THEORY OF STRUCTURE

(LONG SPAN TRUSSES)

PRASHANT PAL
SEM: 9TH
COLLEGE: IIA
LONG SPAN TRUSSES

 A TRUSS IS A TRIANGULATED SYSTEM OF MEMBERS THAT ARE STRUCTURED AND

CONNECTED IN A WAY SUCH THAT THEY ONLY INCUR AXIAL FORCE. THESE
MEMBERS ARE CONSIDERED TWO-FORCE MEMBERS AS THE FORCES ARE ONLY
APPLIED AT EITHER END OF THE MEMBER, RESULTING IN EITHER A COMPRESSION
OR TENSION FORCE. THEY ARE COMMONLY USED AS BRIDGE DESIGNS, GIVEN THEIR
ABILITY TO EFFICIENTLY SPAN LONG DISTANCES. 

 ONLY 10% TRUSSES USED FOR LOAD BEARING WHILE THE REST IS USED FOR
COVERING PURPOSE.
 SPAN RANGES FOR LOAD BEARING: 20M-100M
 COVERING : 100M+

LONG SPAN TRUSSES ARE MOSTLY USED IN:

 AIRPORT TERMINALS,
 AIRCRAFT HANGERS,
 STADIUM ROOFS,
 AUDITORIUMS AND OTHER LEISURE BUILDINGS.

TYPES OF LONG SPAN TRUSSES

 KING POST TRUSS.

 QUEEN POST TRUSS.
 FINK TRUSS.
 DOUBLE PITCH TRUSS.
 MONO PITCH TRUSS.
 VAULTED TRUSS.
KING POST TRUSS:

 TYPICALLY MADE FROM TIMBER, AND SPANNING UP TO 8M,

KING POST TRUSSES ARE COMMONLY USED IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF DOMESTIC ROOFS. THEY TAKE THE FORM OF A SIMPLE
TRIANGLE, WITH A VERTICAL MEMBER BETWEEN THE APEX AND THE BOTTOM
CHORD.
 USED FOR SHORT SPAN.
 NOT MOST COMMONLY USED.

QUEEN POST TRUSS:

 SIMILAR TO THE KING POST TRUSS, BUT WITH DIAGONAL MEMBERS BETWEEN
THE CENTRE OF THE BOTTOM CHORD AND EACH OF THE INCLINED TOP
CHORDS.
 QUEEN POST TRUSSES CAN SPAN 10M.
 NOT COMMONLY USED.
FINK TRUSS:

 A FINK ROOF TRUSS IS TRADITIONALLY THE MOST COMMONLY USED TRUSS

TYPE, PROVIDING A SIMPLE, ADAPTABLE AND COST EFFICIENT ROOFING
SOLUTION.
 THE “FINK” IS A BASIC WEBBED TRUSS DESIGN THAT PROVIDES THE MOST
ECONOMICAL ROOF SOLUTION.
 THE WEB MEMBERS FORM A ‘W’ TO PROVIDE A HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURE
WITH GOOD LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY. THE ROOF LOAD IS TRANSMITTED
ENTIRELY TO SUPPORT ON THE WALLPLATES.
 MORE LOAD BEARING COMPARED TO KING POST AND QUEEN POST.

MONO PITCH TRUSS:

 A MONO-PITCHED ROOF IS A SINGLE-SLOPING ROOF SURFACE, OFTEN NOT

ATTACHED TO ANOTHER ROOF SURFACE. 
 MONO-PITCHED ROOFS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED A SHED ROOF, LEAN-TO ROOF,
OR SKILLION ROOF. THIS IS IN CONTRAST TO A DUAL-PITCHED ROOF, ALSO
KNOWN AS A GABLED ROOF, WHICH IS PITCHED IN TWO DIFFERENT
DIRECTIONS.
 USED IN WAREHOUSE, ETC.
VAULTED TRUSS:

 SCISSOR ROOF TRUSS CAN PARTICULARLY BE FOUND IN CATHEDRALS.

 THE UPSIDE HERE IS THAT THE CEILING GETS VAULTED AND YOU RECEIVE
MORE SPACE IN THE ATTIC.
 SCISSORS TRUSSES ARE USED ALMOST ENTIRELY IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
TO SUPPORT A PITCHED ROOF, WHERE A SLOPING OR RAISED CEILING
SURFACE IS DESIRED.

