Influence of nonlinear thermal radiation on the viscous flow through a
deformable asymmetric Porous Channel: A numerical study

Naveed Ahmed, Umar Khan, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din

PII: S0167-7322(16)32612-5
DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.021
Reference: MOLLIQ 6564

To appear in: Journal of Molecular Liquids

Received date: 6 September 2016

Accepted date: 11 November 2016

Please cite this article as: Naveed Ahmed, Umar Khan, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din,
Influence of nonlinear thermal radiation on the viscous flow through a deformable asym-
metric Porous Channel: A numerical study, Journal of Molecular Liquids (2016), doi:
10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.021

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Influence of Nonlinear Thermal Radiation on the viscous flow

through a Deformable Asymmetric Porous Channel: A numerical
study
1 *
Naveed Ahmed, 1 Umar Khan, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din

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1,*
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt, Pakistan

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*
Corresponding Author (syedtauseefs@hotmail.com )

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Abstract: A numerical investigation has been made to study the influence of nonlinear thermal

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radiation on the flow of a viscous fluid. The flow is confined in a channel with deformable
porous walls. Two numerical schemes, namely, Galerkin’s method [GM] and Runge-Kutta-
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Fehlberg [RKF] method have been employed to obtain the solutions after reducing the governing
equations to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A good agreement has been
found in both the solutions. Flow behavior under the influence of arising parameters has been
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discussed in details with the help of suitable graphs. It is seen that the thermal radiation increases
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not only the rate of heat transfer at the wall but it also affects the temperature profile quite
significantly. The last section summarizes the observations and conclusions made after the study.
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Key words: Nonlinear thermal radiation, deformable walls, heat transfer, numerical solutions.
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Nomenclature
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1 Introduction

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The situation where the fluid flow is confined in a porous channel whose walls can exhibit an up
and down motion is widely investigated by the researchers from different countries of the world.

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This global popularity is due to its practical applications that are seen in several industrial and
biological circumstances. Regularly dispersed irrigation, coolant circulation, filling machines,
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bio-fluid transportation in living organisms, manufacturing process of sheets and papers,
propellant combustion, and industrial cleansing systems are a few examples of such situations.
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There are several studies available in the literature dealing with the flows of such type. Some of
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the very recent/relevant are mentioned here [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. A brief history of the problem is given
in [6]. As the governing equations resulting from the problems are highly nonlinear so the exact
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solutions are rare. To cope up with this problem, different numerical attempts have been made in
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the past. Mostly it is done by using RK-4 method coupled with shooting technique.

The study of heat transfer in many industrial mechanisms is crucial for their proper working.
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Several enhancements can be proposed after understanding the operations under different
thermal conditions. Thermal analysis gives us the ideas to tweak the systems under
consideration. Some of such mechanisms are involved in processes like wire coating, glass sheet
production, vehicle engines, fuel combustion and paper manufacturing. For the smaller
coefficients of convective heat transfer, radiation takes control of the total heat transfer and act
dominantly. Even in the situations where the free or forced convection occurs its role is still
important. Keeping in view the importance of radiative heat transfer, many researchers tried to
model it in different physical situations and some of them are mentioned in [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14].

A literature exploration indicates that the problem related to the influence of nonlinear thermal
radiation on the flow through expanding contracting domains is yet to be tackled. For the
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purpose, we present our effort that provides a numerical solution to aforementioned problem.
Two of the numerical schemes have been employed to get the results, Galerkin’s method [GM]
and Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg [RKF] method. Both of them are used in number of studies [15, 16,
17] and have been proved to be very useful in obtaining the solution to the physical problems.

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Some of the other techniques are mentioned in the references [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. A
physical insight of the problem is analyzed in appropriate section with the help of graphs and

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comprehensive discussions. Temperature distribution is mainly the focus of these discussions

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and its variation due to the involved parameters is captured in detail.

2 Mathematical Exploration

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The core objective of this effort is to see the effects of nonlinear thermal radiation on the flow of
a Newtonian fluid through a deformable semi-infinite porous channel. The height of the channel
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is taken to be very small as compared to its length and width. A cross-sectional view of the
geometry is presented in the following figure (see Figure 1). During the dilation or contraction in
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height of the channel, the fluid may enter, or leave, through the permeable walls. The primary
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end of the channel is closed using an impenetrable but flexible membrane that coordinates the
walls movement.
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Figure 1 Cross-sectional view of the geometry

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The permeability of lower and upper wall is not same and they exhibit an embracing or parting

movement at a uniform rate . The origin is taken at the middle of the leading side of the

channel as indicated in above figure (see Figure 1). Besides, in the same figure signifies

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temperature and the expressions related to, lower and upper wall are symbolized by the
subscripts, and , respectively. Further the temperature at upper wall is taken to be smaller than

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the temperature at lower wall. The effect of nonlinear thermal radiation has also been taken in to
consideration. In context of the assumptions stated above, the equations representing the

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conservation of mass, momentum and energy are stated below [25, 26]

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, (1)
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, (2)

