IMPORTANCE OF WATER

• Water is an essential element

without which survival is
impossible.
• In ancient times humans
required water for drinking,
bathing, cooking etc. but with
the advancement of
civilization the utility of water
has enormously increased, so
now a days without well
organized water supply
scheme, it is impossible to run
the present civic life and
develop the areas.
• Water is required for
various purposes such
as:-
– For drinking and cooking
– For bathing and washing
– For watering of lawns
and gardens
– Fire extinguishing
– For heating and air-
conditioning systems
– For steam power and
various industrial
processes, etc.
– Street washing
 – For swimming pools and display of fountains.
– Industries and irrigation.
– Disposal of sewage.
– Recreational purposes.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The complete layout of getting water from the
source, treating it for impurities and then,
distributing it to the public for various uses, is called
water supply system.
 ORDER FOR RELIABILITY OF WATER
WORKS
.
• The water should be taken from sufficient large storage
reservoirs, from where it can also flow under force of
gravity to the city.
• The water should be taken from impounding reservoirs at
low level, from where it can be pumped to the city.
• The water should be taken from tube wells, from where it
can be pumped.
• The reliability of water works also depends on design,
construction and maintenance of works for collecting and
distributing the water.
Considering the needs, the
importance and the reliable factors
for water usage, we study the various
types of water demands
 WATER DEMANDS
• In order to determine the water supply
schemes of the town, it is necessary to
determine the total years demand as well as
monthly demands. following are the various
demands of a city or a town:-
– Domestic water demand.
– Commercial and industrial water demand
– Demand for public uses.
– Compensate losses demand.
– Fire demand.
DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
• Domestic water demand includes the quantity of water required in the houses for
drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc.
• The quantity of water required for domestic use mainly depends on the habits, social
status, climatic conditions and customs of the people.
• In India on an average, the domestic consumption of water under normal condition
is about 135 litres/day/+capita as per IS : 1172-1171

s.no Use Consumption(lt/day/per

son)
1. Drinking 5
2. cooking 5
3. Bathing 55
4. Washing of clothes 20
5. Washing of utensils 10
6. Washing, cleaning of 10
houses
7. Flushing of laterines 30
WATER DEMAND EXCLUDING GARDENING
 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WATER DEMANDS
• Commercial building and commercial centers
include office building, warehouse, stores,
hotels, shopping centers, health centers,
schools, temples, cinema houses, railway and
bus stations etc.
• This demand depends upon the nature of the
city, number and types of industries.
• The water requirements of commercial and
public places may be up to 45 litres/
day/capita.
 DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USE
• Public demand includes the quantity of water
required for public utility purpose, such as
watering of public parks, gardening, sprinkling
on roads, use in public fountains etc.
• In many water supply schemes these demands
are not believed as essential and a nominal
amount not exceeding 5% of the total demand
is kept on an arbitrary basis.
 FIRE DEMAND
• It is the quantity of water required for fighting
a fire outbreak. For high value cities, water
requirement for this purpose is a particularly
essential.
• For Indian conditions a moderate allowance of
1 ltr/head/day is quite sufficient.
 WATER REQUIRED TO COMPENSATE
LOSSES IN WASTE, THEFTS ETC.
• This includes the quantity of water lost in
leakage at the joints and fittings, stolen water
due to unauthorized water connection, etc.
• These losses can be reduced providing good
fittings, proper inspections and investigations
against water thefts.
• The quantity is generally take as 15% of total
water consumption for a well managed water
works.
The per capita demand of the town depends on various factors
and will be according to the living standard of the public and the
number and types of the commercial places in the town etc. For
an average Indian town, the requirement of water in various
uses is as under:

(i)
Domestic use 135 litres/ capita /day
(ii)
Industrial 45 litres/ capita/day
(iii)
Public Use 20 litres/ capita/day
(iv)
Fire demand 15 litres/ capita / day
(v)
Losses, wastage and thefts 55 litres/ capita/day

Total 270 litres/ capita/day

 THE PER CAPITA DEMAND
• It is the annual average amount of daily water
required by one person and includes the
domestic, industrial and public use and the
water lost in thefts and waste.
if Q = total quantity of water required by a
city per year in liters.
P = population of city
then per capita demand, in ltr per day = Q / P x 365
 FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA
DEMAND
• CLIMATIC CONDITIONS: Water required during
summer is more than winter.
• SIZE OF THE CITY : Generally demand of water
per head will be more in big cities than that in
small cities.
• HABITS OF PEOPLE: High class community
uses more water, due to their better standard
of living and higher economic status.
• INDUSTRIES : More water will be required in
highly industrialized cities.
• COST OF WATER: More costly is the water less
will be rate of demand.
• SEWAGE FACILITIES : Town having water
carriage system will consume more water.
• SYSTEM OF SUPPLY: Where system of water
supply is continuous than intermittent more
water will be used. This may be due to
increase in losses and other wasteful use
• METHOD OF CHARGING: Where metering is
done less quantity of water is used
 POPULATION
FORECASTING
Design of water supply and sanitation scheme is based on the projected
population of a particular city, estimated for the design period. Any
underestimated value will make system inadequate for the purpose
intended; similarly overestimated value will make it costly. Changes in
the population of the city over the years occur, and the system should
be designed taking into account of the population at the end of the
design period. Factors affecting changes in population are:

 increase due to births

 decrease due to deaths
 increase/ decrease due to migration
 increase due to annexation.

