IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 36, NO.
4, JULY/AUGUST 2000
Permanent-Magnet Machines with Powdered Iron
Cores and Prepressed Windings
Alan G. Jack, Barrie C. Mecrow, Member, IEEE, Phillip G. Dickinson, Dawn Stephenson, James S. Burdess,
Neville Fawcett, and J. T. Evans
Abstract—This paper presents a permanent-magnet servo
motor, built with a powdered iron stator, which has been designed
to take full advantage of the properties of the material. There are
a number of important design features which are not possible
with laminated cores. For example, the core back is axially
extended over the end windings, the armature core components
are subdivided and preformed stator coils are used. The coils are
prepressed to form a solid component with an exceptionally high
fill factor (78%). The prototype offers far superior performance
to a conventionally laminated commercial machine, manufactured
in the same frame.
Index Terms—Permanent magnet, powdered iron, soft magnetic
composite.
I. INTRODUCTION
P OWDER metallurgy has been used for many years as a
cost-effective method of producing high volumes of con-
sistent magnetic components for dc and hard magnetic appli-
cations. The method allows high material utilization, precise
material control, and the ability to produce relatively complex
shapes. Recent advances in materials research have produced a
soft magnetic composite material which offers ac performance
approaching that of steel laminations for a similar material cost
[1], [2]. Therefore, the manufacturing advantages of powdered
metallurgy may be exploited in the manufacture of electrical
machines [3]–[6].
There have been a number of occasions where powdered
iron has been considered as a direct replacement for lamination
steels. In virtually every case, the machine has been shown
to give poorer performance because the powdered iron has a
lower unsaturated permeability, lower saturation flux density,
and increased iron loss. However, because the designs were
identical to that of the laminated machine, the comparisons
failed to demonstrate the advantages which powdered iron of-
fers, namely, the capability to have three-dimensional magnetic
flux distribution, lower component count, and new methods of
manufacture and assembly of the machine.
Paper IPCSD 00–006, presented at the 1999 Industry Applications Society
Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, October 3–7, and approved for publication in
the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Electric Machines
Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript submitted for
review June 15, 1999 and released for publication March 7, 2000. This work was
supported by the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
The authors are with the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon
Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K. (e-mail: Alan.Jack@ncl.ac.uk; Barrie.Mecrow@ncl.ac.uk;
P.G.Dickinson@ncl.ac.uk; Dawn.Stephenson@ncl.ac.uk; J.S.Burdess@ncl.ac.uk;
J.N.Fawcett@ncl.ac.uk; J.T.Evans@ncl.ac.uk).
Publisher Item Identifier S 0093-9994(00)05420-7.
0093–9994/00$10.00 © 2000 IEEE
1077
This paper focuses upon a permanent-magnet servo motor,
built with a powdered iron stator, which has been designed to
take full advantage of the properties of powdered iron. The
motor incorporates a number of important design features
which are not possible with laminated cores.
To help compensate for reduced saturation flux density and
increased iron loss, it is necessary to reduce the magnetic flux
density in the iron components. In the core back, this is accom-
plished by axially extending the core over the end windings, uti-
lizing the magnetic isotropy of the powdered iron. In the teeth,
the flux density is reduced by increasing the tooth width. Even
though the slot width is reduced, there is an increase in electric
loading because the construction method results in a superior
form of winding construction.
The armature core is subdivided to ease manufacture and
permit the use of preformed stator coils, which are subsequently
placed over the teeth. The coils are pressed to form a solid com-
ponent with an exceptionally high copper fill factor.
Because of the design features outlined above, the prototype
offers far superior performance to a conventionally laminated
commercial machine, manufactured in the same frame, despite
the inferior magnetic properties of the powdered iron.
This paper compares the performance of this new machine
with another powdered iron machine constructed using an alter-
native method in which the windings are bobbin wound directly
around the stator teeth [6] and also with a conventionally con-
structed laminated core machine.
