See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/288484863

Application of Static Var Compensator of Ultra-High Power Electric Arc Furnace

for Voltage Drops Compensation in Factory Power Supply System of
Metallurgical Enterprise

Conference Paper · November 2014

DOI: 10.1109/EPEC.2014.18

CITATIONS READS

12 357

5 authors, including:

Alexander Nikolaev
Magnitogorsk State Technical University
47 PUBLICATIONS   146 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Alexander Nikolaev on 18 July 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 2014 Electrical Power and Energy Conference
Application of Static Var Compensator of Ultra-high Power Electric Arc Furnace
for Voltage Drops Compensation in Factory Power Supply System
of Metallurgical Enterprise
A.A. Nikolaev, G.P. Kornilov, T.R. Khramshin,
Electric Power Supply of Industrial Enterprises Dept.
Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University,
Magnitogorsk, Russia
alexniko@inbox.ru
Abstract – Static var compensators installed in the electric
power supply systems of electric arc furnaces of metallurgical
enterprises are described. The SVC 330 Mvar for the EAF-250
of the metallurgical plant CJSC “MMK Metalurji” in
Iskenderun, Turkey, was taken as an example to show the fea-
sibility of the compensator application to reduce voltage drops
in the 34.5 kV network.
Key words – electric arc furnace, reactive power compensa-
tion, static var compensator, voltage drops.
I. INTRODUCTION
At present the share of steel produced in Electric Arc Fur-
naces (EAFs) is growing. In Europe and the US over 50% of
liquid iron is manufactured using electrometallurgy. In Russia
this figure is more than 30% and it is steadily growing. Every
year countries with developed metallurgy put into operation
new electric power complexes based on high performance, high
power and ultra-high power AC and DC EAFs.
From the point of view of the power supply theory,
EAFs are unique powerful electric loads combining some
unique features:
1. Great energy and power consumption (the power of
EAF furnace transformers can be up to 150 – 300 MVA).
Power consumption of ultra-high power EAFs is compara-
ble with that of some towns with the population of 300 –
400 thousand people. Annual energy consumption of some
electric-furnace melting shops is about 1000 GW-hours.
2. Leaping, non-linear, unbalanced and random character
of loading variations due to which the EAF operation may
cause significant disturbances in the power supply network
and the deterioration of the voltage quality.
3. Relatively low value of power factor on the primary
side of the EAF furnace transformer (cosφ = 0.72 – 0.75)
caused by the need to use auxiliary reactors to provide steady
long arcs on the main stage of scrap melting. This results in
great reactive power consumption from the power supply
network (for example, in the EAF-180 with a 150 MVA
transformer the maximum arc power can be up to 108 MW,
the corresponding reactive power consumption being 104
Mvar). Large reactive power consumption from the power
supply network will cause active power losses and voltage
losses in the elements of factory power supply system. Be-
sides, most countries have hard and fast rules limiting the
The reported study was supported by the Russian Federation President Grants Council, research project No. MK-4182.213.8
978-1-4799-6038-5/14 $31.00 © 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/EPEC.2014.18
I. Аkcay, Y. GOK
Electric & Energy Dept.
CJSC “MMK Metalurji”
Iskenderun, Turkey
akcayibrahim@gmail.com
reactive power consumption from the power supply network.
In the Republic of Turkey, for example, the national power
company TEAS introduced the specified reactive power fac-
tor tgφ = Q/P = 0.1 on the enterprise/external electric energy
system boundary. Reactive power consumption or generation
above the set value will result in penalty provisions.
One of the most important elements of the EAF electric
power supply system is the static var compensator (SVC),
which provides voltage maintenance at the furnace transformer
terminal and thus EAF performance. Other functions of the
SVC are complying with the standards of electromagnetic
compatibility of the arc furnace and the power supply network
and the reactive power compensation.
The static var compensator and the electric arc furnace form
a single electric power complex, and the correct operation of
this complex is possible on account of the optimum mode of
the EAF power supply on condition that the SVC operates
properly and that the proper EAF’s electrical regimes are main-
tained on each stage of melting operation. It should be noted
that even insignificant deviation of the complex operating pa-
rameters from the optimum ones can result in higher power
consumption and the furnace performance degradation and,
