P-ISSN: 1693-1246 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia xx (x) (20xx) x-x

E-ISSN: 2355-3812
DOI: xx.xxxxx/jpfi.xxxxx.xxxx
mm 20XX
http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jpfi

DETERMINING THE VELOCITY OF SOUND IN THE AIR USING

RESONANCE TUBE

MENENTUKAN CEPAT RAMBAT BUNYI DI UDARA MENGGUNAKAN

TABUNG RESONANSI
RARA1*, F. FAIZ 2, R. ARDIA3

1 PHYSICS EDUCATION, FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS

AND NATURAL SCIENCE
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA
2 PHYSICS EDUCATION, FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS
AND NATURAL SCIENCE
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA
3 PHYSICS EDUCATION, FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS
AND NATURAL SCIENCE
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA

Abstract
This experiment aims to understand the symptoms of resonance, sound waves in the air, the principle of resonance tube work, and
determine the speed of sound propagation in the air. Resonance is the event of an object being trembled because there are oth er
objects that vibrate (the influence of other objects). Resonance is a phenomenon where a system vibrates with maximum amplitude
due to the changing force impulses acting on the impulse. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Sound waves consist of air
molecules that vibrate and propagate in all directions. Fast sound propagation is the result of the distance between the sound
source and the listener with the time interval needed for the sound to propagate. Sound propagation is different and depends on the
type of propagation media material. The amount of sound propagation is also affected by temperature. Based on the frequency of
sounds are grouped into 3 namely:
a. Audiosonic sound is the frequency between 20 Hz - 20000 Hz
b. Ultrasonic sound is the frequency above 20000 Hz
c. Infrasonic sound is the frequency below 20 Hz
Sound sources come from every object that vibrates. The vibration produces waves.
Keywords : fast sound propagation, frequency, sound waves

Abstrak

Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk memahami gejala resonansi, gelombang bunyi di udara, azas kerja tabung
resonansi, dan menentukan cepat rambat bunyi di udara, Resonansi adalah peristiwa ikut bergetarnya
suatu benda karena ada benda lain yang bergetar (adanya pengaruh benda lain). Resonansi adalah suatu
fenomena dimana sebuah system yang bergetar dengan amplitude yang maksimum akibat adanya
impuls gaya yang berubah-ubah yang bekerja pada impuls tersebut. Gelombang bunyi adalah
 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 11 (1) (2015) 1-7

gelombang longitudinal. Gelombang bunyi terdiri dari molekul-molekul udara yang bergetar dan
merambat ke segala arah. Cepat rambat bunyi adalah hasil bagi jarak antara sumber bunyi dan
pendengar dengan selang waktu yang diperlukan bunyi untuk merambat. Cepat rambat bunyi berbeda-
beda dan bergantung [ada jenis material media rambatnya. Besar cepat rambat bunyi juga dipengaruhi
oleh temperature. Berdasarkan frekuensinya bunyi dikelompokkan menjadi 3 yaitu:

a. Bunyi audiosonik yaitu frekuensinya antara 20 Hz – 20000 Hz

b. Bunyi ultrasonic yaitu yang frekuensinya diatas 20000 Hz
c. Bunyi infrasonic yaitu yang frekuensinya dibawah 20 Hz

Sumber-sumber bunyi berasal dari setiap benda yang bergetar. Getaran tersebut menghasilkan
gelombang.

Kata kunci: cepat rambat bunyi, frekuensi, gelombang bunyi

© 2019 Jurusan Fisika FMIPA UNNES Semarang

INTRODUCTION GUITAR HAS A BOX OR AIR

CHAMBER WHERE THE AIR
THE PURPOSE OF THE VIBRATES WHEN THE STRINGS ARE
EXPERIMENT PICKED. THE AIR IN THIS BOX
The purpose of this experiment is to: VIBRATES WITH THE SAME
1. Understanding resonance FREQUENCY ARE EVENTS BY
symptoms. GUITAR STRINGS, THIS EVENT IS
2. Understanding the sound waves CALLED RESONANCE. RESONANCE
in the air. PRODUCES A STATIONARY WAVE
3. Understanding the working CONSISTING OF A STOMACH OR A
principle of resonance tube. NOT WITH CERTAIN WAVE LENGTH.
4. Determining velocity of sound in WHEN A STANDING WAVE OCCURS
air. IN STRING, THE STRING WILL
THEORETICAL BASIS VIBRATE. WHEN THE FREQUENCY
RESONANCE IS THE IS THE SAME OR THE RESONANT
PHENOMENOME THAT AN OBJECT FREQUENCY, ONLY EFFORT IS
JOINS BECAUSE ANOTHER OBJECT NEEDED TO PRODUCE A LARGE
VIBRATE AT THAT FREQUENCY. AMPLITUDE. THIS IS WHAT
RESONANCE IS VERY IMPORTANT HAPPENS TO THE STRINGS PICKED.
IN THE MUSIC WORLD. STRING (ALONSON,1990)
CANNOT PRODUCE LOUD SOUND THE AIR THAT FILLS THE
WITHOUT A RESONANCE BOX. THE GAMELAN TUBE WILL ALSO
2
 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 11 (1) (2015) 1-7