II. MOTOR DESIGN
The prototype machine was designed as a replacement for a
conventional servo motor, which has six poles, six teeth per pole
pair, wound with fully pitched coils, and a surface-mounted
neodymium–boron–iron permanent-magnet rotor. Cogging
torque in the commercial machine is minimized by skewing
the stator stack by one-half tooth pitch. The machine was
mounted in a finned aluminum frame, with a lamination outside
diameter of 106.5 mm, and a total machine length (including
end windings) of 85 mm.
The powdered iron motor was designed to fit in the same
frame, with the same stator core axial length and outside diam-
eter. For optimum magnetic properties it is necessary to press
the powdered iron at 800 MPa. At this pressure, a 2000–ton
press is able to produce solid components of up to approxi-
mately 180-mm diameter. Thus, a stator core of these dimen-
sions could easily be pressed as a single component. However,
if the stator is produced in a small number of separate com-
ponents the pressing operation is much simpler, and, with ap-
1078
Fig. 1. Exploded view of the three components for a single tooth section,
comprising from top to bottom: powdered iron core back, prepressed copper
coil and powdered iron tooth.
Fig. 2. Manufactured core components and coil.
propriate choice of how the core is split, prepressed windings
can be assembled into the stator without needing to insert the
winding through the slot opening. This greatly simplifies the
winding operation and will be shown to facilitate exceptionally
high winding fill factors.
To optimize the performance of the powdered iron machine
the design was radically altered as follows.
1) The number of teeth were reduced to three teeth per pole
pair. This improved the tooth aspect ratio for pressing and
aided the winding process.
2) Instead of a fully pitched winding, the windings enclosed
a single tooth (120 electrical). Thus, they formed a
bobbin shape which was simple to wind and easy to
assemble into the stator.
3) The powdered iron stator core was split to form tooth
and core back sections, each of which could easily be
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 36, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2000
Fig. 3. Tooth assembly.
Fig. 4. Assembled stator before insertion into core.
pressed. The two sections allowed a preformed coil to be
placed over the tooth, before the tooth was slotted into its
core back section, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1, in
finished form in Fig. 2, and assembled in Fig. 3. The teeth
segments were then bonded together (Fig. 4) and shrunk
into a standard aluminum frame.
4) The axial ends of the stator teeth were rounded to main-
tain close thermal contact with the winding, while also
maximizing the stator tooth area. The smooth tooth pro-
file removed the need for a thick slot liner.
5) The core back was axially extended over the end winding,
thereby allowing a shallower core back and larger slot
area.
JACK et al.: PERMANENT-MAGNET MACHINES WITH POWDERED IRON CORES AND PREPRESSED WINDINGS 1079

TABLE I
WINDING INSULATION SYSTEM—TYPICAL PROPERTIES

Fig. 5. Assembled rotor, showing skewed magnets.

6) The coil was preformed and then pressed to 450 MPa to

give a copper fill factor (ratio of copper area to total slot
area) of 78%.
7) The rotor magnets were skewed by one half slot pitch
to reduce cogging torque, but the stator was not skewed.
This corresponded to 15 mechanical degrees of skew in
the eight-pole 12-tooth machine. A photograph of the
rotor is shown in Fig. 5.

III. COIL PRODUCTION AND TEST

The windings were made with the aim of maximizing the
copper cross- sectional area within a slot, in order to minimize
the per-unit resistance of the machine. The turns were machine Fig. 6. Pressing trial results—copper fill factor variation with pressing
wound onto a former coated with epoxy in a wet layup process. pressure (dotted line is theoretical maximum).
They were then pressed in a die and cured under load. The fin-
ished coils were then tape wrapped to form a layer of ground
wall insulation. Polymeric wire insulation was found to sur-
vive compaction under high pressure up to 800 MPa. To enable
the machine to run at high temperature a polyimide insulation
system was used, as detailed in Table I.
For the wire selected (Table I), the theoretical maximum
copper fill factor (copper/(copper insulation) cross-sectional
area) is around 88%. A series of trials was carried out in which
coils were impregnated with epoxy and pressed to varying
pressure to determine the relationship between copper fill
factor and pressure applied. The results are shown in Fig. 6.
