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4 Chopper-Q1 - Q2-Controlled DC Drives
4 Chopper-Q1 - Q2-Controlled DC Drives
4 Chopper-Q1 - Q2-Controlled DC Drives
SSD - UNIT- II
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SSD - UNIT- II
Outline
Introduction
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
Step Down Class A Chopper
Step Up Class B Chopper
Two-quadrant Control
Four-quadrant Control
References
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SSD - UNIT- II
Power Electronic Converters
for DC Drives
Power electronics converters are used to obtain
variable voltage
Highly efficient
Ideally lossless
Type of converter used is depending on voltage
source :
AC voltage source Controlled Rectifiers
Fixed DC voltage source
DC-DC converters (switch mode
converters)
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Ea
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
Motoring
S is ON (0 t ton) Ra
Ia
Va
V La
Ra D
Va
V La Ea
Ea
•Va = V Duty
•Ia flows to motor Interval
dia ( ia )
Raia La E V •|Ia| increases
dt
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
V La
D
Ra
Va
ID La Ea
Ea •Va = 0 Freewheeling
•Ia freewheels through Interval
dia diode DF ( ia )
Raia La E 0
dt •|Ia| decreases
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DC – DC Converter Fed SSD - UNIT- II
Regenerative Braking D
Ra
S is ON (0 t ton)
Ia Va
Va = 0 (diode blocks V)
ia increases due to E V S La
Ra (since E > Va)
Va Mechanical energy
S Ea
La converted to electrical
(i.e. generator)
Energy stored in La Energy Storage
Ea
Any remaining energy Interval
dia
dissipated in Ra and S ( ia )
Raia La E
dt
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
- Step Up Class B Chopper Ia
Regenerative Braking
D
S if OFF (ton t T) Ra
Ia ia flows through diode Va
D and source V S La
V
Ra ia decreases in
Va negative direction
Ea
V La Energy stored in La &
energy supplied by
machine are fed to Duty
Ea Interval
the source
dia ( ia )
Raia La V E
dt
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control No Speed
Combination of Class A & B choppers Reversal
Forward motoring Q1 - T1 and D2 (Class A)
Forward braking Q2 – T2 and D1 (Class B)
Q2 Q1
+
Q3 Q4 T
T1
V D1
• Va always +ve always +ve
• Ia can be +ve or –ve
+ • Do not fire both switches
T2 Va together short circuit at
D2
- supply
-
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control
Forward motoring Q1 - T1 and D2 (Class A)
T1 conducting: Va = V (ia ) D2 conducting: Va = 0 (ia )
+ +
T1 T1 D1
D1
ia ia
V V
+ +
D2 D2
T2 T2
Va Va
- -
Average Va = 1V,
1 = (ton T1 / T ), 2 = 0 Average
Va Ea
+ +
T1 T1 D1
D1
ia ia
V V
+ +
D2 D2
T2 T2
Va Va
- -
- Two-quadrant Control
For fast transition from motoring (Q1) to braking
(Q2) and vice versa, both T1 and T2 are controlled
simultaneously, i.e. within a period T:
T1 in ON and T2 is OFF between time 0 < t ≤ ton
If Ia is positive (Va > E), current flows from supply to motor via T1
If Ia is negative (E > Va), current flows from motor to supply via D1
- Four-quadrant Control
Operation in all four quadrants
Va and Ia can be controlled in magnitude and polarity
Power flow can be in either direction
Q3 Q4 T
D1 D3
T1 T3
+ Va -
ia
Note:
Polarity of Va and
T4
direction of Ia
T2
D2 indicated are
D4
assumed
positive.
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
When a switch is on (i.e. ‘ON state’) it may or may not
conduct current depending on the direction of ia
If a switch conducts current, it is in a conducting state
Converter has two legs (Leg A & Leg B)
Leg B
Both switches in each
leg, are alternately + D1 D3
switched T1
+ Va -
T3
If T1 = ON, T4 = OFF ia
Vdc
If T4 = ON, T1 = OFF
T4 T2
D4 D2
-
Leg A 20
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
Positive Current (Ia > 0)
Q2 Q1
Va = Vdc when T1 and T2 are ON
Q3 Q4 T
Current increases
Q1 operation
Va = 0 when current
freewheels through +
T2 and D4 T1
D1 D3
T3
+ Va -
Current decreases
Vdc ia
Va = -Vdc when D3 and D4
conducts current T4
D2 T2
Current decreases D4
-
Energy returned to supply
Q4 operation
T3 and
T4 off 21
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
Negative Current (Ia > 0)
Q2 Q1
Va = -Vdc when T3 and T4 are ON
Current increases in negative direction Q3 Q4 T
Q3 operation
Va = 0 when current
freewheels through
T4 and D2 +
D1 D3
Current decreases T1
+ Va -
T3
Va = Vdc when D1 and D2
Vdc ia
conducts current
Current decreases
T4 T2
Energy returned to D4 D2
supply -
Q2 operation
T1 and
T2 off 22
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
For both positive and negative current, output voltage can
swing between:
Vdc and -Vdc
Vdc and 0
Four quadrant chopper has two legs, so it requires two
switching signals (one for each leg)
Depending on relationship between the two switching signals,
4-quadrant chopper has two switching schemes:
Bipolar switching
Unipolar switching
Switching scheme determines output voltage swing between
Vdc and -Vdc or Vdc and 0.
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Test Link:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe9OZ62sJ9LsunNeN
WeaLhe_8I28Ki92851cCHiMtbfBSwXug/viewform?usp=sf_link 24
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References
Rashid, M.H, Power Electronics: Circuit, Devices and
Applictions, 3rd ed., Pearson, New-Jersey, 2004.
Dubey, G.K., Fundamentals of Electric Drives, 2nd ed., Alpha
Science Int. Ltd., UK, 2001.
Krishnan, R., Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis and
Control, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2001.
Nik Idris, N. R., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.
Ahmad Azli, N., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.
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