Experimental studies of QCD

1. Elements of QCD
+ -
2. Tests of QCD in e e annihilation
3. Studies of QCD in DIS
4. QCD in pp ( p p ) collisions

1. Elements of QCD - SU(3) Theory

(i) Quarks in 3 color states: R, G, B
(ii) “colored” gluons as exchange vector boson

SU 3: 3×
3 =8  1

B R Gluons of color octet:
B R

R B
R
B , R G
, G B
, G R
, B G
, B R

1
 R R
G G



s 2
1
 R R
G G2

B
B 
B B 6
1


 R R G G2B B
 Ninth state = color singlet
B 6 B does not take part in interaction
1
 R
RG G

B B

3
 To recapitulate the
Quantum Electrodynamics previously discussed
material.

Lagrangian for free spin ½ particle:

    
L( x, t ) = iψ ( x, t )γ µ ∂ µψ ( x, t ) − mψ ( x, t )ψ ( x, t )

Applying the Euler-Lagrange formalism leads to the Dirac equation.

Invariance under Local Gauge Transformation

Demanding invariance under local phase transformation of the free

Langrangian (local gauge invariance):

ψ ( x ) → ψ ( x ) = e iα ( x )ψ ( x )

requires the substitution:

i∂ µ → i∂ µ + eAµ (x )

If one defines the tansformation of A under local gauge transformation as

Aµ ( x ) → Aµ ( x ) + ∂ µα ( x )

iα ( x )
one finds L( x ) ψ→
ψe
→ L( x )
invariance of L:

To interpret the introduced field Aµ as photon field requires to

complete the Langrangian by the corresponding field energy:

1
L = ψ (iγ µ ∂ µ − m)ψ + eψ γ µψ Aµ − Fµν F µν
4
Fµν = ∂ µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ

The requirement of local gauge invariance has automatically led to

the interaction of the free electron with a field.
 Quantum Chromodynamics – SU(3) Theory


R
Lagrangian is constructed with quark wave functions = G
B

Invariance of the Lagrangian under Local SU(3) Gauge Transformation

k x 
i k
2
 x 
'  x =U  x   x =e  x 

with any unitary (3 x 3) matrix U(x).

U(x) can be given by a linear combination of

8 Gell-Mann matrices
1 ...
8 [SU(3) group generators]

requires interaction fields – 8 gluons corresponding to these matrices

1.1 Color factors

e1 q q Coupling strength:
Coupling strength
QED e1 e2
QCD 1
c c


q
q 2 1 2 s
e2
CF
Examples:
Color factor
B B
1
1 2 2 1


 R R G G2B B
 C F=   =
6 B 2 6 6 3
B

R R R R
1 1


 R R
G G2B

B
  R R G G 
6  2
1 R R
1
R R C F= C =
F
12 4
 1
Color factor for qq color singlet state (meson):  R
RG G

B B

3

B B B R B G
1 B R
B G

3×  R R
G G2B

B

6
B
R
B
G

B
B

1 1 1
C F= C F= C F=
3 2 2

C F =3
 1 1 1 1 1
  =

3  3 3 2 2 3
4

In the case of a color
Color singlet meson singlet, each initial and
is composed of 3 final state carries a
different possibilities factor 1
3

Triple and quadruple gluon Vertex Gluons carry color charges:

important feature of SU(3)

R G

R
B
G B

R
G
Color flow
B

Color factors

~ NC ~T F
4 1
= =3 =
3 2
1.2 Evidence of colored spin ½ quarks
a) successful classification of mesons and baryons
 
b) clear two-jet event structure in e e
hadrons  q
q 
d
~ 1cos 2  
d
  ee
hadrons 
c) R had = indicates fractional charges and NC=3
  ee
 
d) Further indications for NC=3:

∆++ (Ωs) statistic problem:

Spin J(∆++)=3/2 (L=0), quark content |uuu>

→ ++ = u u  u   forbidden by Fermi statistics
Solution is additional quantum number for quarks (color)

1
 ++ =  u  u  u   i , j , k =color index
 6 ijk i j k

• Triangle anomaly f γ
γ
Divergent fermion loops

f γ
Divergence
2 1
~  Q f =1 11 N C   3
f 3 3 [ ]
leptons quarks
3 generations of u/d-type quark
cancels if NC = 3
1.3 Tests of QCD in different processes

Discussed in
Section 2 and 3

Tevatron / LHC
(optional)

2. Test of QCD in e+e- annihilation

2.1 Discovery of the gluon

Discovery of 3-jet events by the TASSO
collaboration (PETRA) in 1977:

3-jet events are interpreted as quark

pairs with an additional hard gluon.

# 3-jet events
0.15 ~
s αs is large
# 2-jet events
at √s=20 GeV
2.2 Spin of the gluon
Ellis-Karlinger angle
Ordering of 3 jets: E1>E2>E3

Measure direction of jet-1 in the

rest frame of jet-2 and jet-3: θEK Gluon spin J=1