Unit V

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 Syllabus
• Fourier Transform, system function, energy
spectrum. Calculation of simple transforms, Discrete
Fourier Transform (DFT), properties of Discrete
Fourier Transform.

2
 FOURIER TRANSFORM


 x(t )e
 jt
X ( j )  dt


1

j t
x(t )  X ( j  ) e d
2 

Find the Fourier transform of the following and sketch the magnitude and phase
spectra.
x(t )   (t )


 x(t )e
 jt
X ( j )  dt
 X(j)

X ( j )    (t )e  jt dt  1


X ( j)  1 for all 


0
X ( j)  0 for all 

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Find the Fourier transform of the following and sketch the magnitude and phase
spectra.
|X(j)|
0,6
x(t )  e  atu (t ) X ( j )  1
a 2  2
0,5

 
 x(t )e
 jt
X ( j )  dt X ( j )   tan 1   0,4
 a
0,3

X ( j )   e  at u (t )e  jt dt 0,2
 

X ( j )   e at e  jt dt 0,1

0
0
 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
X ( j )   e ( a  j )t dt
100
0 X(j)
80
1
X ( j )  60
a  j 40
20
0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-20

-40
 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 10 -60
|X(j)| 0.5 0.485 0.447 0.35 0.27 0.22 0.185 0.09
-80
-100
X(j) 0 -14 -26.5 -45 -56.3 -63.43 -68 -78.7

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Find the inverse Fourier transform of the following.
 ( )  (  0 )
X ( j )   ( ) X ( j )   (  0 )

1 

j t
x(t )   d 1
 X ( j ) e
j t
2
X ( j ) e x(t )  d
 2 

1 

j t
x(t )    d 1
  (   )e
jt
2
( ) e x(t )  d
2
0


1 for  0 1 j 0 t
 ( )  x(t )  e
0 for  0 2
1
x (t ) 
2
Find the Fourier transform of the following
x(t )  e 3t u(t  2)  u(t  3)
X ( j )  
1
3  j

e (3 j )3  e (3 j ) 2 


 x(t )e
 jt
X ( j )  dt

3
X ( j )   e 3t e  jt dt
2

5
6
7
PARSEVAL’S THEOREM (ENERGY DENSITY SPECTRUM)
  2
1
E   x(t ) dt   X ( j ) d
2


2 

 
E  x(t ) dt  
2 *
x (t ) x (t )dt
 


 1 

  x(t )   X *
( j  ) e  j t
d dt
  2 

1

 
  
 j t
   d
2 *
x (t ) dt X ( j ) x (t ) e dt

2   


1
 X ( j  ) X ( j  ) d
*

2 


1
  X ( j ) d
2

2 

|X(j)|2 is referred as energy density spectrum of the signal x(t) 8

SYSTEM ANALYSIS WITH FOURIER TRANSFORM
  N
d k jt M
d k (e jt )
y (t )   x( )h(t   )d   h( )x(t   )d H ( j ) ak k (e )   bk
  k 0 dt k 0 dt k
N M
x(t )  e jt
H ( j )  a k ( j ) ( e k j t
)   bk ( j ) k e jt
 k 0 k 0

y (t )   h( )e j ( t  )
d M

  b ( j )
k
k

H ( j )  k 0

jt  j
y (t )  e h ( )e d N


 a ( j )
k 0
k
k

H ( j )   h( )e  j
d

Y ( j )  X ( j ) H ( j )
jt
y(t )  e H ( j ) M

Y ( j )  b ( j )
k
k

N
d k y(t ) M d k x(t ) H ( j )   k 0

 ak   bk X ( j ) N

k 0 dt k
k 0 dt k  a ( j )
k 0
k
k

N

d k e jt H ( j ) M

d k (e jt )

k 0
ak
dt k
  bk
k 0 dt k
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The input and output of a causal LTI system are related by differential equation
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
 6  8 y (t )  2 x(t )
dt 2 dt
(a) Find impulse response of the system
2t
(b) What is the response of this system if x(t )  te u(t )
x(t )  te2t u(t )
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
 6  8 y (t )  2 x(t ) 1
dt 2 dt X ( j ) 
(2  j ) 2
( j ) 2 Y ( j )  6 jY ( j )  8Y ( j )  2 X ( j )
Y ( j ) 2

 
Y ( j ) ( j ) 2  6 j  8  2 X ( j ) 
X ( j ) ( j ) 2  6 j  8
Y ( j ) 2 2 1
H ( j )   Y ( j ) 

X ( j ) ( j ) 2  6 j  8  ( j  4)( j  2) (2  j ) 2
2 2
H ( j )  Y ( j ) 
( j  4)( j  2) ( j  4)( j  2)3
A B C D
A B Y ( j )    
H ( j )   ( j  2) ( j  2) 2 ( j  2)3 ( j  4)
( j  4) ( j  2)
1/ 4 1/ 2 1 1
1 Y ( j )    
H ( j )  
1 ( j  2) ( j  2) 2 ( j  2)3 ( j  4)
( j  4) ( j  2)
1  2t 1  2t t 2  2t 1
Y (t )  e u (t )  te u (t )  e u (t )  e 4t u (t )
4 2 2 4
h(t )  e4t u(t )  e 2t u(t ) 10
 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

X (e ) j
 x(n)e
n  
 jn


1
 X (e
j
x ( n)  )e jn d
2 

Find Fourier transform of

x ( n)   ( n) x ( n)  u ( n) x(n)  {1,1,2,2})


j
X (e ) 


 x(n)e  jn
j
X (e )   x(n)e
n  
 jn
X (e j )  1  e  j  2e j 2  3e  j 3
n   

j
X (e ) 


  (n)e  jn
j
X (e )   u(n)e
n  
 jn
x ( n)  u ( n  k )
n   
X (e j )   e  jn


j
X (e )   e  jn
j

X (e )  1 n 0
nk

X (e j )  1  e  j  e 2 j  ... X (e j )  e jk  e j ( k 1)  ...

x ( n)   ( n  k )
j 1 X (e j )  e  jwk (1  e j  e 2 j  ...)
 X (e ) 
j
X (e )    (n  k )e  jn 1  e  j e  jk
j
n   X (e ) 
1  e  j
X (e j )  e  jwk
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Find inverse Fourier transform of
X (e j )  1  2e  j  2e  j 2  3e  j 3

x(n)  {1,2,2,3}

Find inverse Fourier transform of

X (e j )  e  j for      

1
 X (e
j
x ( n)  )e jn d
2 

1
 e
 j
x(n)  e jn d
2 


1
 e
j ( n 1)
x(n)  d
2 

e j ( n1)  e  j ( n1)
x(n) 
2 j (n  1)
sin  (n  1)
x ( n) 
 (n  1)

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