Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHY 525. Introduction To Solid State Physics II Final Examination
PHY 525. Introduction To Solid State Physics II Final Examination
1. (25 points)
Consider a two dimensional square lattice of lattice parameter a. Each site
provides two conducting electrons.
(a) Determine kF in terms of a. Under free electron model, at what value of ky
will the Fermi sphere cross the boundary at x=π/a?
(b) The electrons are actually only nearly free and a gap of 2U=0.1EF opens up at
the Brillouin zone boundary. At what value of ky will the Fermi surface in the
first Brillouin zone cross the boundary at x=π/a? How about the second
Brillouin zone?
You can express your answers in unit of π/a.
Solutions:
πk F
2 2
k N 2
(a ) 2 × =N ⇒ F = 2 = 2
⎛ 2π ⎞
2
2π L a
⎜ ⎟
⎝ L⎠
4π
⇒ kF =
2
a2
4π 3.54 π
⇒ kF = = = 1.128
a a a
⎛π⎞ π⎞
2 2
⎛
The sphere will cross the zone boundary at a value of k y so that ⎜ ⎟ + k y = k F = ⎜1.128 ⎟
2 2
⎝a⎠ ⎝ a⎠
⎛π⎞
2
⇒ k y = 0.2732⎜ ⎟
2
⎝a⎠
π
⇒ k y = 0.523
a
π⎞
2 2
h2k F h2 ⎛
(b) The Fermi energy is = ⎜1.128 ⎟
2m 2m ⎝ a⎠
If the Fermi surface in the first Brillouin zone cross the zone boundary at k y
h 2 ⎡⎛ π ⎞ ⎤ h2k F2 π⎞
2 2 2 2
⎛ 0 .1 ⎞ h k F h2 ⎛
2
h2k F
∴ ⎢⎜ ⎟ + k y ⎥ = + U = ⎜1 + ⎟ = 1.05 = 1.05 × ⎜1.128 ⎟
2
2m ⎣⎢⎝ a ⎠ ⎦⎥ 2m ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2m 2m 2m ⎝ a⎠
⎛π⎞ π⎞ ⎛π⎞
2 2 2
⎛
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ + k y = 1.05 × ⎜1.128 ⎟ = 1.336⎜ ⎟
2
⎝a⎠ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝a⎠
⎛π⎞ π
2
⇒ ky = 0.336⎜ ⎟ ⇒ k y = 0.580
2
⎝a⎠ a
If the Fermi surface in the second Brillouin zone cross the zone boundary at k y
h 2 ⎡⎛ π ⎞ ⎤ h2k F2 π⎞
2 2 2 2
⎛ 0 .1 ⎞ h k F h2 ⎛
2
h 2k F
∴ ⎢⎜ ⎟ + k y ⎥ = − U = ⎜1 − ⎟ = 0.95 = 0.95 × ⎜1.128 ⎟
2
2m ⎢⎣⎝ a ⎠ ⎥⎦ 2m ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2m 2m 2m ⎝ a⎠
⎛π⎞ π⎞ ⎛π⎞
2 2 2
⎛
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ + k y = 0.95 × ⎜1.128 ⎟ = 1.2088⎜ ⎟
2
⎝a⎠ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝a⎠
⎛π⎞ π
2
⇒ ky = 0.2088⎜ ⎟ ⇒ k y = 0.457
2
⎝a⎠ a
2. (25 points)
(a) Apply the Hund rules to find the ground state of an ion that has an outer
shell of 3d3. Write your answer in atomic notation.
(b) Let the magnetic moment of the above ion be µ. Find the magnetization
as a function of magnetic field and temperature for a system formed by
these ions with a concentration of n.
(c) Find the magnetization in the limit of µB<<kBT.
Solutions:
(a)
Lz: 2 1 0 -1 -2
S = 3/2
L=3
J=|L-S| =3/2
The ground state is 4F3/2.