VIBRATE IT THE METAL SLAB ON L= ……. 1.3

THE GAMELAN IS HIT. WITHOUT AN
WHERE :
COLUMN TUBE UNDER THE METAL
M = RESONANT NUMBER (TIPLER,
PIATE, YOU CAN’T HEAR THE LOUD
PAUL.1998)
SOUND OF THE GAMELAN.
ADVANTANES OF RESONANCE ARE
RESONANCE IS ALSO USED TO
:
MEASURE THE SPEED OF SOUND
A) IN OUR EARS THERE IS AN
PROPAGATION IN AIR.
AIR COLUMN CALLED THE
IF A SOUND SOURCE
AUDITORY CANAL WHICH
VIBRATES ABOVE THE MOUTH OF
WILL AMPLIFY THE ROUND
THE RESONANT TUBE, AT A
WE HEAR.
CERTAIN LEGTH OF THE AIR
B) THE EXISTENCE OF A
COLUMN IT CAN HEAR A VERY
RESONANCE CHAMBER ON
LOUD BUZZ, THIS MEANS THAT
THE GUITAR, VIOLIN, SARON,
THERE IS A SOUND RESONANCE. AT
KOLINTANG, AND
THAT TIME IN THE RESONANT TUBE
KENTONGAN CAN HARDEN
STATIONARY LONGITUDINAL
THE SOUND OF THERE
WAVES OCCUR. ON THE SURFACE
INSTRUMENT.
OF THE WATER THESE IS A WAVE
C) THE AIR SACS OF TREE
NODE AND AT THE MOUTH OF THE
FROGS AND RICE FIELD
TUBE THESE IS A STOMACH WAVE.
FROGS CAN AMPLIFY THE
(GIANCOLI,2001)
SOUND PRODUCED.
L = (2N + 1) (N= 0,1,2,3,………) ….1.1 (RAMADHAN PUTRA. 2012)
WHERE:
L = LENGTH OF THE AIR SOUND TOOLS
= WAVE LENGTH OF THE SOUND a) A resonance tube with a
piston.
= ……. 1.2 b) Analog audio frequency
generator (AFG).
WHERE :
c) Speaker.
V = SPEDD OF THE SOUND
d) Connecting cable.
=FREQUENCY OF SOUND SOURCE
METHOD
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A
A) Measuring room temperature,
RESONANCE EVENT IS THAT IF A
make sure the piston is on the
TUNING FORH (GARPU TALA) IS
surface of the tube.
VIBRATED NEAR AN AIR COLUMN
B) Turning on the audio frequency
WITH ONE AND CLOSED WITH THE
generator (AFG) above the
OTHERS OPEN IN THE END OF
resonant tube mouth, start with a
TUBE. RESONANCE WIN OCCUR.
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 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 11 (1) (2015) 1-7

frequency of 300 Hz (set the C) Continue pulling the piston slowly

amplitude to a minimum) while
pulling the piston slowy until you
hear a loud buzz for the first time.
When this is said to occur the
first resonance. Measuring the
distance between the mouth of
the tube to the piston. (length of
the air column or l 1).
until a second loud buzz is heard.
At this time the second
resonance is heard. Measuring
the distance between the mouth
tube to piston (legth of air column
l2)
D) Repeat activies 1 – 3 above by
changing the frequency value on
the AFG.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Sound resonance experiment data
Room temperature : 27.6 °C
Atmospheric pressure : 720.5 mmHg

NO. f (Hz) l(cm) ̅

l1 l2 ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
1. 25 86
2. 300 26 86 25.6 86 60.4
3. 26 86
1. 23 75
2. 350 23 74 23.3 75 51.7
3. 24 76
1. 20 65
2. 400 20.5 64 20.1 64.3 44.2
3. 20 64
1. 17 57
2. 450 17.5 56 17.3 56.5 39.2
3. 17.5 56.5
1. 500 15.8 52
2. 15.25 51.2 15.4 51.5 36.1
3. 15.2 51.4
1. 550 14.4 46.8
2. 14.6 46.8 14.5 46.8 32.3
3. 14.5 47

