GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALSAD

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

3150504 – INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL
B.E. SEM –V FOR ODD TERM 2020-21 W.E.F. 22/06/2020
Experiment 6
Non–interacting system (step input)
Student name: PANCHAL SHIVAM JAYANTIBHAI
Enrollment number: 190193105010
Submitted on:05-11-2020

Figure:

Interacting Liquid-Level System

 INTERACTING STSTEM (STEP INPUT)
Aim:
To find out the dynamic response of a first order system (Liquid level tank arrange in
Inter acting mode) to a Step change in input variable.

Apparatus: Glass bottles, rubber tubes, measuring cylinder, stopwatch.

Chemicals. Water

Procedure:

1. Arrange the equipment as shown in figure. Both the tanks are kept at the
same level so that the height of liquid in the second tank will depend on
the height in the first tank.
2. Measure the cross sectional area of the bottle.
3. Start inlet flow rate to the first bottle and allow it to reach to steady state.
4. Measure the initial height as well as the steady state flow rate.
5. Increase the flow rate to the first tank and note down the change in heights
of the liquid in both the tanks with time until the new steady state is
reached.
6. Measure the new steady state flow rate and steady state height.
7. Plot the graph of H2 (t) vs. T.
8. Compare the results of interacting and non-interacting systems.

Theory:
The mass balance for tanks (1) and tanks (2) are
q-q1 = A1 dh1/dt _____________ (1)
q-q2 = A2 dh2/dt _____________ (2)

Now q1 = (1/R1) (h1-h2)

at steady state equation (1) and (2)
qS – q1S = 0 ____________________(3)
q1S- q2S = 0 ____________________(4)
Substituting equation (3) from (1) and equation (4) from (2)
Q – Q1 = A1 dH1/dt_______________(5)
Q – Q2 = A2 dH2/dt _______________(6)
Q1 = H1 - H2/R1_________________(7)
Q2 = H2/R2______________________(8)
 Now from equation (5) and (8)

Q(s) – Q1(s) = A1S H1S ______________(9)

Q1(s) – Q2(s) = A2S H2S______________(10)

R1Q1S = H1(s) – H2(s) ________________(11)

R2Q2S = H2(s) _________________________(12)

From (9), (10), (11) & (12) we get

H2(s)/Q2(s) = R2/ (τ1τ2S2 + (τ1 +τ2 + A1R2) S + 1)

To understand the effect of interaction on the response of a system consider a two tank
system. For which the time constant is equal (τ 1 = τ2 = τ) if the tanks are non-interacting the
transfer function is known by
Q2(s)/Q(s) = (1/(τs+1))2
Unit step response transfer function is given by

Q2 = 1 – e-t/τ – (t/τ) e-t/τ

For interacting tanks over all transfer function is

Q2(s)/Q(s) = 1/ (τ2S2 + 3τS +1)

Observations:

Diameter of tank-3 & tank-2 : 92mm

Initial flow rate(Lph) : 3
Final flow rate(Lph) : 8
Initial steady state tank-3 level(mm): 92
Final steady state tank-3 level(mm): 162
Initial steady state tank-2 level(mm): 38
Final steady state tank-2 level(mm): 72

Observation table:

Time
Sr No. Level of Tank (h2t) (mm) H2(t) Observed H2(t) Predicted
(sec)

1 0 38 0 0
 2 100 40 2 2.5318
3 200 42 4 6.8669
4 250 44 6 9.0269
5 310 46 8 11.4667
6 370 48 10 13.7053
7 440 50 12 16.0575
8 510 52 14 18.1459
9 580 54 16 19.9946
10 685 56 18 22.3735
11 795 58 20 24.4343
12 900 60 22 26.0600
13 1000 62 24 27.3506
14 1155 64 26 28.9492
15 1320 66 28 30.2308
16 1540 68 30 31.4488
17 1820 70 32 32.4475
18 2100 72 34 33.0552

Calculation:

H2(t) Observed = (level at time t – level at time t=0) X 10-3

H2(t) Predicated = AR2{1 – (eαt/α – eβt/β)/(1/α – 1/β)}m

Where,
A = magnitude step change
= (flow rate after step change – Initial flow rate) m3/sec
R = Outlet valve resistance in sec/m2
R1 = dH1/dQ
R2 =dH2/dQ
dH1 = (final steady state level – Initial steady state level) for tank-1 m
dH2 = (final steady state level – Initial steady state level) for tank-2 m
dQ = (flow rate after step change – initial flow rate) m3/sec
τ = time constant in sec
τ1= A1R1
τ2= A2R2
Where A1 = A2 = Area of tank 1 & tank-2 in m2
t = time in Sec.
α = (-b/2) + {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2
β = (-b/2) - {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2
Where, b = {1/τ1 + 1/ τ2 + (A1R2/ τ1 τ2)}
A1 = A2 =(π/4) d2
=(π/4) (0.092)2
= 6.648 X 10-3 m2
dQ =
R1 = dH1/dQ
= 1.59*10³ sec/m³
R2 =dH2/dQ
=3.27*10³ sec/m³
τ1 = A1R1
=10.6 sec
τ2 = A2R2
=21.7 sec
b = {1/τ1 + 1/ τ2 + (A1 X R2/ τ1 τ2)}
=0.2353

α = (-b/2) + {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2

= -0.02024

β = (-b/2) - {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2

= -0.21511

H(t) Predicated

= AR2 {1 – {(eαt/α – eβt/β)/(1/α – 1/β)}}

Graph:
H2(t) Vs time
 40

35

30

25
H(t) , mm

20
Observed
Predicted
15

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Time , sec