The present and past population record for the city can be obtained
from the census population records. After collecting these population
figures, the population at the end of design period is predicted using
various methods as suitable for that city considering the growth pattern
followed by the city.
 POPULATION
FORECASTING
 ArithmeticIncrease method
 Geometric Increase Method
 Incremental Increase Method
 Decrease Rate of Increase Method
 Simple Graphical Method
 Comparitive Graphical Method
 ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD

 This method is suitable for large and old city with considerable
development. If it is used for small, average or comparatively new
cities, it will give lower population estimate than actual value. In this
method the average increase in population per decade is calculated
from the past census reports. This increase is added to the present
population to find out the population of the next decade. Thus, it is
assumed that the population is increasing at constant rate.

 Hence, dP/dt = C i.e., rate of change of population with respect to

time is constant.

P2 - P1 = C(t2 –t1)
P1 = Population at the time t1 first census
P2 = Population at the time t2 last available census
The value of C is determined
Now population after n decade can be determined by the formula
Pn = P + nC
GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD
GRAPHICAL METHOD
 In this method, the populations of last few decades are correctly
plotted to a suitable scale on graph. The population curve is smoothly
extended for getting future population. This extension should be done
carefully and it requires proper experience and judgment. The best
way of applying this method is to extend the curve by comparing with
population curve of some other similar cities having the similar
growth condition.
 WATER CYCLE
• The heat of sun causes evaporation of water from
the land and water surfaces and transpiration
from green foliage surface.
• Thus converting into clouds which under
favourable conditions causes precipitation and
thus the rain water flows into lakes, swamps,
rivers and then to sea.
• It also infiltrates into the land.
• Such a cycle of evaporation and precipitation is
known as water cycle.
 •Hydrology is the science which
HYROLOGICAL CYCLE deals with the movement of water on
ground ,under the ground
,evaporation from the land and water
surface and transpiration from the
vegetation .

•It deals with the way of sending back

the water to the atmosphere from
where it precipitates .

•Water goes in the atmosphere by

evaporation and transpiration and
again comes back in the form of
precipitation under favourable
climatic conditions is known as
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESS
WATER FLOWING PROCESS
 RAINFALL AND RUNOFF
• Although our earth is covered with 70%of
water, but to compensate with the daily usage
and losses per day, rainfall as well as runoff is
equivalently important.
• Under this category, there lies various sub
topics that are to be studies thoroughly which
are listed below:-
– Precipitation and their types.
– Rain and snowfall water.
– Measurement of rainfall.
– Artificial rainfall.
– Runoff.
– Runoff losses.
 PRECIPITATION
• The evaporated water from the sources of streams, rivers,
sea, ponds, etc. get collected in atmosphere.
• The atmosphere can hold the vapours upto its saturation
point, after which it gets condensed on the surfaces.
• Such condensation is the precipitation when the evaporated
water again returns to the earth’s surface in any form.

CONDENSATION OF VAPOURS IN ATMOSPHERE.

WATER GETTING EVAPORATED

• The water of precipitation further goes in
following ways:-
– RUN OFF: a part of precipitated water flows over the
ground and is collected in rivers, ponds, lakes, etc.
– PERCOLATION: a part of this water percolates in the
ground and is stored there in the form of sub soil or
ground water.
– EVAPORATION: a portion of precipitated water is
evaporated from these lakes, rivers, reservoirs in the
form of vapours due to sun’s heat.
– TRANSPIRATION: the roots of the trees absorb water
from the ground and gets evaporated into the
atmosphere through leaves in the form of
transpiration.
 TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
• There are mainly three types of
precipitation that are explained
below:-

– CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION:
Such type of precipitation is
caused by the lifting of an
air mass due to the pressure
difference .
Due to the rotatory motion of
the earth on its own axis,
the air rushes horizontally to
fill the low pressure areas
In most of the areas like
central part of united states,
and most of the winter rains
in Haryana and Punjab
occurs due to cyclones.
• Convective precipitation:
when one place of the
ground is covered with
trees or grass and the
adjoining place is open
and pucca like houses,
roads and hills etc. at
such places air moves
upwards that is warmer
whereas the cooler air
will move to fill its gap.
such precipitation occurs
for short durations in the
form of showers of high
intensity.
Warmer air moving
upwards
OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION:
• For most of the heavy rains
in most parts of India, such
type of precipitation is
responsible.
• It is caused by air masses
which strike natural barriers
like slopy mountains, and
cannot move forward to rise
up causes condensation and
precipitation.
• The rainfall is composed by
showers and steady
rainfalls.
 RAIN AND SNOWFALL WATER
• The evaporated water
condenses at high altitude
in the form of clouds, starts
falling in the form of rain and
snow during its fall from the
high altitude to the ground, it
absorbs oxygen, carbon
dioxide and other gases, thus
such a rain contains certain
large amount of impurities.
• The quantity of such
impurities is maximum in
the first rains and minimum
in the later rains.
 RUN OFF
• When the rain falls on the ground
a part of it percolates in the
ground, a portion of it evaporates
and a part flows on the ground and
reaches rivers, lakes etc. some
portion of water that percolates in
the ground comes out in the form
of springs etc and water reaches
the streams from surface runoffs .
• The total quantity of water which
reaches the streams or rivers both
from surface flow as well as base
flow is known as run off.
 ARTIFICIAL RAINFALL
• Attempts have been made to get
artificial
rainfall to compensate the demands of
rainfall and increasing usage of water.
• For such purpose silver iodide or
compressed carbon di oxide is
sprayed in its vaporized form on water
bearing clouds
• When solid nuclei are present in the
clouds, Water vapour will condense
and freeze them and starts falling in
the shape of rain.
• Such type of rain is not at all suitable
for a healthy environment to grow in
As well as is dangerous in various forms
too.