A copper fill factor of around 64% was achieved by machine
winding alone. The copper fill factor increases with applied
pressure, reaching a practical maximum value of approximately
81% at around 400 MPa in practice, above which point there is
little to be gained by further increasing pressure. Fig. 7 shows Fig. 7. Pressing trial results—coil sections.
sections through coils pressed to 200, 400, 600, and 800 MPa.
Clearly, the turns are deformed from circular toward hexagonal 46%. Consequently, the main gain of increased pressure is not so
cross section at around 400 MPa. Above this pressure (600, 800 much increased copper area as improved thermal performance.
MPa), the sections appear almost fully dense, supporting the Based on the results discussed, the actual windings employed
graphical results of Fig. 6. in the machine (comprising 107 turns of 19.5 AWG) were
A valuable improvement in thermal performance is gained by pressed to 400–450 MPa. The inclusion of a thin layer ( 50
increasing the pressure from 30 to 300 MPa, thereby increasing m) of ground wall insulation only slightly reduced the copper
the copper fill factor from around 70% to 80%. Measurements fill factor from the practical maximum of 81% to the final
have shown that the thermal resistance of the coil is reduced by figure of 78%.
1080 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 36, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2000

There was naturally some concern for the integrity of the

winding insulation, following the pressing operation. Each coil
was therefore tested individually to detect either open circuits or
turn–turn faults. When a single turn is shorted, it is very difficult
to detect from dc tests, particularly when the number of turns per
coil is large. The problem was overcome using a voltage pulse
testing method. This entailed applying a pulse of high voltage
(typical duration 100 s) to the winding and measuring the ini-
tial rate of rise of current. When a (deliberately) shorted turn
was present the total inductance of the winding fell by more
than a factor of two even when the short was a point contact, and
the initial rate of rise of current rose accordingly. This test was
shown to be capable of detecting all short circuits through the
change in coil inductance. Perhaps surprisingly, even the coils
pressed at 800 MPa failed to produce any short-circuit failures. (a)

IV. STATOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY

Each powdered iron component was designed to be capable
of being pressed. However, to minimize costs in production of
the prototype each component was simply wire eroded from a
solid block.
The individual coils were placed over each stator tooth, and
the core backs attached using a high temperature epoxy glue.
The joint formed has a mechanical strength which is an order of
magnitude greater than the magnetic forces in the machine.
The length of the gap between the core back and tooth was
controlled to be within 0.03 mm and, thus, had negligible ef-
fect upon the magnetic performance. This tolerance is consistent
with the tolerance of pressed components of these dimensions.
The tooth assemblies were then brought together, positioned on
a mandrel and glued to form a complete stator, as shown in
Fig. 4. The stator was then shrunk into an aluminum frame, with
the full assembly shown in Fig. 8.
Note that the core back sections used were flat, producing
a polygonal stator core back; this was simply done for ease (b)
of component production. This shape did not aid the assembly Fig. 8. Assembled stator in its frame. (a) Detail. (b) Complete assembly.
process, and it is likely that a production machine would have
the more conventional cylindrical outside dimensions.
their overall length is dramatically reduced due to the very
compact end winding. This is particularly evident with
V. COMPARISON WITH OTHER MACHINES the powdered iron motor with prepressed coils, which has
Table II summarizes the three machines which are compared. only 51% of the total length of the commercial machine.
These are the following. • In moving from the conventional winding to the hand-
1) The first is the commercial laminated machine. wound bobbin arrangement of Prototype 1, the fill factor
2) The second is a powdered iron machine with windings rises from 39% to 61%, but with the prepressed coils the
wound directly onto the stator teeth, as shown in Fig. 9 fill is even higher, at 78%. Such a high value is virtually
and described in [6]. In this machine each tooth and its unprecedented in electrical machines.
associated portion of stator core back were produced as a
single component. The result is a system with less parts
than the machine of this paper, but the windings could not VI. MACHINE PERFORMANCE
be preformed and placed over the teeth. This motor will The machine (i.e., Prototype 2) has been extensively tested,
be referred to as Prototype 1. both statically and when driven as per a commercial servo drive.
