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3 - Evaluating A Cephalometric Radiograph PDF
3 - Evaluating A Cephalometric Radiograph PDF
cephalometric
radiograph
Dr. Ramy Ishaq
BDS, MSc, PhD Orthodontics Cairo
University
Morth RCSED UK
• Hand Tracing
Tracing • Computerized tracing
• Skeletal
Localization • Dental
of Landmarks • Soft tissue
Contents
• Reference planes
Construction
• Planes of structures under
of planes assessment
• Skeletal
Evaluation • Dental
• Soft tissue
Tracing
Localization of Landmarks
Anatomical or
Skeletal, Dental, Unilateral or
constructed
Soft tissue bilateral
(derived)
Cephalometric Planes
A cephalometric plane is constructed by
joining 2 points
B- Planes of
A- Reference planes structures under
assessment.
Cephalometric Reference Planes
• Reference planes are the ones used as a reference to evaluate
the position and/or angulation of any structure under
evaluation.
Reference Planes
• The base reference planes provide the observer with a
symbolic place to stand upon and make necessary
measurements.
• They serve as the basis for superimposition of serial tracing in
an effort to study long term growth.
• These base reference lines are used to orient ‘before’ and
‘after’ tracings, which analyse therapeutic changes.
Reference Planes
A reference line for
A reference plane should be
superimposition
• as stable as possible and • requires demanding biological
• allow interpretations made from support
its use to coincide with what is • The landmark must be stable
actually happening. longitudinally, i.e. relatively
stable, for there are no
absolutely stable lines or points
in a biologically dynamic
growing person.
Common Reference Planes
S-N Plane
Occlusal Plane
Mandibular Plane
S-N Plane
The S-N line
• the anterior cranial base.
represents
Therefore it is a
• unreliable in cephalometric
plane that is
considered
analysis.
Lets try to identify Or and Po
• On average this plane is orientated 6 to 7 degrees to the
Frankfort Plane.
Maxillary plane OR Palatal Plane
• This plane represents the maxillary
base.
• It is constructed by connecting the
anterior nasal spine (ANS) with
posterior nasal spine (PNS).
It is considered as a
reference plane and anatomical plane
Normal SNA
• 83 ± 3°
value:
Angle SNB
Normal SNB
• 80 ± 3°
value:
Angle ANB
Average value
• 27 ± 4°.
Frankfort Mandibular Planes Angle (FMPA)
The
Rickett’s E- Facial
Holdaway
plane plane
line
The Holdaway line
This is a line
• from the soft tissue chin to the
upper lip.
In a well-proportioned face
• this line, if extended, should
bisect the nose.
Rickett’s E-plane
This line
• joins the soft tissue chin and the tip of the
nose.
In a balanced face
• the lower lip should lie 2 mm (± 2 mm) anterior
to this line with the upper lip positioned a little
further posteriorly to the line.
Facial plane
In a well-balanced face
• the Frankfort plane should bisect
the facial plane at an angle of
about 86° and point A should lie on
it
Take caution
It should also be
these analyses should
remembered that
be supplementary to a
beauty is in the eye of
clinical examination.
the beholder.