4
Analysis of data resonance of sound
experiment
 Sb. X 4) Y4 =
1) X1 = = = l2 – l1
= 56.5 – 17.3
= 0.00333 cm
= 39.2 cm
= 333 x 10-5 m
= 392 x 10-3 m
2) X2 = = 5) Y5 =
= 0.00285 cm = l2 – l1
= 285 x 10-5 m = 51.5 – 15.4
3) X3 = = = 36.1 cm
= 361 x 10-3
= 0.00250 cm
6) Y6 =
= 250 x 10-5 m
= l2 – l1
4) X4 = =
= 46.8 – 14.5
= 0.00222 cm = 32.3 cm
= 222 x 10-5 m = 323 x 10-3 m
5) X5 = =  Table
= 0.00220 cm No. Sb. X ( ) Sb. Y ( )
= 220 x 10-5 m
1. 333 x 10-5 604 x 10-3
6) X6 = =
2. 285 x 10-5 517 x 10-3
= 0.00181 cm
-5 3. 250 x 10-5 442 x 10-3
= 181 x 10 m
 Sb. Y 4. 222 x 10-5 392 x 10-3
1) Y1 = 5. 220 x 10-5 361 x 10-3
= l2 – l1 6. 181 x 10-5 323 x 10-3
= 86 – 25.6
= 60. 4 cm
Tan α0 =
= 604 x 10-3m
( )
2) Y2 = =( )
= l2 – l1
= 75 – 23.3 =
= 51.7 cm
= 517 x 10-3 m = 178
3) Y3 =
= l2 – l1 Tan α1 =
( )
= 64.3 – 20.1 =( )
= 44.2 cm
= 442 x 10-3
 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 11 (1) (2015) 1-7

= Here are the conditions for

resonance:
= 198
a. There are things that vibrate as a
Tan α2 = source of vibration.
( ) b. Object 2 vibrates with the same
=( )
frequency.
=
c. Air column.
= 140
Tan α = d. The height of the air column is the
same.
V = 2 tan α
V0 = 2 tan α0 2. Understanding the sound waves in
= 2 x 178 the air
= 356 m/s
V1 = 2 tan α1 Sound waves are longitudinal
= 2 x 198 waves. Sound waves consist of air
molecules that vibrate and propagate in
= 396 m/s
all directions.
V2 = 2 tan α2
= 2 x 140 Sound wave characteristics:
= 280 m/s
Sound propagation is different
̅ =
and depends on the type of propagation
= media material. The amount of sound
propagation is also affected by
=
temperature. For example, the speed of
= 344 m/s sound propagation in air at normal
temperatures is 343 m/s2, but at 0°C
Discussion only 331 m/s2. Because the sound
propagation fast in various propagation
1. Understanding resonance
media is different, the following is the
symptoms
notation of sound propagation in the
Resonance is the event that an three propagation media :
object vibrates because there are other
• Solid
objects that vibrate (the influence of
other objects). Resonance is a
V=√
phenomenon where a system vibrates
with maximum amplitude due to the
changing force impulses acting on the Information :
impulse. E = modulus of material elasticity (N/m2)
6
 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 11 (1) (2015) 1-7

ρ = density of material (kg/m3) F = string tension / string

 Gas L = length of string / string

V=√ m = string mass / string

Information : 3. Understanding the principle
P = gas pressure (N /m2) working of resonance tube
γ = Laplace constant (Kg /m3)
 Liquid Resonance tube is used to
calculate the speed of sound
V=√ propagation in the air.
Information :
4. Determining the speed of sound
B = modulud Bulk (N/m2)
propagation in the air
Based on the frequency of
In this activity aims to determine
sounds are grouped into 3 namely:
the speed of sound propagation in the
a. Audiosonic sound is the frequency air. The first step taken is to measure
between 20 Hz - 20000 Hz room temperature and atmospheric
pressure. Then make sure the piston
b. Ultrasonic sound is the frequency position is right on the surface of the
above 20000 Hz resonance tube. Next, turn on the audio
frequency generator (AFG) above the
c. Infrasonic sound is the frequency
mouth of the resonant tube, as the initial
below 20 Hz
frequency is 300 Hz then 350, 400Hz,
Sound sources: 450Hz, 500Hz to 550 Hz while pulling
the piston slowly until you hear a loud
Sound sources come from every object buzz for the first time. During the first
that vibrates. The vibration produces resonance we measure the distance
waves. The wave equation is denoted between the mouth of the tube and the
by : piston (air column length 1 or l 1). Then
V= f continue pulling the piston until a
second loud buzz is heard. During the
f = wave frequency (Hz) second resonance, we measure the
distance between the mouth of the tube
string / wave velocity equations and
and the piston (air column length 2 or
pipes are denoted by:
12).

