compaction work
• thickness upon distribution
• Water content
• Rock type
|}
A number of factors, such as annual average temperature and frost level, may be measured and
quantified even though these factors may also vary significantly over a given section of line. Other
factors, such as dry bulk density and maximum grain size, will be dependent on implementation and
inspection, dmax. Certain factors have major annual variations.
4.3.1.4 The relationship between air temperature and temperature on the surface of the
embankment during the summer
The surface temperature will usually be the same, or lower than the air temperature, as opposed to
what is found on an asphalted road surface. During the winter, as a result of radiation emitted, the
surface temperature will be lower than the air temperature.
4.3.1.5 Dry bulk density of rock material in the reinforcing layer and frost protection layer
High dry bulk density and low porosity in the rock material increases the thermal conductivity.
Based on the thermal conductivity alone, the frost penetration should increase with an increase in
dry bulk density. Rock material with high dry bulk density, however, is more well graded and
usually contains significantly more fines than porous rock material. Dense rock material therefore
has a greater capacity to retain moisture. Well graded materials are also beneficial in terms of
avoiding internal air convection. Thus, on the whole, dense rock material with a high fines content
is best suited as a frost protection material. Table 7 shows the suitability of blasted rock as a frost
protection material.
Tabell 7: Blasted rock as a frost protection layer in railway installations. Suitability depends on
grain composition
Structure Fines content/moisture
High fines content/earth-
Grading/porosity Grain size Low fines content/dry moist (but not frost-
susceptible)
fine blasted very suitable very suitable
densely graded/low porosity
coarse blasted suitable very suitable
fine blasted unsuitable suitable
open graded/high porosity
coarse blasted unsuitable unsuitable
Reference is made to 'Frost action in ground' no. 17 for estimating climatic loads. In respect of frost
dimensioning of railways, the winter surface temperature is calculated based on the method
stipulated for asphalted roads. The summer surface temperature is calculated based on the air
temperature during an ordinary summer.
The insulating effect of snow layers is not taken into account when frost dimensioning.
It must always be assumed that the formation has been drained when frost dimensioning.
In the case of a single-track line, the width of the frost protection layer at the top must be at least 5.0
m. In the case of a double-track line, or a line comprising several tracks, the frost protection layer
must be at least 2.5 m on either side of the centre of the track.
Figur 3: Design curves of total thickness, z, of reinforcing layer and frost protection layer of gravel
Figure 4 shows design curves for a frost protection layer of gravel, based on the assumption that a
700 mm reinforcing layer of blasted rock will also be used.
Figur 4: Design curves for frost protection layer of gravel, in addition to 700 mm reinforcing layer
of blasted rock
Still, there is no doubt that the use of blasted rock for frost protection engenders a greater degree of
uncertainty than alternative solutions using gravel, insulation products or a heat-accumulating
bottom layer. The following factors have not been included in the design curve:
• 'stone cavities' as a result of separation through improper laying or single graded materials
• large stones (may create thermal bridges throughout the embankment)
• internal convection as a consequence of open structures in the blasted rock material (the
requirements for the use of well graded materials in avsnitt 3.2.2 will, however, take this
effect into account)
If particularly favourable materials are used, the layer thickness may be calculated separately. If
particularly unfavourable materials are used, the layer thickness must be calculated separately.
Ensuring a high degree of moisture at the base of a frost foundation of blasted rock will improve
frost resistance. This may be achieved, for example, by adding a gravel bed or filter layer of sand.
Figur 5: Design curve of total thickness of reinforcing layer and frost protection layer of blasted
rock
5 Frost protection in special conditions
6 Rock cutting
Generally, deep blasting in rock cuttings should be performed to the same depth as spoil extraction
from adjacent earth cuttings. Because frost propagates faster and deeper in rock than in
uncompacted materials, a wedge with non-frost-susceptible materials must be included over a
specified length closest to the rock cutting, as shown in Figure 6. The depth must be set to 0.5 · Z,
where Z represents the thickness of the reinforcing layer and frost protection layer. The length of
the wedge is normally set to 10 · Z.
Z (m) equals the total thickness of the reinforcing layer and the frost protection layer in accordance
with avsnitt 4.
Figur 7: Frost protection of water channels