(b)
If S = 1, S z = −1, 0, or + 1. In a magnetic field B, the energy level of these three states are :
⎧U +3 / 2 = − 32 µB
⎪
v v ⎪U = − 12 µB
U = - µ ⋅ B = S z gµ B B = ⎨ +1 / 2
⎪ U −1 / 2 = 2 µB
1
⎪ U −3 / 2 = 3 µB
⎩ 2
(a)
⎧BA = Ba - µM B - εM A
⎨B = B - µM - εM
⎩ B a A B
⎧ MAT
⎪ C = Ba - µM B - εM A C M
⇒ ⎨ M T (Curie law ⇒ χ = ;B = )
⎪ B
= Ba - µM A - εM B T χ
⎩ C
⎧ ⎛T ⎞
⎪⎪ ⎜⎝ C + ε⎟⎠ M A + µM B = Ba
⇒ ⎨ - - - (1)
⎪ µM A + ⎛⎜ + ε⎞⎟ = Ba
T
⎪⎩ ⎝C ⎠
⎧ ⎛T ⎞
⎪⎪ ⎜⎝ C + ε⎟⎠ M A + µM B = Ba
⇒ ⎨
⎪ µM A + ⎛⎜ + ε⎞⎟ M B = Ba
T
⎪⎩ ⎝C ⎠
2
⎛T ⎞ ⎡⎛ T ⎞ ⎤
⇒ ⎜ + ε⎟ M A − µ 2 M A = ⎢⎜ + ε⎟ − µ ⎥ Ba
⎝C ⎠ ⎣⎝ C ⎠ ⎦
⎛T ⎞
⎜ + ε⎟ − µ
⎝C ⎠ 1
⇒ MA = 2
B A = BA
⎛T ⎞ ⎛ T ⎞
⎜ + ε⎟ − µ 2 ⎜ + ε⎟ + µ
⎝C ⎠
⎝C ⎠
2
∴ MA + MB = BA
⎛T ⎞
⎜ + ε⎟ + µ
⎝C ⎠
MA + MB 2 2C
χ = ⇒ χ = =
Ba ⎛T ⎞ T + C( ε + µ )
⎜ + ε⎟ + µ
⎝C ⎠
⎛ TN ⎞
⎜ + ε⎟ µ
⎝ C ⎠
Non − trivial solution at TN ⇒ =0
⎛ TN ⎞
µ ⎜ + ε⎟
⎝ C ⎠
⎛ TN ⎞
⇒ ⎜ + ε⎟ = µ
⎝ C ⎠
⇒ TN = C(µ - ε )
TN
⇒ C = - - - (3)
µ-ε
Substitute (3) into (2):
TN θ µ+ε
θ = (µ + ε) ⇒ =
µ-ε TN µ-ε
(b)
If the same type of atoms occupy both sublattice, than the coupling must be
proportional to the number of nearest neighbors, i.e. n p / n a = ε / µ
As described in the question, for fcc structure, n p / n a = 4 / 8 = 1 / 2 = ε / µ
θ µ + ε 1 + ε / µ 1 + 1/ 2 3 / 2
∴ = = = = = 3 ⇒ θ = 3TN
TN µ − ε 1 − ε / µ 1 − 1 / 2 1 / 2
4. (25 points)
The penetration equation of a superconductivity may be written as λ2∇2B=B,
where λ is the penetration depth. (a) Show that B(x) inside a superconducting
plate perpendicular to the x axis and of thickness δ is given by
cosh( x / λ )
B( x ) = B a ,
cosh(δ / 2λ)
Where Ba is the field outside the plate and parallel to it; here x=0 is at the center
of the plate. (b) The effective magnetization M(x) in the plate is defined by B(x)-
Ba = 4πM(x). Show that, in CGS, 4πM(x)= - Ba(1/8λ2 ) (δ2-4 x2), for δ<<λ. In SI
we replace the 4π by µ0.
Solutions
(a)
2 2 ∂2 B 1
λ ∇ B = B ⇒ - B = 0
∂x 2 λ2
⇒ B = Ae x / λ + Ce -x / λ
At x = δ / 2 and x = - δ / 2, B = Ba
∴ Ae δ / 2 λ + Ce - δ / 2 λ = Ba - - - (1)
− δ / 2λ δ / 2λ
Ae + Ce = Ba - - - (2)
- δ / 2λ -δ / λ
(1) ⇒ A = Ba e - Ce
Substitute this into (2),
(Ba e - δ / 2 λ - Ce - δ / λ )e − δ / 2λ + Ce δ / 2 λ = Ba
⇒ C(e δ / 2 λ − e 3δ / 2 λ ) = Ba (1 − e − δ / λ )
⇒ C(1 − e − δ / λ )(e δ / 2 λ + e - δ / 2 λ ) = Ba (1 − e − δ / λ )
Ba 2Ba
⇒ C = δ / 2λ =
e + e - δ / 2λ δ
cosh 2 λ
- δ / 2λ -δ / λ - δ / 2λ e -δ / λ B a
∴ A = Ba e - Ce = Ba e -
e δ / 2λ + e - δ / 2λ
-δ / λ
1+ e - e -δ / λ
= Ba
e δ / 2λ + e - δ / 2λ
Ba
=
e δ / 2 λ + e - δ / 2λ
Ba
= δ
2 cosh 2 λ
Ba Ba
∴ B(x) = Ae x / λ + Ce -x / λ = δ
ex/λ + δ
e− x/ λ
2 cosh 2 λ 2 cosh 2 λ
Ba
= δ
(e x / λ + e −x/λ
)
2 cosh 2 λ
x
cosh λ
= Ba δ
cosh 2 λ
(b)
x
cosh λ
4 πM(x) = B(x) - Ba = Ba δ
− Ba
cosh 2 λ
⎛ cosh x ⎞
⎜
= Ba ⎜
λ
− 1⎟⎟
δ
⎝ cosh 2 λ ⎠
⎛
≈ Ba ⎜
1 x 2
⎜ 1+ 2 λ ()− 1
⎞
⎟
⎟ (δ << λ )
⎜1+ 1 δ
⎝ 2 2λ ( )
2
⎟
⎠
⎛
()
1 x 2 ⎡
( )
1 δ 2 ⎤⎞
⎜ 1 + 2 λ − ⎢1 + 2 2 λ ⎥ ⎟
⎣ ⎦⎟
= Ba ⎜
⎜
⎜
⎝
1 + 2λ
δ
( )
2 ⎟
⎟
⎠
⎡1 x
()2 1 δ
≈ Ba ⎢ 2 λ − 2 2 λ ⎥
⎣
( )
2 ⎤
⎦
= -
Ba 2
8λ 2 (
δ − 4x 2 )