3) The third is the powdered iron machine with prepressed There have been no failures; extended life testing has not yet
coils, which is the main topic of this paper (Prototype 2). been undertaken, but there are no indications of mechanical
Two factors are immediately evident. problems. The tests have given measurements relating to torque
• Although the active length of the prototype powdered iron production, efficiency, iron loss, winding loss, and thermal per-
motors is no shorter than that of the commercial machine, formance.
JACK et al.: PERMANENT-MAGNET MACHINES WITH POWDERED IRON CORES AND PREPRESSED WINDINGS
TABLE II
MOTOR COMPARISON
Fig. 9. Alternative assembly arrangement in which winding is wound directly
onto stator tooth (Prototype 1).
Fig. 10 shows static torque measurements made at different
excitation levels. The torque variation with position is sinu-
soidal, and the torque variation with current is linear throughout
the operating range, as is desirable for a servo motor. The cog-
ging torque has a peak value of 0.048 N m, corresponding to
0.9% of rated (i.e., thermally limiting) torque. This low value
is a direct consequence of the rotor magnet skew. The results
show that with careful design a motor can be constructed with
short-pitched concentrated windings that meets even the strin-
gent torque production specification of a servo motor. A likely
down side of the powder core is that the relatively high magnetic
hysteresis in the material will cause a constant torque against
rotation rather in the fashion of a stiction torque. The stiction
torque in Prototype 2 was measured to be 0.16 N m, or 3% of
full load. This will include bearing stiction as well as the hys-
teretic effect.
The motor was run at no load supplied by a power electronic
converter and the temperature rise monitored. Fig. 11 compares
the results with similar tests conducted using Prototype 1 and the
laminated machine. The results gave an indirect indication of the
iron loss. However, they should not be interpreted too directly,
as the machines have differing thermal performance. As may be
1081
Fig. 10. Static torque/angle measurements for constant current in steps of 1 A,
from 0 to 8.0 A.
Fig. 11. Winding temperature rise on no load.
expected, the laminated machine, which uses a low loss silicon
iron, has the lowest temperature rise, indicating that the lamina-
tions have lower iron losses than the powdered iron. Of the pow-
dered iron motors, Prototype 2 has greater iron loss than Proto-
type 1; this is because this machine has eight poles, while the
other two machines have just six, implying a higher frequency
of operation. In general terms, the iron loss in the powdered iron
motors is approximately double that of the laminations; a much
more thorough treatment of this is presented in [7]. The influ-
ence of the additional iron loss upon the torque capability of the
machine is relatively small: at rated speed (3000 rev/min) the
temperature rise due to the additional iron loss, ripple current,
friction, and windage is 31 C.
The machines were then again fed from a power electronic
converter and run loaded at different speeds. Measured torque
versus winding temperature rise curves at rated speed (3000
r/min) obtained from these tests are shown in Fig. 12.
The results reveal higher temperatures for the powdered iron
motors at low torque because of the higher iron loss than in
the laminated motor. As torque builds up the combination of
lower copper loss and better thermal conduction paths in the
powdered iron motors show up markedly and they outperform
the laminated motor by a considerable margin.
Essentially, while the iron loss is more, the copper loss and
thermal conduction are much better. A composite view of losses
may be obtained from the efficiency of the motors. Fig. 13 com-
pares the efficiency of the original laminated machine with Pro-
1082 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 36, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2000
Fig. 12. Temperature rise against torque at 3000 r/min.
Fig. 13. Efficiency against speed at 2 and 4 N1m.
totype 2 as a function of speed at constant torques of 2 and
4 N m. The lower overall loss of the powdered iron motor is
evident across the whole speed range. At constant torque the
armature current was virtually constant. Varying speed implies
iron loss variation and peak efficiency will occur roughly when
iron loss equals copper loss. The peak of the efficiency curve
clearly occurs at a lower speed in the powdered iron motor as
a result of its higher iron loss. The peak efficiency of the lami-
nated machine occurs above its rated speed.
The other major improvement in the load results is due to the
thermal performance of the winding. As the winding is pressed
harder, the poorly conducting voids are removed from the coil
and the thermal resistance is reduced. At very high pressures,
the thermal resistance is dominated solely by the thickness and
thermal properties of the wire insulation and the slot liner.
