Excessive heat

Dray heat exposure Wet heat exposure

Exposure to hot solid material steam

- Iron - Tanneries
- Steel - Boilers
- Glass - Dyeing
- Copper - Paper

Physiology

To keep body temperature more or less constant

Heat production = Heat loss

Heat production

Metabolism Work

In complete physical and mental rest under normal condition - Light work (2400 Cal/24h)
- Moderate (3400 Cal/h)
Average man produced (1700 - 1800 Cal/h)
- Sever work (4500 Cal/h)
- Sever work (4500 Cal/h)
- Very sever (7000 Cal/h)

Heat loss

1- Radiation 2- Convection 3- Evaporation

 Transmission of heat from  Transmission of heat  Loss of sweat in the form of

skin to surrounding cooler through air molecules vapor
surfaces through space in
form of electromagnetic - Depend on  Depend on
wave.
 Air temperature. - Air humidity.
 Depend on wall  Air velocity. - Air velocity.
temperature.
Heat stress Heat exhaustion Heat cramp Heat stroke

 In complete thermal comfortable

M+W=R+C+E

(70%) (20%) (10%)

 In hot environment
M+W+R+C=E

1- Heat stress

At exposure to heat blood shifted from inside to outside.

- Blood supply to skin increase.
- Blood supply to vital organs decrease.

Leads to

- Skin temperature increase

- Heat gained by radiation and convection is decreased.
- Heat loss by evaporation is increase.

2- Heat exhaustion

At more exposure to heat and continue of blood shifting from vital

organs to skin.
Leads to
(General fatigue)
- Loss of concentration.
- Tendency to sleep.
- Dizziness.
- Indigestion.
 3- Heat cramp

If exposure to heat is continued

- Loss water and NaCl with evaporation.
Leads to
- Sever cramps of abdominal muscles.

4- Heat stroke

- If exposure to heat still present

- More water and NaCl will loss by evaporation trying to reach balance
sometimes cannot reach balance due to :-
1- Leak water supply.
2- Fatigue of sweat glands.
3- High relative humidity.
4- Heat production and gained are high.

At this condition
- Heat inside body increase leads to stimulation of metabolism.
- When temperature reach to 42c death occurs.

-Heat stroke

Occurs in closed rooms when

1- Temperature air is very high 2-Relative humidity about 100%

- Gain increase by Loss decrease by

Radiation Convection Evaporation

-
 Prevention & Control

At source Environment Worker

A- At source: - B- Environment: - C- Worker

1- Substitution. 1- General ventilation 1- Pre-employment.

2- Isolation. examination.
3- Enclosure. - Natural - Artificial 2- Periodic medical.
4- Local ventilation. 3- Health education.
4- Proper nutrition.
5- PPE.