consequently, in huge financial losses. And vice versa, even
minor improvements reducing power supply by 2-3 % can re-
sult in significant economic impact.
In papers [1] – [6] one can find the results of the scien-
tific research work carried out by the authors. The research
work was aimed at improvement of operating parameters of
the electric power complex “EAF – SVC” thanks to the ap-
plication of the new control algorithms of the compensator
reactive power and new control methods of the EAF’s elec-
trical regimes. Their introduction in some of the operating
“EAF – SVC” complexes made it possible to improve the
EAF energy parameters, reduce the total energy losses and
improve the EAF efficiency.
Some countries with advanced electrical power industry,
for example the Republic of Turkey, tend to use the plant
SVCs for electric power system needs, in spite of the fact
that originally these devices were designed to maintain the
optimum power supply modes of powerful electric loads.
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping System (IPODS), the sys-
tem developed for damping of power oscillations between
different power districts, can serve as an example. Its main
257
235
task is the remote influence on the operating modes of
power and ultra-high power SVCs installed in the power
supply systems of various industrial enterprises in Turkey to
provide positive controlling effect capable of improving the
stability of electric power stations’ synchronous generators
during strong disturbances in the system, for example, dur-
ing one-, two- and tree-phase faults in the 380 kV lines. In
this case common static var compensators partially fulfill
the functions of other devices, such as SVCs for power
transmission lines representing the basis of the FACTS
(Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) con-
cept and the rapidly developing Smart Grid technology [7].
Hereafter in the article there are findings of experimental
and theoretical studies of nonconventional SVC application to
compensate the voltage drops from the power supply network
causing frequent stops of production processes at industrial
enterprises. The research work was carried out at the unique
“EAF – SVC” electric power complex operating at the new
metallurgical plant CJSC “MMK Metalurji” in Iskenderun
(Turkey), an overseas subsidiary of the OJSC “Magnitogorsk
Iron and Steel Works” (Magnitogorsk, Russia).
II. DESIGN AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF
SVC 330 Mvar FOR ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE EAF-250
First, let us consider the structure of the operating “EAF
– SVC” electric power complex, electrical scheme of the
compensator and the operating principles of its control sys-
tem and then the operating modes of the Turkish reactive
power compensator will be analyzed.
In Fig. 1 one can see a single-line diagram of power
supply of the world most powerful electric arc furnace -
EAF-250 (300 MVA) operating at the metallurgical plant of
CJSC “MMK Metalurji”, Iskenderun (Turkey). The electric
arc furnace is equipped with SVC 330 Mvar, which is at
present the most powerful compensating device developed
for factory power supply.
The main elements of the SVC are: 1) the thyristor-
controlled reactor (TCR) made up of thyristor and reactors
connected in series; 2) fixed capacitors (FC) made up of
harmonic filters number 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The TCR and the
FC have the same rated power, which is 330 Mvar.
The fixed capacitors are designed to generate reactive
power and filter harmonics (both even and odd ones as well
as interharmonics) supplied to the EAF-250 and the ladle
furnace (LF). The thyristor-controlled reactor provides fast
phase control of the consumed reactive current and main-
tains the set value of reactive power on the secondary side
of network transformers T1 and T2 380/34.5 kV. In its sim-
plified form the algorithm of SVC control system can be
described by the following relationship:
QEAF + QLF + QTCR − QFC ≈ 0 ,
i.e. the reactive power of the TCR balances the difference be-
tween the reactive power generated by the FC and the power
consumed by the EAF-250 and the LF. As the TCR can only
consume power from the network, the value of QFC must al-
ways be larger than the total power of QEAF and QLF. This is
achieved thanks to the correct choice of the SVC parameters on
the stage of the electric steel-making complex design [8].
Figure 1. Single-line diagram of power supply system of the
ultra-high power EAF-250, CJSC “MMK Metalurji”,
Iskenderun (Turkey), equipped with SVC 330 Mvar
In practice the SVC control algorithms are more compli-
cated than the ones described by the relationship (1). Due to
the non-symmetrical EAF power change the static compen-
sator must have phase control to provide fast load balancing.
