A Mini Project Report on

“AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER”

A report submitted in part fulfilment of the degree of

BE in Electronics Engineering
Semester III (ODD 2019-20)

By
Shubham Yelekar 15EE1075

Department of Electronics Engineering

Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology,
Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
October 2018

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Declaration
This report has been prepared on the basis of our own work. Where other published
and unpublished source materials have been used, these have been acknowledged.

Student Names:

1. Shubham Yelekar

Date of Submission:

Signature of Supervisor:

Grade:

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Table of Contents
Abstract 3

Project Specification 4

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Bibliography 13

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Abstract
This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing and executing the
advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street lights by using
light dependent resistor (LDR). Nowadays, human has become too busy and he is unable to
find time even to switch the lights on or off. This can be seen more effectively in the case
of street lights. The present system is like, the street lights will be switched on in the
evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is
sufficient light on the roads. But the actual timing for these street lights to be switched on
are when there is absolute darkness on the roads. This project gives the best solution for
electrical power wastage. Also the manual operation of lighting system is completely
eliminated. In our project we are using LDR, which varies according to the amount of light
falling on its surface; this gives an indication for us whether it is a day/night time. This
project can be configured by using transistors, CMOS ICs and IC 555. Here, we implement
this project by using IC 555. The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a
variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to
provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip flop element. Derivative provide up to
four timing circuits in one package. Also we are using Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in this
project instead of a bulb. Light-emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in
electronics. By using this project as the basic principle we can design centralized
intelligent system for the perfect usage of streetlights in any place.

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Introduction
Street lighting provides a safe night time environment for all road users including
pedestrians. Research indicates that night-time vehicular accidents are significantly
reduced by provision of street lighting. It also helps to reduce the fear of crime, and
encourages social inclusion by providing an environment in which people feel they can
walk in hours of darkness. Providing street lighting is one of the most important and
expensive responsibilities of a city. Lighting can account for 10-38% of the total energy
bill in typical cities worldwide. Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public
authorities in developing countries because of its strategic importance for economic and
social stability. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources each year, and
poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient technologies and design can cut
street lighting costs dramatically (often by 25-60%).

The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power
consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the
help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the sources
of the power are getting diminished due to various reasons.

The main aim of this project is Automatic Street power saving system with LDR this is to
save the power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy
to cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages,
towns etc. we can design intelligent systems for the usage of street lights.

This project Automatic Street Light Control System can be implemented by four different
ways: by using transistors, by using CMOS ICs and by using IC555 timer [1].

Here, we will implement this project by using 555 timers IC. Other basic components
which we used are power supply, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and Light emitting
diodes (LEDs) which we are using in place of a light bulb.

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Component used
❖ 555 Timer IC
❖ LDR
❖ LED
❖ Potentiometer
❖ Resistor 1* 1k ohm
❖ Resistor 1* 220 ohm
❖ 9V Battery
❖ Printed Circuit Board(PCB).

Description of components

A. 555 Timer IC
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator,
and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.
The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which
was later acquired by Philips. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package
includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini
dual-in-line package. Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s
on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified
555s with Discharge & Threshold connected internally, Trigger is falling edge sensitive
instead of level sensitive). It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three
5 kΩ resistors used within, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary.

Functional Diagram of 555 timer IC

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

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Pin no. and purpose:

1. Ground reference voltage, low level (0V)

2. The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below ½ of
CTRL voltage.

3. This output is driven to approximately 1.7V below +VCC, or GND.

4. A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not
begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which
overrides THR.

5. Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).

6. The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than that at
CTRL.

7. Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase with
output.

8. Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the

variation.

Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a voltage to
the CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. The
CONTROL VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable with a frequency modulated
output.

The 555 has three operating modes:

● Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a “one-shot” pulse generator.
Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch
switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse width modulation
(PWM) and so on.
● Astable mode: free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses
include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation,
security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on.
● Bistable mode: in this mode, the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not
connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.
555 timers is very easy to use in the circuits. Now, it has been used in everything from toys
to spacecraft. Due to its versatility, availability, and low cost it remains a hobbyist
favourite. One of the secret to its success is it a true black box, its symbolized schematic is
simple and accurate enough that designs using this simplification as a reference tend to
work first time. You don’t need to understand every transistor in the base schematic to
make it work [3].

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B. Power Supply
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The A.C input i.e.,
230V from the main supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier.
The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating D.C voltage. So in order to get a pure
D.C voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any A.C
components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant D.C voltage.

In this project, we are using bridge rectifier, capacitive filter and potentiometer as a
regulator.

Power Supply

C. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a device which has a resistance which varies
according to the amount of light falling on its surface. There are two basic circuits using
LDR the first is activated by darkness, and the second is activated by light. The two
circuits are similar and just require an LDR,

some standard resistors, a variable resistor and any small signal transistor. Light Dependent
Resistor contains cadmium sulphide track.

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Circuit Diagram

Principle and Working of Automatic Street Light

Controller

555 Timer IC is the main part of the circuit that works as a comparator. All the
working of this circuit depends on the working of the 555 timers Ic.To know more
about 555 times IC read this article Working of 555 Timer IC. In this circuit pin, 3
produce output which has just two states high and low. Output goes to high when
trigger pin is at a lower level than the 1/3rd level of the power supply voltage and
output goes low when trigger pin 2 is at above then 1/3rd of the power supply
voltage. In this circuit pin, 4,6 and 8 are connected to the power supply. Here we
use LDR to detect the presence of light which is formed a potential divider circuit
with the help of 1k ohms resistor. LDR is a special type of resistor whose value
depends on the light. Read this article to know How LDR Works. The output of this
divider circuit is given to trigger pin of the 555 timer IC.

In this circuit, we use a simple LED to know how the whole circuit works. You can
also connect as much led as you want by using the transistor or you can connect a
Relay to control high voltage electrical bulbs.

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Final Results
The main objective of this project was to reduce the power consumption of street lights by
avoiding inefficient lighting which wastes significant financial resources each year. This is
done by using Automatic Street Light Control System. So, the ambiance of light is checked
and lights are turned ON when it is dark and turned OFF during the day. This project is
implemented by using 555 timers IC and LDR. So when light is present LDR detects and
circuit is in the OFF state. LEDs which we are used as load don’t show any output. But in
reverse when darkness appears LDR works in ON state and complete circuit work.

Conclusion
This project is aimed at designing and implementation of an automatic system in the
streets. This project can be implemented on large scale. It requires the initial cost only for
designing and installation and not for utilization. Hence, such systems are very useful for
the government to reduce the utilization of electric power. Therefore, such systems are
once implemented on a large scale can bring significant reduction of the power
consumption caused by street lights. This initiative will help the government to save this
energy and meet the domestic and industrial needs.

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Bibliography
1. https://www.academia.edu/8276092/Automatic_Street_Light_Control_System_U
sing_LDR_and_IC555_Timer
s

2. projectsdunia.blogspot.com/2015/11/automatic-street-light-controller.html

3. https://circuiteasy.com/automatic-street-light/

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light

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