V= √ In this practicum we use 6

frequency variations. Every frequency
Information : the experiment was repeated 3 times.
The first frequency used is 300 Hz. After
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 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 11 (1) (2015) 1-7
conducting the experiment, the following
data were obtained: with a frequency of
300 Hz in the first experiment, the first
resonance occurred at the length of the
air column 25 cm and the second
resonance at the length of the column
86 cm. where as in the second
experiment, the first resonance occurred
in the air column length of 26 cm and
the second resonance in the air column
length of 86 cm. And in the third
experiment, there was the first
resonance in the air column length of 26
cm and the second resonance in the air
column length of 86 cm. After
calculating the data obtained, obtained
̅ is 25.6 cm and ̅ is 86 cm so ∆l =
60.4 cm.
The second frequency used is
350 Hz. After conducting the
experiment, the following data were
obtained: with a frequency of 350 Hz in
the first experiment, the first resonance
occurred in the air column length of 23
cm and the second resonance occurred
in the air column length of 75 cm.
Whereas in the second experiment, a
resonance occurred in the air column
length of 23 cm and a second
resonance occurred in the air column
length of 74 cm. And in the third
experiment, the first resonance occurred
in the air column length of 24 cm and
the second resonance occurred in the
air column length of 76 cm. After
calculating the data obtained, obtained
̅ of 23.3 cm and ̅ of 75 cm, so ∆l =
51.7 cm.
8
The third frequency used is 400
Hz. After conducting the experiment, the
following data were obtained: with a
frequency of 400 Hz in the first
experiment, the first resonance occurred
at the air column length of 20 cm and
the second resonance at the air column
length of 65 cm. Whereas in the second
experiment, the first resonance occurred
at the air column length of 20.5 cm and
the second resonance at the air column
length of 74 cm. And in the third
experiment, there was the first
resonance in the air column length of 20
cm and the second resonance in the air
column length of 64 cm. After
calculating the data obtained, obtained
̅ of 20.1 cm and ̅ of 64.3 cm. So ∆l =
44.2 cm.
The fourth frequency used is 450
Hz. After conducting the experiment 3
times, the following data were obtained:
with a frequency of 450 Hz in the first
experiment, the first resonance occurred
at the air column length of 17 cm and
the second resonance at the air column
length of 57 cm. Whereas in the second
experiment, the first resonance occurred
in the air column length of 17.5 cm and
the second resonance occurred in the
air column length of 56 cm. And in the
third experiment, the first resonance
occurred in the air column length of 17.5
cm and the second resonance occurred
in the air column length of 56.5 cm.
After calculating the data obtained,
obtained ̅ amounted to 17.3 cm and ̅
amounted to 56.5 cm. So ∆l = 39.2 cm.
 The fifth frequency used is 500
Hz. After doing the experiment three
times, the following data were
obtained: with a frequency of 500 Hz
in the first experiment, there was a
resonance in the air column length of
15.8 cm and a second resonance in
the air column length of 52 cm. While
in the second experiment, the first
resonance occurred in the air column
length of 15.25 cm and the second
resonance occurred in the air column
length of 51.2 cm. And in the third
experiment, the first resonance
occurred in the air column length of
15.2 cm and the second resonance
occurred in the air column length of
51.4 cm. After calculating from the
data obtained, obtained ̅ by 15.4 cm
and ̅ by 51.5 cm. So ∆l = 36.1 cm.
The sixth frequency used is 550
Hz. After conducting the experiment 3
times, the following data were
obtained: with a frequency of 550 Hz
in the first experiment, the first
resonance occurred in the air column
length of 14.4 cm and the second
resonance in the air column length of
46.8 cm. Whereas in the second
experiment, there was the first
resonance in the air column length of
14.6 cm and the second resonance in
the air column length of 46.8 cm. And
in the third experiment, there was the
first resonance in the air column length
of 14.5 cm and the second resonance
in the air column length of 47 cm. After
calculating the data that has been
obtained, obtained ̅ of 14.5 cm and
̅ of 46.8 cm. So ∆l = 32.2 cm.
CONCLUSION
As for the conclusions on this
sound resonance practicum are:
1. Resonance is the event that an
object vibrates because there are
other objects that vibrate. Here are the
conditions for resonance:
a. There are things that vibrate as a
source of vibration.
b. Object 2 vibrates with the same
frequency.
c. Air column.
d. The height of the air column is the
same.
2. Sound waves are longitudinal
waves. Sound propagation is different
and depends on the type of
propagation media material. Based on
the frequency of sounds are grouped
into 3 namely:
a. Audiosonic sound
b. Ultrasonic sound
c. Infrasonic sound
3. Resonance tube is used to calculate
the speed of sound propagation in the
air.
4. The higher the frequency used, the
smaller the length of the air column
produced so that the sound
wavelength in the air is also smaller
the faster the sound propagation is
also getting smaller.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All acknowledgments are directed to
formal institutions or a person
supporting the research. The
acknowledgement is completed with
research contract letter number.
 Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 11 (1) (2015) 1-7

REFERENCES

Giancoli. 2001. Physics. Jakarta:

Erlangga.
Tipler, Paul A. 1998. Physics for
Science and Engineering. Jakarta:
Erlangg

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