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Module1 160104140913 PDF
Module1 160104140913 PDF
The Science of
Measurement
By,
Afaqahmed M J
AIKTC
Page 1
Syllabus TH + PR + OR
Module1
1.1 Introduction to Metrology, Fundamental principles and
definitions, measurement standards / primary and tertiary
standards, distinction between precision and accuracy.
Module 4
Quality Control
Introduction, definition and concept of quality & quality control,
set up policy and objectives of quality control, quality of design
and quality of conformance, compromise between quality & cost,
quality cost and planning for quality.
Module 5
SQC and SQC tools
Importance statistical methods in QC, measurement of statistical
control variables and attributes, pie charts, bar charts/ histograms,
scatter diagrams, pareto chart, GANT charts, control charts, X
chart, X bar charts, R charts, P charts, np charts their preparation,
analysis and applications. Elementary treatment on modern SQC
tools.
Page 3
Module 6
Sampling Techniques
Sampling inspection and basic concepts, OC curves,
consumer & producer risk, single & double sampling plans
and use of sampling tables.
Page 4
What is metrology?
Page 6
Prehistoric people
didn’t have time to
measure
Page 7
But over time….
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People started growing
food
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And developing permanent
settlements
Page 10
So, they desired a
system of
measurement…
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Or there would be
pandemonium (chaos) !
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History of Measurement
Wall and Leather Painting
Page 13
Fast-forward 5000 years
to current measurement
systems
Page 14
Career in Metrology
1.Scientific Metrology
– Organization and development of
measurement standards and their
maintenance (highest level)
Page 15
Industrial Metrology
– Adequate functioning of measurement
instruments used in industry as well as
production and testing processes
Page 16
Who Needs
Accurate Measurements?
Pharmaceutical Industry
Page 17
Defense Industry
• Metrology laboratories test standards for
many military and defense companies
top secret
Page 18
Space Station,
Satellites….
• Metrology laboratories test standards for
many companies that provide parts of the
space shuttle
Page 19
Standards of Measurement
A standard is defined as “something
that is set up and established by an
authority as rule of the measure of
quantity, weight, extent, value or
quality”.
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1. Primary standards:
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1. Secondary standards:
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Tertiary standards:
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4. Working standards
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Seven base units:
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• Accuracy:
– How close you are to the actual
value
– Depends on the person
measuring
– Calculated by the formula:
% Error = (YV – AV) x 100 ÷ AV
Where: YV is YOUR measured Value & AV is the
Accepted Value
Page 26
• Precision:
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• Accuracy & Precision may be
demonstrated by shooting at a
target.
• Accuracy is represented by
hitting the bulls eye (the
accepted value)
• Precision is represented by a
tight grouping of shots (they are
finely tuned)
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ACCURACY ACCURACY with PRECISION
Page 29
LIMITS, FITS &
TOLERANCES
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TERMINOLOGY
• NOMINAL SIZE: It is the size of
a part specified in the drawing.
• BASIC SIZE: It is the size of a
part to which all limits of variation
are determined. Or It is the
theoretical size from which limits
of size are derived by the
application of allowances and
tolerances.
• ACTUAL SIZE: It is the actual
measured dimension of a part.
Nominal and basic size are often
the same.
Page 31
DEVIATION
• LOWER • UPPER
DEVIATION: It is DEVIATION: It is
the algebraic the algebraic
difference between difference between
the minimum limit of the maximum limit
size and the basic and the basic size.
size. Page 32
LIMIT OF SIZES
Page 33
BASIS OF LIMIT
SYSTEM
• SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM:
• In this system, the shaft is kept
as constant member and different
fits are obtained by varying the
hole size.
Page 34
BASIS OF LIMIT SYSTEM
Page 35
ZERO LINE
• It is the straight line
corresponding to the basic size.
The deviations are measured
from this line.
Page 36
Tolerance
Page 39
POSITIONAL TOLERANCES
• Two types of positional
tolerances are used:
1. Unilateral tolerances
2. Bilateral tolerances
• When tolerance is on one side
of basic size, it is called
unilateral and if it is both in
plus and minus then it is known
as bilateral tolerance.
Page 40
Specifications of Tolerances
1. Limit Dimensioning
The high limit is placed above the
low limit.
In single-line note form, the low limit precedes the high limit
separated by a dash
Page 41
Cumulative Tolerances
Page 42
International Tolerance Grade (IT):
`
Page 43
Page 44
IS919 ACT ( REVISED)
Page 45
Fits Between Mating Parts
Fit is the general term used to signify the
range of tightness or looseness that may
result from the application of a specific
combination of allowances and
tolerances in mating parts.
There are four types of fits between parts
1. Clearance Fit: an internal member fits in
an external member (as a shaft in a hole)
and always leaves a space or clearance
between the parts.
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3. TRANSITION FIT:
In this type of fit, the limits for the
mating parts are so selected that either
a clearance or interference may occur
depending upon the actual size of the
mating parts.
Page 48
PLAIN GAUGES
Page 49
Plain gauges may be classified as follows;
According to their type:
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Page 54
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Page 56
2. Ring Gauge
Page 57
Page 58
SNAP (or) GAP GAUGES:
Page 59
Page 60
Taylor’s Principle of Gauge Design:
GO LIMIT
According to Taylor, ‘Go’ and ‘No Go’
gauges should be designed to check
maximum and minimum material limits which
are checked as below; ‘GO’ Limit.
Page 61
Page 62
No Go Limit:
Page 63
Wear Allowance:
Page 64
Filler Gauges L, W
Use for precise spacing inspection by
inserting into the gap between two flat
surfaces
Crucial instrument for measuring gap
between piston and cylinder of automotive
engine
Page 65
REFERANCES-
For Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5xEE6YTpqI
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