In Fig. 2 one can see the functional diagram of the classical
control system of the SVC, which is commonly used in the
operating compensators supplied by ABB, the world leading
manufacturer of this kind of devices [5] – [6].
The control system shown in Fig. 2 is combined one and
it has both direct and feedback channels. In the direct chan-
nel the orthogonal d-q load current components for the posi-
tive and negative sequences in the rotating coordinate sys-
tem are calculated (blocks TB3 and TB4). These compo-
nents and Steinmetz transformation are used to calculate the
required susceptance values of the TCR phases. Load cur-
rents are calculated as the total value of instantaneous cur-
rents of the EAF-250, the LF and the FC. As a result, phase
balancing of currents and the full compensation of the EAF
reactive power are provided. The reference value of addi-
tional reactive power generation is implemented in the feed-
back channel, where the correction signal calculated by the
difference in the actual and set values of the “EAF – SVC”
electric power complex reactive power is formed. Thanks to
(1) the feedback channel with the PI reactive power regulator it
is possible to change the set value of reactive power on the
secondary side of network step down transformers T1 and
T2 (Fig. 1) both to consumption of reactive power QNET
from the network and to its generation.
236
258
 Orthogonal components of positive and negative se-
quences for currents and voltages of the “EAF – SVC” elec-
tric power complex are calculated in the transformation
blocks (TB1-4) by the well-known relationships [6]. The
output signals of these blocks go through the moving aver-
age digital filters, their tuning frequency being 50 Hz. Phase
lock loop block (PLL) is used to control the operation of
coordinate converters and the pulse generation system under
constant phase change and voltage waveform distortion in
the 34.5 kV bus bars, which after measurement are used as
the reference signal.
The calculation of the required susceptance values of the
TCR phases (BAB1, BBC1, BCA1) is carried out in the first
channel in accordance with the relationships above. These
susceptance values are calculated in the TCR main suscep-
tances calculation block where the orthogonal components
of forward and inverted/reverse sequences of total currents
of the EAF and the FC ( I L+.dF , I L+.qF , I L−.dF , I L−.qF ) are
used as the input. In the block B2 the forward sequence of
+ Magnitogorsk, proved that the electric arc operation on the
the phase voltage U Phase is calculated and its value is taken
into account in the TCR susceptance calculation block.
The second feedback channel consists of reactive power
calculation block for the “EAF – SVC” complex by the
positive sequences of current and voltages and the PI regula-
tor of reactive power. At the output of the controller the
additional component of susceptance Badd is formed, which
is added to the output signals BAB1, BBC1, BCA1. The value of
Badd depends on the reference value of the complex reactive
power QNETref.. The signals of the total susceptances
u АВ, BC , CA (t )
BSumAB,BC,CA go through the limit control block (Limiter)
with the reverence value BTCRmax and than they go to the
inputs of nonlinearity blocks (Lookup Tables) where the
reverse control characteristics of TCR α = f(BSum) are im-
plemented. The reference signals of the thyristor activation
angles αAB, αBC, αCA are transferred to the Pulse Generation
System (PGS). At the output of the PGS control pulses are
formed, which are transferred to the inputs of the TCR thy-
ristor switch control.
The oscillograph records showing the operation of the
SVC 330 Mvar in various non-symmetrical EAF-250 regimes
are given in Fig. 3. It is obvious from the figure that in case of
current unbalance of the EAF-250, the control system of the
SVC reacts to it by setting different susceptances BTCR AB,BC,CA
of the TCR phases thus providing load compensation main-
taining zero reactive power of the “EAF – SVC” complex and
the rated voltage value URated = 34.5 kV.
The effect of SVC application for ultra-high power EAFs is
obvious. For example, the experimental research carried out at
the operating “EAF – SVC” complex of the OJSC “MMK”,
initial stage of scrap melting without any compensating devices
is accompanied by 7 – 8% voltage drops, which results in the
arc active power drop by more than 20% and apparent power
drop on the primary side of the furnace transformer by 40%. At
the same time some parameters of electric power quality such
as the factors of total harmonic distortion, unbalance voltage
and the short-term flicker increased by 1.5-2 times.
Thanks to the SVC the electric arc furnace operates with
almost constant level of input voltage on the primary side of the
furnace transformer and its output is equal to its rated value.