Figures for an effective thermal resistance from the winding
to the case can be obtained by supplying dc to the windings (with
the machine stationary) and measuring the temperature differ-
ence between the winding and the case. An effective resistance
can be obtained for the heat transfer process from the case using
the temperature difference between the case and ambient. The
results for the three machines are shown in Table III.
TABLE III
THERMAL PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
TABLE IV
SPECIFIC OUTPUT COMPARISON
Prototype 1 and the laminated machine are in the same casing.
Prototype 2 is in a new casing which the results show to be
slightly poorer than its predecessor. The thermal path in these
very small machines is dominated by the convection of heat
from the casing. Thus, in Prototype 2, the temperature differ-
ence between winding and case is only 23% of the overall tem-
perature rise. The benefit of the large improvement in thermal
conduction in the powder iron machines brought about by the
higher copper fill factors achieved will thus be even more im-
portant in larger machines.
If 100 C winding temperature rise is taken as the thermal
limit the performance may be summarized by the results
shown in Table IV. Although the powdered iron machines
were substantially shorter in axial length, they produced much
more torque than the commercial laminated machine. As noted
earlier the dominant effect which improved their performance
was the short end winding and high slot fill factors. This
resulted in much lower winding loss for a given torque. This
effect was combined with a substantially lower winding thermal
resistance, so that the machines were also able to dissipate
considerably more heat but yet were considerably smaller. By
prepressing the winding the thermal resistance of the machine
(excluding the heat transfer from the case) was reduced by
26%, compared to the hand-wound bobbin arrangement of
Prototype 1.
Comparison of the torque per-unit volume (including end
winding) shows that Prototype 1 produced 2.6 times the
torque per unit volume of the commercial machine, and that
Prototype 2, with its prepressed windings, increased this factor
to 3.7 (and this at 3000 r/min, where the extra iron loss makes
the result less flattering to the powder iron machines). These
JACK et al.: PERMANENT-MAGNET MACHINES WITH POWDERED IRON CORES AND PREPRESSED WINDINGS
very large ratios reflect the space taken up by the end windings
of the fully pitched coils in the laminated machine.
VII. COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURE
Before embarking upon mass production of powdered iron
machines, it will be necessary to address issues of both raw ma-
terial cost and cost of manufacture. This is a complex issue, still
to be resolved and, therefore, beyond the remit of this paper.
The compacted parts from which the two prototype motors
have been made comply with established practice within the
powder compaction industry. The second prototype’s parts are
simpler than those of the first machine. This is due to the reduc-
tion in aspect ratio in the pressing direction since the tooth may
be pressed in a radial, rather than an axial, direction. The toler-
ances necessary to get a good fit from mechanical and magnetic
standpoints are easily within those commonly achieved in com-
pacted parts.
The coils of the two motors are of a simple bobbin type and
are easily machine wound. This represents a significant produc-
tion advantage as compared to conventional overlapped coils.
This advantage would of course be shared by machines built
using lamination sections in the same style as Prototype 1.
Going the further step and compacting the coils is more con-
troversial. At this stage little can be said about the practicalities
of this in volume production. It should be noted however that
production of the pressed coils proved to be simple for the pro-
totypes and that machine end windings are routinely pressed in
“blocking operations.”
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
A powdered iron servo motor has been successfully designed
manufactured and tested. This motor contains the novel feature
of preformed and pressed windings to give very high winding
fill factors. The machine produces 1.9 times more torque at
thermal limit than a commercial laminated machine with the
same rotor and 3.7 times more torque per-unit volume in the
same frame.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of
Dr. S. A. Evans at the design stage and Control Techniques Dy-
namics Ltd. and Hoganas AB for their industrial collaboration.
REFERENCES
[1] P. Jansson, “Advances in soft magnetic composites based on iron
powder,” presented at the Soft Magnetic Materials ’98, Barcelona,
Spain, Apr. 1998, Paper 7.
[2] R. Krause, “Development of a composite material for high-density, three
dimensional, soft magnetic components,” presented at the Soft Magnetic
Materials ’98, Barcelona, Spain, April 1998, Paper 17.
