THEORY OF STRUCTURE

(BEAMS IN LONG SPAN STRUCTURE)

PRASHANT.H.PAL
SEM 9 TH
COLLEGE: I.I.A
 LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION:

LONG SPAN STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED WHEN THE SPAN IS MORE THAN ( 20M) AND
LONG SPAN STRUCTURES ARE TODAY WIDELY APPLIED MAINLY FOR
SPORT BUILDINGS AS STADIUM, SPORT HALLS, SWIMMING POOLS, ICE TRACKS AND
SKATING RINKS AND INDOOR ATHLETICS. THERE IS A WIDE RANGE OF
DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR LONG SPAN SHEDS. STEEL IS BY FAR THE MOST
COMMON STRUCTURAL MATERIAL USED IN THEIR CONSTRUCTION.  STEEL IN QUICK
SUCCESSION PROVIDED THE MEANS TO BUILD LONGER AND LARGER STRUCTURES. LONG-
SPAN BUILDINGS CREATE UNOBSTRUCTED, COLUMN-FREE SPACES GREATER THAN 30
METRES (100 FEET) FOR A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS. 

LONG SPAN STRUCTURE CAN BE DESIGNED:

 BEAMS
 TRUSS
 ROOF

TYPES OF BEAMS USED IN LONG SPAN STRUCTURES:

 PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH.
 COMPOSITE BEAM WITH WEB OPENING.
 CELLULAR COMPOSITION BEAM.
 TAPERED GIRDER BEAM.
 HAUNCHED COMPOSITION BEAM.

PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH:

  PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH THE PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH IS EFFECTIVE FOR
SPANS UP TO AROUND 14 M.
 FLOOR GRIDS COMPRISE TWO LAYERS OF FULLY CONTINUOUS BEAMS RUNNING IN
ORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS.
 SERVICES RUNNING IN EITHER DIRECTION CAN BE INTEGRATED WITHIN THESE
TWO LAYERS, SO THAT SERVICES PASSING IN ANY DIRECTION CAN BE
ACCOMMODATED WITHIN THE STRUCTURAL FLOOR DEPTH.
 NOT CAPABLE OF HEAVY LOAD MOSTLY USED FOR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES.

COMPOSITE BEAM WITH WEB OPENING:

 COMPOSITE BEAM WITH WEB OPENINGS WEB OPENINGS ARE TYPICALLY FORMED
IN BEAMS TO ALLOW SERVICES TO PASS THROUGH THE BEAM.
 REDUCING THE EFFECTIVE OVERALL DEPTH OF FLOOR CONSTRUCTION FOR A
GIVEN SPANNING CAPABILITY OR FOR AESTHETIC REASONS.
 SPAN SIZE IS MORE THAN 25M.
 VARIATION IN WIDTH IN BEAMS IS POSSIBLE.

CELLULAR COMPOSITION BEAM:

 CELLULAR BEAMS ARE A FORM OF BEAM WITH MULTIPLE REGULAR WEB
OPENINGS , FORMED BY SPLITTING TWO ROLLED SECTIONS LONGITUDINALLY, TO
FORM TWO TEE SECTIONS
  THE TWO TEES, WHICH MAY NOT COME FROM THE SAME DONOR SECTION (AS
DISCUSSED BELOW) ARE THEN WELDED TOGETHER TO FORM AN I-SECTION WITH
WEB OPENINGS WHICH HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC SHAPE (NORMALLY, BUT NOT
NECESSARILY, CIRCULAR).
 ALTHOUGH CELLULAR BEAMS HAVE REGULAR OPENINGS, SOME OF THESE MAY BE
INFILLED, AND/OR STIFFENING ADDED TO ACCOMMODATE LOCAL FEATURES SUCH
AS INCOMING BEAMS OR HEAVY POINT LOADS.
 DOUBLE (OVAL) OPENINGS MAY ALSO BE INCLUDED TO FACILITATE THE PASSAGE
OF LARGER SERVICE DUCTS. 
 MOSTLY USED IN RAILWAY STATIONS, SUBWAYS, ETC.

TAPERED GIRDER BEAM:

 TAPERED BEAM FRAMING IS A RIGID FRAME CONSISTING OF STRAIGHT COLUMNS
AND TAPERED BEAM RAFTERS. IT IS THE PRIMARY FRAME OR MAIN SUPPORT
STRUCTURE FOR A BUILDING. A TAPERED STEEL BEAM IS A BUILT UP I-BEAM THAT
 IS WIDER AT ONE END THAN THE OTHER, GIVING A TAPERED APPEARANCE TO THE
MEMBER. 
 TAPERED GIRDERS CAN BE A COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION IN THE SPAN RANGE 15 M
TO 20 M.
 THEY ARE ANOTHER SOLUTION THAT ALLOWS SERVICES TO BE ACCOMMODATED
WITHIN THE STRUCTURAL FLOOR ZONE.

HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAM:

 ONE OF THE BEAM WHICH CAN CARRY HEAVY SPAN LOADS.
 SPAN RANGING FROM 30M - 50M.
 HAUNCHES MAY BE ADDED AT THE ENDS OF A COMPOSITE BEAM TO PROVIDE
MOMENT CONTINUITY.
 THE STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OF THE CONNECTIONS MEAN THAT THE REST OF
THE SPAN CAN BE SHALLOWER (THE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM IS 'LIFTED' AND
THE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS OF THE BEAM SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED), AND
SERVICES PASSED UNDER IT. IN BUILDINGS WHERE THE SERVICES ARE LIKELY TO
NEED FREQUENT REPLACEMENT (FOR EXAMPLE IN HOSPITALS).
 HANGING THE SERVICES UNDER THE BEAMS RATHER THAN PASSING THEM
THROUGH HOLES IN THE WEBS, OR THROUGH A TRUSS, CAN BE ADVANTAGEOUS.