+ ωt
iSum А (t ) + + QNET ref .
I Sum .d I Sum.d F u АВ (t ) u ВС (t ) uСА (t )
iSum В (t )
+ 3 + + QNET ACT .
I Sum.q
+
I Sum (U q F ⋅ I сум .d F −
.q F 2
iSum С (t ) −1
− U d+ F ⋅ I сум
+
.q F )
+ ωt
U d+ U d+ F
u А (t )
KI
КР
u В (t ) р
U q+ U q+F ВTCR max
u С (t ) U d2 F + U q2 F

+ ωt +
iL А = iEAF, LF А + iFC sum А U Phase
I L+.d I L+.d F
iL B = iEAF, LF B + iFC sum B В АВ1 α АВ , ВС , СА
1
( I L+.qF − 3 I L−.dF + I L−.qF )
I L+.q I L+.q F +
3U Phase
Badd .
iL C = iEAF,LF C + iFC sum C
+
1 +
− ωt +
( I L+.qF − 2 I L−.qF ) ВВС1
3U Phase
I L−.d I L−.d F ВSum AB,BC,CA
ВTCR max
1
( I L+.qF + 3I L−.dF + I L−.qF ) ВСА1
I L−.q I L−.q F +
3U Phase

Figure 2. Functional diagram of the SVC classical control system

237
259

Figure. 3. Oscillograph records showing the operation of the
SVC 330 Mvar in various non-symmetrical EAF-250
(300 MVA) regimes
III. APPLICATION OF SVC 330 MVAR FOR VOLTAGE
DROPS DAMPING IN THE 34.5 kV FACTORY POWER
NETWORK OF THE METALLURGICAL PLANT OF
CJSC «MMK METALURJI»
SVC 330 Mvar can also be used to dampen the voltage
drops in the 34.5 kV factory power network of the metallurgi-
cal plant of CJSC “MMK Metalurji”. The simplified scheme
of the factory power supply network is given in Fig. 4.
From the scheme one can see that electric power is supplied
through a single 380 kV tandem link incoming from the distri-
bution substation “Erzin” and outgoing to another major metal-
lurgical plant Isdemir located just a few kilometers from the
plant of CJSC “MMK Metalurji”. It is the unique situation be-
238
260
cause most of the major metallurgical enterprises have at least
two power supply networks to provide power system redun-
dancy in case of emergency on one of them.
The factory power supply network consists of switch-
gears such as outdoor switchgear 380 kV and indoor
switchgear 34.5 kV interlinked by four 155 MVA network
transformers. Transformers T1 and T2 provide power sup-
ply of four sections of the indoor switchgear 34.5 kV feed-
ing powerful electric loads of hot and cold strip mills, con-
tinuous strip pickling line, hot dip galvanizing line and color
coating line, oxygen plant, etc. The other two transformers
T3 and T4 provide power supply of the steel making com-
plex including the ultra-high power EAF-250 (300 MVA)
and the LF (48 MVA). The static var compensator SVC 330
Mvar is switched to the section with the electric arc furnace
and the ladle furnace. To provide the emergency stop of
operation in case of some fault in the 380kV power supply
network there is an operating 15 MVA gas-turbine power
station, which is powerful enough to supply the most critical
electric loads such as hot strip mill pumps, metallurgical
crane electric drives of electric steel making shops, control
circuits of power converters, etc. The synchronous generator
of the gas-turbine power station is continuously switched on
and it operates in parallel with the power supply network. It
somewhat reduces the total cost of power supply thanks to
the factory generating facilities [9].
Due to the lack of the redundant 380 kV power line any
significant disturbance in the power supply network is trans-
ferred to the factory 34.5 kV voltage level and has a nega-
tive influence on the operation mode of all the electric loads.
The most sensitive electric loads are high-powered electric
drives of the hot strip rolling mill stands (2 roughing stands
with high voltage 6.6 MW synchronous motors, 4 finishing
stands with 9.5 and 8.5 MW motors). All the stand synchro-
nous motors are supplied from ABB frequency converters,
which are designed according to the electric scheme with
the active rectifier (“Active Front-End” system). Operating
experience of “Frequency converter – Induction Motor” and
“Frequency converter – Synchronous Motor” systems shows
that in case of significant voltage drops and voltage unbal-
ance, converter protection operation and its cut off take
place. The critical value of the voltage drop level and its
length depend upon a number of factors such as voltage
level in the DC circuit and an electrical load of the con-
verter. If at the moment of the voltage drop the stand elec-
tric drives operate at the rated load, the critical voltage drop
value δUt and time tDrop for ABB converters are 15% and
100 ms, respectively.
As the 380 kV overhead electric lines are laid through
the mountainous areas of Hatay, where severe meteorologi-
cal conditions are quite frequent, one-phase faults resulting
in voltage drops occur quite often. The factory electric
power substation made it possible to obtain statistical data
concerning the frequency of voltage drops as well as their