(3)
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,
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, (4)
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where and . In above set of equations, the velocities along and

directions are represented by and , respectively. denotes density of the fluid, is the
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pressure and is kinetic viscosity. Moreover, represents dimensional temperature of the fluid and
the thermal diffusivity is with being thermal conductivity and the specific heat
under constant pressure. The last term of Eq. (4) arises due to the net heat radiation flux denoted
by . It is defined by Rosseland approximation for the energy flux [7]. Following equation gives
us the mathematical form of the said approximation and is commonly known as the equation of
radiative diffusion

, (5)

where, denotes the Boltzmann constant and is Rosseland mean absorption coefficient.
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Supporting boundary conditions can be set as [25]

(6)

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(7)

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and , in Eqs. (6) and (7), denote the permeability of the walls located and
respectively

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The following similarity transform is established by employing the idea of mass conservation

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[2],

(8)
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where, the subscript represents the differentiation w. r .t the similarity variable .
Aforementioned similarity transform reduces the set of equations (Eqs. (1) (3)) into a single
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differential equation after eliminating the pressure terms as follows

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(9)
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, in Eq. (9), is the rate at which walls deform and its positive values indicate the
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expanding behavior of the channel.

A similarity solution in time can be established by following [27, 28]; consequently, the term
vanishes by taking uniform in time. In the same references one can see that the value of can
be set by using the initial height of the channel.

The auxiliary conditions for velocity (Eqs. (6) and (7)) can be converted to

(10)
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where, and are the permeation Reynolds numbers linked to the lower and
upper wall respectively. They bear positive values if the injection is taking place. A
dimensionless form of the velocity profile can be obtained by using following the scales

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.

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Using the above scales, we get

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. (11)

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The dimensionless boundary conditions are
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(12)

where, primes are used to show the differentiation w. r. t and is the permeability
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parameter.
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The following transform can be used to reduce the energy equation along with the boundary
conditions in to an ordinary differential equation
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, (13)
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The resulting equation is

. (14)

The supporting conditions are

. (15)

, here is Prandtl number, is the radiation parameter and .

The non-dimensional expressions for the rate of heat transfer (Nusselt numbers ) at the
upper and lower walls can be written as
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, (16)

. (17)

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These relations can be derived by using the following definition of Nusselt number

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,

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where, .

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3 Solution of the Problem
Two numerical schemes have been employed to find the solution of resulting system of
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differential equations, Galerkin’s method and Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF) method. The former
method has been coded in mathematical software Maple while the latter is a built-in routine
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available in the same software. Galerkin’s method is a kind of Weighted Residual Methods
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(WRMs) that requires an initial approximation to start with. After using the supposed trial
function in to original differential equation, an expression for the residual is obtained. The trail
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function contains some undermined constants that can be calculated by minimizing the weighted
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residual in an average sense. This scheme is summarized as follows.

3.1 Galerkin’s method

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Consider a deferential operator acting upon a function to yield a function , i.e.

. (18)

The solution of above problem is approximated by using a trail solution which is a linear
combination of some linearly independent base functions (say ). We can write
it mathematically as

, (19)

where incorporates the essential boundary conditions. After substituting Eq. (19) in Eq. (18),
if the equation is satisfied we can say that the trail solution is actually a solution. In fact, this is
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extremely rare. More often the equation is not satisfied and we get an expression representing the
error or the residual as under

, (20)

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The next step is to construct a weighted residual error with appropriate weights and minimize it

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to get the values of s, that is,

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, (21)

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Eq. (21) gives a system of algebraic equations and its solution gives us the values of s that can
be plugged back in to the trail solution to get the numerical solution.
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To solve the problem, we have two trail function are needed that are written as follows
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. (22)
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. (23)
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Firstly, the numerical solution using Eq. (22) is obtained following the procedure stated above.
For a particular set of values of the parameters the approximated solution is as under
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(24)

Using the above solution and trail function for the temperature profile we can proceed in a
similar fashion to get the solution for temperature profile as
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(25)

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Following are the values against which the above solutions are obtained

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.

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A similar kind of expressions can be calculated for the other sets of varying parameters.
The obtained results are compared with RKF method and are displayed in the following table.

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Table 1 Comparison of the results for the velocity profile
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RKF GM Abs Error

-1 -0.1 -0.1 2.775557562e-017

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-0.8 -0.06869559391 -0.06849795502 0.0001976388911

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-0.6 0.0210820705 0.02194206234 0.0008599918402

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-0.4 0.1578287456 0.1589894442 0.001160698604

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-0.2 0.3244987233 0.3250950982 0.0005963749496

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0.0 0.5012754675 0.500828163 0.0004473045055

0.2 0.6687634366 0.6675816438 0.001181792758

0.4 0.8107954141 0.8096469672 0.001148446946

0.6 0.9162264011 0.9156574565 0.0005689446334

0.8 0.9794779544 0.9794007267 7.722768253e-005

1 1 1 1.110223025e-016
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Table 2 Comparison of the results for temperature profile

RKF GM Abs Error

-1 1 1 2.220446049e-016

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-0.8 0.9336119669 0.935665769 0.002053802129

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-0.6 0.799561172 0.798701838 0.0008593340434