VAULTED MONO TRUSS:

 MONO AND VAULTED MONO TRUSSES ARE ONLY SLOPED IN ONE DIRECTION.
 THESE TYPES OF TRUSSES ARE OFTEN USED TO CREATE MULTILEVEL ROOF
LINES OR CONSTRUCT ADDITIONS TO AN EXISTING BUILDING.
 SPAN RANGE: 15M-25M.
ARRANGEMENT OF STEEL TRUSSES

 SPACE TRUSSES AND DIAGRIDS HAVE BEEN USED TO FORM TWO-WAY

SPANNING ROOFS BUT THE MOST COMMON ARRANGEMENT OF TRUSS ROOF
CONSTRUCTION USES ONE-WAY SPANNING ELEMENTS.
 A COMMON FORM OF TRUSS IS THE PRATT TRUSS (OR N FRAME) WITH
VERTICAL SHEAR ELEMENTS IN COMPRESSION AND DIAGONAL SHEAR
ELEMENTS IN TENSION.

 ANOTHER IS THE WARREN TRUSS WITH ALL SHEAR ELEMENTS INCLINED AT

THE SAME ANGLE TO THE HORIZONTAL IN ALTERNATING TENSION AND
COMPRESSION FROM THE SUPPORT TO MID-SPAN OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SPAN.
TYPES OF STEEL TRUSSES

 WARREN TRUSS,
 NORTH LIGHT TRUSS,
 SAW TOOTH TRUSS,
 FINK TRUSS.

WARREN TRUSS:

 IN THIS TYPE OF TRUSS, DIAGONAL MEMBERS ARE ALTERNATIVELY IN

TENSION AND IN COMPRESSION.
 THE WARREN TRUSS HAS EQUAL LENGTH COMPRESSION AND TENSION WEB
MEMBERS.
 A MODIFIED WARREN TRUSS MAY BE ADOPTED WHERE ADDITIONAL MEMBERS
ARE INTRODUCED TO PROVIDE A NODE AT (FOR EXAMPLE) PURLIN LOCATIONS.
 WARREN TRUSSES ARE COMMONLY USED IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS.
 RANGING FROM 20 TO 100 M IN SPAN.
 THIS TYPE OF TRUSS IS ALSO USED FOR THE HORIZONTAL TRUSS OF
GANTRY/CRANE GIRDERS.

NORTH LIGHT TRUSS:

  NORTH LIGHT TRUSSES ARE TRADITIONALLY USED FOR SHORT SPANS IN
INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP-TYPE BUILDINGS.
 THEY ALLOW MAXIMUM BENEFIT TO BE GAINED FROM NATURAL LIGHTING BY
THE USE OF GLAZING ON THE STEEPER PITCH WHICH GENERALLY FACES
NORTH OR NORTH-EAST TO REDUCE SOLAR GAIN.  
 ALTHOUGH NORTH LIGHTS REDUCE THE REQUIREMENT FOR ARTIFICIAL
LIGHTING AND CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF OVERHEATING.
 BY INCREASING THE VOLUME OF THE BUILDING THEY CAN ALSO INCREASE
THE DEMAND FOR SPACE HEATING.
 RANGE FOR SHORT SPAN MAX 120M.
 RANGE FOR LONG SPAN MAX 200M+

SAW TOOTH TRUSS:

 A VARIATION OF THE NORTH LIGHT TRUSS IS THE SAW-TOOTH TRUSS WHICH IS

USED IN MULTI-BAY BUILDINGS.
  SIMILAR TO THE NORTH LIGHT TRUSS, IT IS TYPICAL TO INCLUDE A TRUSS OF THE
VERTICAL FACE RUNNING PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE OF THE SAW-TOOTH
TRUSS.

FINK TRUSS:

 THE FINK TRUSS OFFERS ECONOMY IN TERMS OF STEEL WEIGHT FOR SHORT-
SPAN HIGH-PITCHED ROOFS AS THE MEMBERS ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO SHORTER
 ELEMENTS. THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF ARRANGING AND SUBDIVIDING THE
CHORDS AND INTERNAL MEMBERS.
 THIS TYPE OF TRUSS IS COMMONLY USED TO CONSTRUCT ROOFS IN HOUSES.

TYPES OF VIBRATION BEHAVIOUR IN STEEL STRUCTURE

 DESIRABLE MODE
  UNDESIRABLE MODE

DESIRABLE MODE:

 HORIZONTAL CRACKING.
 TENSION FAILURE.

UNDESIRABLE MODE:
 CRUSHING FAILURE
 OVER TURNING FAILURE
 SLIDING FAILURE
 SHEAR FAILURE