[3] M. Persson, P. Jansson, A. G. Jack, and B. C. Mecrow, “Soft magnetic
composite materials—Use for electrical machines,” in 7th Int. Conf.
Electrical Machines and Drives, Durham, UK, Sept. 1995, IEE Conf.
Pub. 412, pp. 242–246.
[4] J. Cros, P. Viarouge, and C. Gelinas, “Design of PM brushless motors
using iron–resin composites for automotive applications,” in Conf. Rec.
IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, St. Louis, MO, Oct. 1998, pp. 5–11.
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[5] F. Profumo, A. Tenconi, Z. Zhang, and A. Cavagnino, “Novel axial flux
interior PM synchronous motor realized with powdered soft magnetic
materials,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, St. Louis, MO, Oc-
tober 1998, pp. 152–158.
[6] B. C. Mecrow, A. G. Jack, and S. A. Evans, “Permanent magnet ma-
chines with soft magnetic composite stators,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Elec-
trical Machines, Istanbul, Turkey, 1998, pp. 346–351.
[7] A. G. Jack, B. C. Mecrow, and P. G. Dickinson, “Iron loss in machines
with powdered iron stators,” in Proc. IEEE IEMDC Conf., May 1999,
pp. 48–50.
Alan G. Jack received the Ph.D. degree from
Southampton University, Southampton, U.K., in
1975.
He holds the Chair in electrical engineering
in the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K. He is a past Head of the
Department and Leader of the Newcastle Electric
Drives and Machines Group. He has been with the
university for 20 years, prior to which he was with
NEI Parsons, U.K., for 13 years, where he held
positions ranging from Craft Apprentice to Principal Design Engineer. He is
the author of more than 80 published papers in the area of electrical machines
and drives.
Barrie C. Mecrow (M’92) was a Turbogenerator
Design Engineer with NEI Parsons, U.K., until 1987.
In 1987, he became a Lecturer at the University
of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne,
U.K., where he is currently a Professor of electrical
power. His main research interests encompass
electrical machines and drives and electromagnetics.
He is involved in a range of research projects,
including fault-tolerant drives, high-performance
PM machines, soft magnetic composites, and novel
switched reluctance drives.
Phillip G. Dickinson received the B.Eng. degree in
mechanical engineering from the University of New-
castle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K., in
1989.
He was a Design Engineer with Rolls-Royce
International Research and Development Ltd. He
joined the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne
in 1993 as a Research Associate, working on the
mechanical design and analysis of flywheel systems
for energy storage. His current research area is in the
use of soft magnetic composites in electric machines.
Dawn Stephenson received the B.Eng. degree in
mechanical engineering from the University of
Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K.,
in 1994.
She was a Research and Development Engineer
with Parsons Power Generation Systems Ltd. of
the Rolls-Royce Industrial Power Group. She then
was an Advanced Systems Engineer for the Group’s
Advanced Engineering Centre, concerned with
emerging technologies in industrial power genera-
tion plants. In 1997, she returned to the University
of Newcastle Upon Tyne, where she currently is a Research Associate in the
area of soft magnetic composite materials.
1084 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 36, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2000
James S. Burdess received the Ph.D. degree from the
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon
Tyne, U.K., in 1973.
He was appointed a Professor in engineering dy-
namics at the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne in
1994. His interests are dynamics, mechanical power
transmission, and micromechanics.
Neville Fawcett received the Ph.D. degree from the
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.
He was an R&D Engineer with Clarke Chapman
and Company prior to joining the University of
Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K.,
in 1966. He is currently a Professor of machine
dynamics with main interests in mechanical power
transmission.
J. T. Evans received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
metallurgy from Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.
He is Head (Chairman) of the Department of
Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engi-
neering and a Reader in materials engineering at
the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle
Upon Tyne, U.K. He had been with British Steel
and Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. His research
interests are in the deformation and fracture of
alloys and structural composites, residual stress
and the fatigue and surface contact fatigue of gear
steels, nondestructive evaluation of residual stress and damage accumulation
in high-performance materials, electrical resistance spot welding and the
manufacture of weld-bonded structures, and fabrication and performance of
advanced gas cylinders. He has authored more than 100 published papers and
reports on these topics.