depth and length (Fig. 5).
 Distribution Iron and Steel
Substation “ERZIN” Works ISDEMIR That is why after commissioning of the metallurgical plant
Transfer Bus 380 kV the management of CJSC “MMK Metalurji” set up the task
Outdoor to improve the reliability of hot strip mill electric drives
Section 1 switchgear
Section 2
380 kV operation in conditions of regular voltage drops in the elec-
tric power supply network. For several years the company
Т3 Т4 Т1 Т2
155 155 155 155 considered different solutions to this problem: from the
МVA МVA МVA МVA
Indoor
switchgear
change of protection parameters of the frequency converters
S.1 34.5 кV
380 kV
S.2 34.5 кV S.3 S.4 34.5 кV S.5
to the installation of the fast and expensive STATCOM
compensator in parallel with the step down transformer of
the frequency converters to compensate the voltage drops.
CSM Stands’ Electric Slab
EAF-250
Drives 17.8 MW Caster None of these solutions got the management approval. In
300 MVA SVC 330 Galvanizi these circumstances it was necessary to look for other solu-
Ladle Mvar Oxygen Station ng Line
Furnace tions.
34.5 kV Coating
48 МВА
Line The research carried out by the scientists from the de-
Gas-Turbine Power Station
15 MVA Service partment of electric power supply of industrial enterprises,
SG HSM Stands’ Electric Shop
6.3 кV Drives 50.4 MW MSTU, Magnitogorsk, in 2013 proved that the voltage
Other Electric Loads drops in the 34.5 kV power supply network can be damp-
34.5 kV Strip-Mills’ of Melting Shop and
Pumping Plant Hot-Strip Mill ened thanks to the use of reactive power reserves from the
SVC 330 Mvar operating in the factory power supply sys-
Emergency Power Supply
for Essential Electric Loads tem. Due to the phase independent control the static var
compensator is capable of prompt generation of high reac-
Figure 4. Simplified scheme of CJSC «MMK Metalurji» tive power in the phase where the voltage drop occurred.
electric power supply In order to study this phenomenon the research group made
use of the math software package MatLab with Simulink where
the model of the “EAF-250 – SVC” was developed and various
voltage drops were simulated and studied. Time diagrams of
the voltage and current changes showing the SVC reaction to
the voltage drops are given in Fig. 6 and 8.
This mathematical modeling showed that the application
of traditional control system of the SVC with the reactive
power regulator (Fig. 2) results in the incorrect SVC reac-
tion to the voltage unbalance and in this case the compensa-
tor will reduce the voltage drop only partially, from 30% to
18% (Fig. 6). Thus the direct control channel responsible for
compensation will react only to the EAF current unbalance,
and the voltage levels will only be used to calculate the re-
quired susceptance of the TCR phases.
In order to provide efficient control of the voltage drops
it was offered to use the improved control system of the
SVC where three independent PI controllers of the 34.5 kV
network phase voltages are used instead of the reactive
Figure 5. Distribution of voltage drops in the 380 kV power
power regulator (Fig. 7). Thanks to the new elements it is
supply network of CJSC “MMK Metalurji” for 12 months
possible now to form correction signals for susceptance of
The histogram analysis shows a great number of voltage the TCR phases Badd.AB,BC,CA, which will change the result-
drops in the range of δUt = 10-50% and the length of tDrop = ing values of BSum.AB,BC,CA in such a way as to eliminate the
60-220 ms. Most of them exceed the critical values of δUt voltage unbalance.
and tDrop for frequency converters of the hot strip rolling mill It should be noted that the results above were obtained
and result in their cut-off. when the EAF was put out of operation at the moment of the
It should be noted that the emergency stop of a rolling voltage drop and the SVC used all its rated power for voltage
mill with the strip stuck in rolling stands causes damage to compensation. In case of the operating EAF-250 consuming
the metallurgical facilities. On average the fault clearing 150 MW of active and 175 Mvar of reactive power, the SVC
takes about 1-2 hours. Provided the hot strip mill operates as is capable of compensating the 15% voltage drop or damping
a part of the continuous casting and rolling complex, the the 30% voltage drop by half. The implementation of the im-
cut-off of the stand electric drives will result in emergency proved control system of the SVC is feasible on the operating
stop of the electric steel making complex thus having nega- equipment without extra expenditures.
tive consequences on the whole metallurgical enterprise.

