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Absolute pressure, 9 Bomb calorimeter, 312

Absolute temperature, 11 Bore, 181
Absorption refrigeration, 250 Bottom dead center, 181
Acceleration of gravity, 6 Boundary work, 41
Added mass, 14 Brayton cycle, 190
Additive pressures, Dalton’s law of, 285 with regeneration, 192
Additive volumes, Amagat’s law of, 285 with reheating and regeneration, 194
Adiabatic efficiency: Brayton–Rankine cycle, 227
of compressors, 144 Btu (British thermal unit), 5
of turbines, 144 Bulk modulus, 271
Adiabatic flame temperature, 314
Adiabatic process, 49, 72
reversible, 135 Capillary tube, 272
Adiabatic saturation process, 290 Carbon dioxide, properties of, 381
Adiabatic saturation temperature, 290 Carbon monoxide, properties of, 382
Advection, 50 Carnot cycle, 122, 182
Air: efficiency, 122, 182
atmospheric, 346 P-v diagram, 122
excess, 309 reversed, 124
properties of, 378 T-s diagram, 134
Air-conditioning processes, 292 Carnot engine, 121
adding heat, 292 efficiency, 122
adding moisture, 292 series, 128
mixing air streams, 293 Carnot heat pump, 124
removing moisture, 292 Carnot refrigerator, 124
Air-fuel ratio, 309 in series, 128
Air-standard cycles, 180 Celsius temperature scale, 11
Air-water vapor mixtures, 287 Central difference, 70
Amagat’s model, 285 Centrifugal compressor, 178
Atmosphere, table of, 346 Chemical compound, 308
Atmospheric air, 287 Chemical energy, 311
Atmospheric pressure, 9 Chemical reactions, 308
Availability, 162 Clapeyron equation, 266
steady-flow, 164 Clausius–Clapeyron equation, 267
Axial-flow compressor, 178 Clausius inequality, 114
Clausius statement of the second law, 119
Clearance volume, 181
Back work ratio, 191 Closed feedwater heater, 221
Barometer, 9 Coefficient:
Base units, 6 Joule–Thomson, 272
Blackbody, 51 of performance, 85, 244, 252
Boiler, 184, 214 of heat pumps, 85, 244
Boiling, 23 of refrigerators, 85, 244

399
400 INDEX

Coefficient (Contd.) Control volume, 2, 75

of reversible heat pumps, 124 second law, 143
of reversible refrigerators, 124 Convection, 50
Cogeneration, 223 Convection heat transfer coefficient, 50
Combined gas-vapor cycle, 227 Conversion of units, 345
Combustion, 308 Cooling:
complete, 308 with dehumidification, 292
enthalpy of, 311 evaporative, 293
incomplete, 308 Cooling tower, 295
theoretical, 308 COP (see Coefficient of performance)
Combustor, 190 Counterflow heat exchanger, 228
Comfort zone, 292 Critical point, 23, 25
Complete combustion, 308 table of properties, 348
Compressed liquid, 24, 360 Critical properties of gas, 348
Compressed-liquid region, 24 Cutoff ratio, 185
Compressibility chart, 392 Cycle, 5, 84, 95
Compressibility factor, 28 efficiency, 84
Compression: irreversible, 140
isentropic, 177 mechanical, 175
multistage, 178 open, 175
Compression-ignition engines, 184 power, 175, 214
Compression ratio, 181 refrigeration, 243, 252
effect on thermal efficiency, 183 Cyclic formula for derivatives, 264
Compressor:
air, 85 Dalton’s model, 285
axial-flow, 178 Dead state, 162
centrifugal, 178 Dehumidification, 292
efficiency, 144, 176 Density, 2, 7
first-law analysis, 80 Dependent property, 3
gas, 175 Dew-point temperature, 289, 309
intercooling, 178 Diesel cycle, 184
reciprocating, 175 Differential, 264
Condensation, 289 exact, 43
Condenser, 85, 214 inexact, 43
Conduction, 50 Differential form of first law, 265
Conservation: Diffuser, 81
of energy, 12, 62 subsonic, 82
control volumes, 77 supersonic, 82
cycles, 63 Discharge of a tank, 87
steady-flow, 76 Displacement volume, 181
systems, 64, 71 Drag coefficient, 45
unsteady-flow, 87 Dry air, 287
of mass Dry-bulb temperature, 288
control volumes, 76 Dual cycle, 187
steady-flow, 76
Constant pressure process, 72 Effectiveness, 165
Constant pressure specific heat, Efficiency, 144
68, 347, 349 adiabatic, 161
of gas mixtures, 287 Carnot, 124
Constant temperature process, 71 compressor, 144
Constant volume process, 72 cycle, 84
Constant volume specific heat, 67, 347 plant, 226
of gas mixtures, 287 second-law, 161
Continuity equation, 76 thermal, 84
Continuum, 2 turbine, 144
Control surface, 2 volumetric, 176
 INDEX 401

Electric potential, 48 Equations of state:

Electrical work, 48 ideal gas, 28
Emissivity, 51 Redlich–Kwong, 31, 351
Endothermic reaction, 312 van der Waals, 30, 351
Energy, 11 virial, 31
chemical, 1 Equilibrium:
conservation of, 62 of a system, 3
equation, 77 thermodynamic, 3
internal, 1 Ericsson cycle, 189
kinetic, 1, 11, 64 Evacuated tank, 87
latent, 67 Evaporative cooling, 293
potential, 1, 11, 64 Evaporator, 85, 244
Energy efficiency ratio (EER), 125 Exact differential, 3, 43
Energy equation, 78 Excess air, 308
Engine: Exergy, 164
Carnot, 121 Exhaust stroke, 185
external combustion, 188 Exothermic reaction, 312
heat, 117 Expansion valve, 85
internal combustion, 184 Extensive property, 4
compression-ignition, 184 External combustion, 188
diesel, 184
reversible, 120
spark-ignition, 191 Fahrenheit temperature scale, 11
turbojet, 206 Feedwater, 220
thrust of, 206 Feedwater heater, 221
English units, 5 closed, 221
Enthalpy, 65 open, 221
of air-water vapor mixture, 291 Finite difference, 70
of combustion, 312, 351 First law of thermodynamics, 62
of formation, 312, 350 control volumes, 77
of gas mixture, 285 differential form, 265
of reactants, 311 liquid flow, 78
of vaporization, 66, 350 reacting systems, 312
Enthalpy change: steady flow, 78
of gas mixture, 285 systems, 64
general expression, 268 unsteady flow, 87
of ideal gas, 68 Flow rate, 76
of incompressible substance, 68 Flow work, 77
of reacting mixture, 311 Force, 8
of real gas, 273 Fourier’s law of heat transfer, 50
Enthalpy departure, 274, 394 Friction, 120
Enthalpy-entropy diagram, 138 Fuel-air ratio, 309
Entropy, 73, 133 Fusion, heat of, 67
increase in, principle of, 144 Fusion line, 25
production, 144, 151
Entropy change, 134
of gas mixture, 288 Gage pressure, 9
general expression, 134, 269 Gas compressor, 175
of ideal gas, 135, 136 Gas constant, 28
of irreversible process, 141 of gas mixture, 285
of liquid, 139 table of, 347
of real gas, 274 universal, 28
of solid, 139 Gas mixtures, 285
of universe, 142 properties of, 285
Entropy departure, 275, 396 Gas power cycles, 175
Entropy production, 144 Gas refrigeration cycle, 252
Equality of temperature, 10 Gas turbine cycle (see Brayton cycle)
402 INDEX

Gas-vapor mixtures, 287 Ideal gas (Contd.)

Generalized compressibility chart, 392 specific heats, 347
Generalized enthalpy departure chart, 394 tables, 347, 378
Generalized entropy departure chart, 396 Ideal gas mixture, 287
Gibbs function, 265 Incomplete combustion, 308
Globe valve, 79 Incompressible substance, 76
Gravimetric analysis, 285 enthalpy change, 69
Gravitational force, 14 entropy change, 139
Gravity, 6 internal energy change, 69
specific heat, 69, 347
Increase-in-entropy principle, 144
Heat, 49 Independent property, 3
of fusion, 67 Inequality of Clausius, 140
latent, 67 Inexact differential, 43
sign convention, 49 Intensive property, 3
specific, 67; see also Specific heat Intercooling, 177
of sublimation, 67 Internal combustion engine:
transfer, 49 compression-ignition engines, 184
of vaporization, 67 spark-ignition engines, 183
Heat capacity (see Specific heat) Internal energy, 12, 64
Heat engines, 117 Internal energy change:
thermal efficiency, 118 of gas mixture, 286
Heat exchanger, 83 general expression, 268
Heat pump, 85, 243, 249 of ideal gas, 68
coefficient of performance, 118 of incompressible substance, 69
Heat ratio, specific, 69 of real gases, 273
Heat reservoir, 118 Inversion temperature, 282
Heat sink, 118 Irreversibility, 162
Heat source, 118 causes of, 120
Heat transfer, 49 steady flows, 163
isothermal, 121 systems, 163
reversible, 121 unsteady flows, 163
Heating: Irreversible cycle, 140
value, 312 Isentropic efficiency, 144
of a fuel, 312 Isentropic gas flow, 144
with humidification, 293 Isentropic process, 135
Helmholtz function, 265 of ideal gases, 135
Higher heating value, 312 Isentropic relations of ideal gases, 135
Homogeneous, 3 Isobaric process, 5, 72
Horsepower, 48 Isolated system, 2, 142
Humidification, 292 Isometric process, 5, 72
Humidity: Isothermal process, 5, 71
relative, 288
specific, 288 Joule, 7
Humidity ratio, 288 Joule–Thomson coefficient, 272
Hydrocarbon fuel, 309

Kelvin–Planck statement of
Ice cubes, 92, 149 the second law, 119
Ice point, 11 Kelvin temperature scale, 11
Ideal gas, 28 Kinetic energy, 11, 64
enthalpy change, 68
entropy change, 136
equation of state, 28 Latent heat, 67
internal energy change, 68 of fusion, 67
isentropic processes, 136 of sublimation, 67
properties of, 347 of vaporization, 67