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-0.4 0.5906031123 0.585885749 0.004717363327

-0.2 0.3523772103 0.3534610763 0.001083865984

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0 0.1612393632 0.1634193426 0.002179979359
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0.2 0.05513542136 0.050484154 0.004651267356

0.4 0.01409746577 0.00979752602 0.004299939752

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0.6 0.002730129875 0.005308419975 0.0025782901

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0.8 0.0003803966409 -0.001136515866 0.001516912507

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1 0 0 0
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4 Results and Discussions

After finding the solution of governing equations, we can now analyze the flow characteristics
by chasing the flow tendencies under the variations in physical parameters. To obtain this
objective, some graphical results are displayed in the figures to follow. The temperature
distribution is our main focus and we intend to see its variation due to the variations in
porosity parameter , permeation Reynolds number , non-dimensional wall deformation rate ,
radiation parameter and the temperature ratio . The cases of injection combined with
dilation or squeezing is considered unless stated otherwise. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the
changes in temperature distribution arising due to increasing absolute values of . A rise in
temperature of the fluid is seen in both the cases mentioned above. At the upper wall however,
the changes are negligible. The increased cross flow velocity near lower wall increases the
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movement of particles and this increment in kinetic energy takes the temperature to a higher side
near the lower wall. The way in which the wall deformation rate affects the temperature profile is
shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Prior is the case when suction takes place. For the said case
contraction increases the temperature profile quite significantly. While for the dilation a drop in

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temperature is observed. It is also noted that the effect is not prominent near the lower wall.
Solid line in the graphs shows the situation when the walls are not moving. Later figure shows an

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exactly opposite behavior when the channel is experiencing injection.

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Figure 2 Temperature profile for varying Figure 3 Temperature profile for varying
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Figure 4 Temperature profile for varying Figure 5 Temperature profile for varying
.

The pattern in which affects the temperature distribution is shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7. As
the absolute value of injection increases backed by the contraction, temperature seems to rise and
when the suction increases, it drops the temperature everywhere except the lower wall. A similar
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phenomenon is evident from Fig. 7 when an expanding channel is considered instead of a

contracting one. The thermal radiation parameter is also very influential as painted in Figure 8
and Figure 9. The solid line shows the scenario when there is no radiation involved. One can
clearly see that significantly increases the temperature for injecting and contracting channel.

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For injecting and expanding case the behavior is same near the upper wall, that is, a higher
temperature with rising . However, a fall in temperature is observed near the lower wall.As

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the value of increases the mean absorption coefficient decreases, hence, a rise in the

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temperature of the fluid is expected.

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Figure 6 Temperature profile for varying . Figure 7 Temperature profile for varying
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Figure 8 Temperature profile for varying Figure 9 Concentration profile for varying
. .

The parameter also plays an important role similar to . That is portrayed in Figure 10 and
Figure 11. Higher the , higher is the temperature difference between the lower and upper wall.
As the difference increase, a rise in temperature of the fluid is observed across the channel for
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prior case and a thicker thermal boundary layer is observed near the lower wall. As we move
towards the upper wall, a thinner thermal boundary layer is seen. On the other hand, for the latter
case, the temperature dopers slightly near the lower wall. It is worth mentioning that the
radiation parameter and do not affect the temperature near the upper wall in any of these

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cases.

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Figure 10 Temperature profile for varying Figure 11 Temperature profile for varying
. .
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Figure 12 paints the effects of on the rate of heat transfer (Nusselt number) at the lower and
upper walls. Picture on left corresponds to the upper wall. It is easy to observe that the rate of
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heat transfer increases with the increasing values of . Also by increasing a higher rate of
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heat transfer is evident. The behavior remains same for the lower wall and a similar variation is
observed. The expression for are given in Eqs. (16) and (17). Both the observations show
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that the nonlinear thermal radiation increases the rate of heat transfer at the walls.
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Figure 12 Nusselt number for varying

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Figure 13 Nusselt number for varying .

The Nusselt number also gets affected greatly by the changing values of permeability parameter.
This phenomenon is displayed in Figure 13. A rise in rate of heat transfer is observed at the
upper wall due to the decreasing values of permeability parameter. While at the lower wall the
same rate decreases.

5 Conclusion
A numerical study is presented to check the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation over the
flow of a viscous fluid in an asymmetric channel with deformable porous walls. Two different
numerical techniques have been used to derive the solutions as well as to authenticate each other.
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A reasonably good agreement has been found between the solutions which are shown with the
help of tables. The following bullets highlight the discoveries made during the analysis:

Permeability parameter arises due to the unlike permeabilities of lower and upper wall. The

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temperature distribution is greatly affected by it and an increase in temperature is observed with
increasing absolute values of . However, at the upper wall this effect is negligible.

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 Nusselt number falls at the upper wall with decreasing values of .

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 At the lower wall the same rate rises with decreasing .

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 Increment in increases the rate of heat transfer at both the walls.

 Nusselt number also increase with the increasing values of .

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 uplifts the temperature, except, for contraction coupled with injection.
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Acknowledgment
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The authors are highly grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments.
They really helped us to further improve the quality of this work.
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