239
261
 uА (t) uВ (t ) uС (t ) uА (t) uВ (t) uС (t)

uА(t) uВ(t) uС(t) uА(t) uВ(t) uС(t)

iTCR , kА iTCR СА (t ) iTCR АВ (t ) iTCR ВС (t ) iTCR , kА

iTCR СА (t ) iTCR АВ (t ) iTCR ВС (t )

U , pu UФ ,о.е tdrop380kV = 200 ms

tdrop380kV = tdrop34.5kV = 200 ms
U А 34.5 kV (t )
tdrop34.5kV = 30 ms
δU t 34.5 kV 1 = −22% δU t 34.5 kV 2 = −18%

δU t 380kV = −30 % U А 34.5kV (t )

δU t 380 kV = −30%
U А 34.5kV (t ) U А 380 kV (t ) U А 380 kV (t )
δU t 34.5kV = −20%

Figure 6. Time diagrams of the voltage and current changes Figure 8. Time diagrams of the voltage and current changes
showing the SVC reaction to the voltage drops when the showing the SVC reaction to the voltage drops when the
traditional control system is used improved control system is used
u АВ , BC, CA (t )

ВTCR max
U Phase.Ref
u А (t ) U A − + ΔU A Badd.A Badd.AB

U Phase.Ref ВTCR max

Badd.AB = Badd.A + Badd.B − Badd.C
u В (t ) U B − + ΔU B Badd.B Badd.BC

U Phase.Ref ВTCR max Badd.BC = Badd.B + Badd.C − Badd.A

u С (t ) U C − + ΔU C Badd.C Badd.CA
Badd.BC = Badd.B + Badd.C − Badd.A

+ ωt
iL А = iEAF, LF А + iFC sum А Badd.AB,BC,CA
I L+.d I L+.d F
iL B = iEAF, LF B + iFC sum B 1 В АВ1
( I L+.q − 3I L−.d + I L−.q ) α АВ , ВС , СА
I L+.q I L+.q F +
3U Phase
iL C = iEAF,LF C + iFC sum C
1
+
U Phase +
( I L+.q − 2 I L−.q ) ВВС1
+
− ωt I − 3U Phase
L.d I L−.d F +
1
+
( I L+.q + 3I L−.d + I L−.q ) ВСА1 ВSum AB,BC,CA
I L−.q I L−.q F 3U Phase ВTCR max

