Experiment name: Verification of Sampling Theorem.

Objective: The objective of this Lab is to understand concepts and observe the effects of
periodically sampling a continuous signal at different sampling rates, changing the sampling
rate of a sampled signal, aliasing, and anti-aliasing filters

Theory: An important issue in sampling is the determination of the sampling frequency. We

want to minimize the sampling frequency to reduce the data size, thereby lowering the
computational complexity in data processing and the costs for data storage and transmission.

Sampling Theorem:
The uniform sampling theorem states that a bandlimited signal having no spectral
components above fm herz can be determined uniquely by values sampled at uniform
intervals of :
Ts≤

The upper limit on Ts can be expressed in terms of sampling rate, denoted fs=1/Ts. The
restriction, stated in term of the sampling rate, is known as the Nyquist criterion. The
statement is:
fs≥2fmax

The sampling rate fs=2fmax is also called Nyquist rate .The allow Nyquist criterion is a
theoretically sufficient condition to allow an analog signal to be reconstructed completely
from a set of a uniformly spaced discrete-time samples.

Aliasing: If fs does not satisfy the Nyquist rate, fs>2fmax , the different components of Xs(f)
overlap and will not be able to recover x(t) exactly. This is referred to as aliasing in frequency
domain.

4 Submitted By : SHOVAN DHAR ID:182000320e

Matlab Coding:

T=0.04; % time period of a 50 Hz signal

t=0:0.0005:0.02;
xa_t=sin(2*pi*2*t/T);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(200*t,xa_t);
title('Continuous signal');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');

ts1=0.002; %>nyquist rate(500Hz)

n=0:20;
x_ts1=2*sin(2*pi*n*ts1/T);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,x_ts1);
title('greater than Nq');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');

ts2=0.01;%=nyquist rate (100 Hz)

n=0:4;
x_ts2=2*sin(2*pi*n*ts2/T);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,x_ts2);
title('Equal to Nq');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');

ts3=0.1; %<nyquist rate(10Hz)

n=0:10;
x_ts3=2*sin(2*pi*n*ts3/T);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n,x_ts3);
title('less than Nq');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');

Conclusion: By this experiment we can see that, to avoid aliasing we need to take sample
rate greater or greater equal of 2 multiple of highest frequency.

4 Submitted By : SHOVAN DHAR ID:182000320e