Chemical Technology (CHE1004)

An overview of CT

Dr.S.Karthika
Assistant professor (senior)
VIT, vellore
 Course Objectives
2

1. Introduce the basic information and the systematic

diagrams of Unit operations involved in chemical
industries.
2. Familiarize the concepts of design, operation details
and schematic of industrial equipment.
3. Ascertain the right separation technology for easy
separation of chemical components

Vellore Insttute of Technology, Vellore 11/4/2020

 Course Outcomes (CO)
3

1. Classify the major unit operations and processes involved in manufacturing

industries
2. Illustrate the manufacturing processes of organic and inorganic chemical
industries
3. Understand the different industrial gases involved in chemical industries
4. Demonstrate the manufacturing processes for fertilizers industries
5. Explain the process flow sheet and end uses of cellulosic material in
different application
6. Discuss the manufacturing processes of petroleum refinery and
petrochemical products

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 What we learn in CT?
4

Explain the basic history, current issues, and trends in chemical process industries.
•Understand basic roles, responsibilities and expectations for a career in chemical process
industry.
•List some of the leading chemical process industries
•(range: manufacturers of inorganic- and organic-industrial chemicals, petrochemicals,
polymers and rubber, cement, water treatment and purification, detergents and surfactants,
agrochemicals, glass, pulp and paper, gases, paints and coatings, explosives, food
processing).
•Classify the chemical process industry into industrial categories of base (commodity products),
intermediate (secondary products), end-products (consumer products) and specialty
chemicals (fine chemicals) manufacturers.
•List the raw materials used in the manufacturing of chemicals and processed materials (range:
coal, crude oil, natural gas, metal and mineral deposits, organic materials, air and water).
•Describe the sources and methods of recovering raw materials used in the production of
chemicals and processed materials.
•Describe the manufacturing processes of different chemicals and processed materials.
Vellore Insttute of Technology, Vellore 11/4/2020
 Why knowledge on CT required?
5

– functional role and importance of various

processes and operations in the process
– the selection of important parameters such as T, P
and underlying physical principles of a process
– distinguish various process streams and their
conditions of operation (T, P and phases)
– process troubleshooting and necessary safety
precautions
Vellore Insttute of Technology, Vellore 11/4/2020
 Classification of Industries
6

Based on quantities of produced and consumed

•Heavy chemicals
–large quantity normally crude or less purified chemicals

e.g. mineral acid, NaOH, Na2CO3 etc

•Fine chemicals
–purified substances and produced in limited quantity.

e.g. speciality solvent, perfumes, medicines etc

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 Classification of Industries
7

2. Based on chemical composition

•Organic compound

e.g. hydrocarbons, phenols, carboxylic acid etc.

•Inorganic compound

e.g. Na2CO3, K2Cr2O7, MgCl2

•Polymers
–macromolecular mass compounds; covalent bonding of repeating structured units
which may be natural, synthetic or semi synthetic.

e.g. polystyrene, polyvinylchloride etc.

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 Classification of Industries
8

3. Based on availability
•Natural compounds
–Available in nature or produced or extracted from plant and
animals. Due to large utilization & limited production the
natural source is depleting.
e.g. coal, petroleum etc.
•Synthetic products
–Man made compounds. They may be synthesized using natural
product or synthetic materials.

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 Unit opeations/process
9

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 Flow Diagrams / Flow Sheets
10

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 Diagrams
11

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 Symbols

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 Diagrams
16

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 Past….
17
 Before the Industrial Revolution (18th century), industrial
chemicals were mainly produced through batch processing.
 Batch processing is similar to cooking. Individuals mix ingredients
in a vessel, heat or pressurize the mixture, test it, and purify it to get
a saleable product.
 Batch processes are still performed today on expensive products,
such as perfumes, or pure maple syrups, where one can still turn a
profit, despite batch methods being slow and inefficient. Most
chemicals today are produced through a continuous "assembly line"
chemical process.
 The Industrial Revolution was when this shift from batch to
continuous processing occurred.

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 Past…
18
 The Industrial Revolution was when this shift from batch to continuous
processing occurred.
 This meant two things: one, the size of the activity and the efficiency of
operation had to be enlarged, and two, serious alternatives to batch
processing, such as continuous operation, had to be examined.
 This created the need for an engineer who was not only conversant with
how machines behaved, but also understood chemical reactions and
transport phenomena (how substances came together to react, how the
required conditions could be achieved, etc), and the influence the
equipment had on how these processes operated on the large scale.
 Thus, Chemical Engineering was born as a distinct discipline; distinct from
both Mechanical Engineering on one hand and industrial chemistry on the
other.

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 Future of chemical industry/engineering
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 Biotechnology
 Nano technology
 Advanced materials [ bi functional materials,
conducting polymers, bio materials (e.g., tissue
engineering) continue development for specialized
applications]

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 Modern chemical engineering
20
 The modern discipline of chemical engineering encompasses much more than just process
engineering.
 Chemical engineers are now engaged in the development and production of a diverse range of
products, as well as in commodity and specialty chemicals. These products include high
performance materials needed for aerospace, automotive, biomedical, electronic,
environmental, space and military applications.
 Examples include ultra-strong fibres, fabrics, dye-sensitized solar cells, adhesives and
composites for vehicles, bio-compatible materials for implants and prosthetics, gels for medical
applications, pharmaceuticals, and films with special dielectric, optical or spectroscopic
properties for opto-electronic devices. Additionally, chemical engineering is often intertwined
with biology and biomedical engineering.
 Many chemical engineers work on biological projects such as understanding biopolymers
(proteins) and mapping the human genome. The line between chemists and chemical engineers
is growing ever more thin as more and more chemical engineers begin to start their own
innovation using their knowledge of chemistry, physics and mathematics to create, implement
and mass produce their ideas.

Vellore Insttute of Technology, Vellore 11/4/2020

 Thank you

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