Figure 7. Improved control system of the SVC 330 Mvar with individual regulators of phase voltages

240
262
 In case of the positive decision the factory electric sub-
station will be revamped in order to connect the 34.5 kV bus
bars and the main electric drives of the hot strip mill to the
single section with the steel making complex. For this it will
be necessary to install two extra cells into the indoor
switchgear and to lay the new cable line. The place of extra
equipment installation is shown in the scheme of factory
power supply by the dashed line (Fig. 4).
All these measures will make it possible to reduce the
number of emergency stops of the rolling mill caused by the
frequent voltage drops in the power supply network.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The static var compensator is an important element of
the power supply system of the ultra-high power electric arc
furnace, which provides the EAF operation with the set per-
formance and maintains the required energy characteristics
of the “EAF-SVC” complex.
2. Besides its main functions the SVC may be used to
improve the dynamical stability of the power station syn-
chronous generators and to compensate the voltage drops in
the factory power supply networks.
3. The new functions of the SVC make it necessary to
correct the traditional control system of reactive power and
to introduce new additional functional units providing
damping of power fluctuations in the electric power system
and compensating of voltage drops.
241
263
View publication stats
REFERENCES
[1] G.P. Kornilov, A.A. Nikolaev, A.Yu. Kovalenko, E.A. Kuznetsov,
“Means and Trends of Reactive Power Management at Large
Ironworks”, Russian Electrical Engineering, 2008, vol. 79, issue 5,
pp. 248-253, doi: 10.3103/S1068371208050052.
[2] G.P. Kornilov, A.A. Nikolaev, T.R. Khramshin, A.N. Shemetov,
“Experimental Investigation of Dependence of Power Quality from
the Operation Mode of the Ultra High-Power Electric Arc Furnace”,
Proc. IEEE 5th International Conference-Workshop Compatibility in
Power Electronics (CPE 2007). IEEE Press, Jun. 2007, pp.1-4, doi:
10.1109/CPE.2007.4296496.
[3] G.P. Kornilov, A.A. Nikolaev, T.R. Khramshin, T.Yu. Vakhitov,
“Analysis and Optimization of Ultra-high Power Electric Arc Furnace
Electric Regimes”, Electrometallurgy. 2013. vol. 7. pp. 2-10.
[4] A.A. Nikolaev, G.P. Kornilov, A.V. Anufriev, S.V. Pekhterev, E.V.
Povelitsa, “Electrical Optimization of Superpowerful Arc Furnace”,
Steel in Translation. 2014, vol. 44, issue 4, pp. 289-297, doi:
10.3103/S0967091214040135.
[5] G.P. Kornilov, A.A. Nikolaev, A.N. Shemetov, T.R. Khramshin, I.A.
Yakimov, A.V. Anufriev, T.Yu. Vakhitov, “Operating Mode Analysis
of Static Var Compensator of Electric Arc Furnace”, Chief power
engineer. 2011. vol. 3. pp. 30-34.
[6] A.A. Nikolaev “Performance Improvement of Static Var
Compensator of Ultra-high Power Electric Arc Furnace”. Synopsis of
PhD thesis (Engineering). Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical
University. Magnitogorsk. 2009. P. 20.
[7] N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS: Concepts and
Technology of Flexible AC Trnsmittion Systems”, 1999, Wiley-IEEE
Press, P.452.
[8] A.V. Fomin Analysis of Power Justification Methods of Static Var
Compensator for Steel Making Furnaces. Proceedings of TulSU.
Technical sciences. 2010. vol. 4. pp. 34-4.
[9] A.A. Nikolaev, G.P. Kornilov, V.S. Ivekeev, I.A. Lozhkin, V.E.
Kotyshev, M.M. Tukhvatullin, “Using of the Static Var Compensator
of the Ultra-High Power Electric Arc Furnace for Supporting of
Electrical Power System’s Stability and Increasing Reliability of
Factory Power Supply”, Russian Internet Journal of Industrial
Engineering, 2014, vol. 1, pp. 59-69.