EXP NO: 4

DATE:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON - RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:

To perform load flow analysis by Newton raphson method.

THEORY:
The Newton raphson method is a power full method of solving non-linear algebric
equation. It work is faster and is sure to coverage in most cases. It is indeed the practical
method of load flow solution of large power network.
In order to solve non-linear equations through this method we need to calculate jacobian
matrix. If is obtained by differentiating the function vector f with respect to x and evaluating
it at x.
F0+J0 X0=0
These sets of linear algebraic equation can be solved effectively by triangularization and
block substitution .Iterations are continued till
Where i=1,2,3….n
Its only drawback is large requirement of complex. Computer memory which has been over
come through a compact storage scheme convergence can be speeded up by performing the
first iteration through Gs method and using the value so obtained as starting Newton Raphson
method.

ALGORITHM:
Input the total number of buses
Input the details of series line impendence and line charging admittance to calculate the Y-
bus matrix.
Assume all bus voltage as 1 per unit except slack bus.
Set the iteration count as k=0 and bus count as p=1.
Calculate the real and reactive power pp and qp using the formula
P=∑vpqYpq*cos(Qpq+εp-εq)
Qp=∑VpqYpa*sin(qpq+εp-εa)
Evalute pp*=psp-pp*
If the bus is generator (PV)bus check the value of Qp*is within the limiting if it violates the
limit. Then equate the violated limit as reactive power and treat it as PQ bus. If limit is not
violated then calculate.
|vp|^r=|vgp|^rspe-|vp|r
Qp*=qsp-qp*
Advance bus count by 1 and check if all the buses have been accounted if not go to step 5.
Calculate the elements of Jacobean matrix.
Calculate new bus voltage increment pk and fpk
Calculate new bus voltage ep*h+ ep*
Fp^k+1=fpK+fpK
Advance iteration count by 1 and go to step3.
Evaluate bus voltage and power flows through the line .
PROBLEM:
Line Starting Ending Series Line Line Charging Voltage Angle
no. Bus Bus Impedance Admittance Magnitude
1 1 2 0.02+0.04j 0.05j 1.025 0
2 2 3 0.0125+0.025j 0.025j 1.0 0
3 3 1 0.01+0.03j 0.025j 1.0 0

PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc
nb=input('the number of buses\n');
nl=input('the number of lines\n');
sb=input('the number of starting buses\n');
eb=input('the number of ending buses\n');
sli=input('enter the details of series line impedance\n');
lca=input('enter the detail of line impedance\n');
for m=1:nb
for n=1:nb
if m==n||m~=n
if sli(m,n)==0
n=n+1;
else
y(m,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);
y(n,n)=+sli(m,n)^-1+lca(m,n);
y(m,n)=-sli(m,n)^-1;
y(n,m)=y(m,n);
 end
end
end
end
ybus=y
for j=1:nb
mag(j)=input(['enyer the voltage magnitude of bus',num2str(j),':']);
th(j)=input(['enter the angle of the bus',num2str(j),':']) ;
acp(j)=input(['enter the real power of bus',num2str(j),':']);

acq(j)=input(['enter the reactive power of bus',num2str(j),':']);

end
my=abs(ybus); an=angle(ybus);
g=real(ybus);b=imag(ybus);
for i=1:nb;
pe(i)=0; qu(i)=0;
for j=1:nb;
pe(i)=mag(i)*my(i,j)*mag(j)*cos(th(i)-th(j)-an(i,j))+pe(i);
qu(i)=mag(i)*my(i,j)*mag(j)*sin(th(i)-th(j)-an(i,j))+qu(i);
end
end
for i=2:nb
for j=2:nb
if i~=j
j1(i,j)=mag(i)*mag(j)*(g(i,j)*sin(th(i)-th(j))-b(i,j)*cos(th(i)-th(j)));
j3(i,j)=-mag(i)*mag(j)*(g(i,j)*cos(th(i)-th(j))-b(i,j)*sin(th(i)-th(j)));
j2(i,j)=-j3(i,j);
j4(i,j)=-j1(i,j);
else
j1(i,j)=-qu(i)-b(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);
j2(i,j)=pe(i)+g(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);
j3(i,j)=pe(i)-g(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);
j1(i,j)=qu(i)-b(i,j)*(mag(i)^2);
end
end
end
ja1(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j1(2:nb,2:nb);
ja2(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j2(2:nb,2:nb);
ja3(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j3(2:nb,2:nb);
ja4(1:nb-1,1:nb-1)=j4(2:nb,2:nb);
jacob=[ja1 ja2; ja3 ja4];
disp(['the jacobian matrix is :']);
jacob=[ja1 ja2; ja3 ja4];
disp(['the jacobian matrix is :']);
disp(jacob);
delp(1:nb-1)=acp(2:nb)-pe(2:nb);
delq(1:nb-1)=acp(2:nb)-qu(2:nb);
chan=(inv(jacob))*[delp delp]';
chth(2:nb)=chan(1:2);
chma(2:nb)=chan(n:2*2);
for i=2:nb
chmag(i)=chma(i)*mag(i);
end
mag=mag+chmag;
th=th + chth;
disp(['the voltage magnitudes are:',num2str(mag),]);
disp(['the phase value are:' ,num2str(th),]);

OUTPUT:
the number of buses
3
the number of lines
3
the number of starting buses
[1 2 3]
the number of ending buses
[2 3 1]
enter the details of series line impedance
[0 0.2+0.6j -0.02-0.28j;-0.2-0.6j 0 0.25+0.0125j;0.02+0.28j -0.25-0.0125j 0]
enter the detail of line impedance
[0 0 0;0 0 0;0 0 0]
 ybus =
0.2538 - 3.5533i 0.5000 - 1.5000i -0.2538 + 3.5533i
0.5000 - 1.5000i -3.9900 + 0.1995i 3.9900 - 0.1995i
-0.2538 + 3.5533i 3.9900 - 0.1995i 3.9900 - 0.1995i
Enter the voltage magnitude of bus1:1.04
Enter the angle of the bus1:0
Enter the real power of bus1:0
Enter the reactive power of bus1:0
Enter the voltage magnitude of bus2:1
Enter the angle of the bus2:10.69
Enter the real power of bus2:0
Enter the reactive power of bus2:0
Enter the voltage magnitude of bus3:1.05
Enter the angle of the bus3:20
Enter the real power of bus3:0
Enter the reactive power of bus3:0
the Jacobian matrix is :
The Jacobian matrix is :
-2.0521 -0.6879 -10.7867 -4.1860
0.2717 -1.1249 -4.1380 8.0414
-2.8067 4.1860 0 0.6879
4.1380 -0.7566 -0.2717 0

The voltage magnitudes are: 1.04 0.53776 0.56465

The phase value are: 0 10.011 21.2444
RESULT:
Thus the load flow analysis by using Newton Raphson method was performed.
To carryout load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton raphson method.