RELIABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN USING

INTELLIGENT TECHNIQUES FOR WIND

ENERGY SYSTEMS

A SYNOPSIS

Submitted by

CENTHIL KUMAR C
Registration Number: 0110911201
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Under the guidance of

Dr. I. JACOB RAGLEND

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed-to-be-University under section 3 of U.G.C Act 1956)

Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade

KUMARACOIL, KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT,

TAMILNADU-INDIA 629 180
FEBRUARY 2019
1. INTRODUCTION
Popularly used renewable energy source is wind energy. It offers several
merits like no usage of fuel, anti-pollution and inexhaustible source. A clean and
renewable source of electrical energy is wind energy. Many challenges were
addressed here for the usage of wind energy. Wind turbines are critical machines,
with high flexible structures working under disruptive and hard prediction conditions
for environment, and are joined to an invariant electrical grid with ever-changing
voltages, frequency, power flow, and the like. Wind turbines have accommodated to
those fluctuation. So, their efficiency and reliability depend on the control strategy
that is applied. In the grid which alters the wind energy penetration, some extra
challenges are to be faced. They are grid disturbance response, control of active
power, regulation of frequency, control of reactive power, regulation of voltage,
restoration of grid and prediction of wind.
1.1 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
To generate a new control strategy for WECS by improving the
performance. To design optimized control for WECS for obtaining good voltage
regulation. To simulate the improved MPPT strategies using MATLAB/Simulink
environment. The research problem is to optimize the gain of proportional Kp and
gain of integral Ki of Proportional Integral controller to reduce the time domain
specifications like Over shoot(tr), Settling time(ts), Peak overshoot (Mp), Steady
State Error(ess). To optimize the performance calculates the Integral of the Square of
the Error (ISE), Integral of the Absolute value of the Error (IAE), Integral of the
Absolute Error over Time (ITAE).
1.1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Various problems have been identified in the literatures by the researchers
in both indirect and direct control methods in MPPT. The indirect MPPT algorithm
involves high precision sensors measuring rotational speed and/or wind speed, which
are too costly in investment for a low power wind energy system. In direct a larger
step size enables a quick reaction but induces more power oscillations, which means
less efficiency; a smaller step size improves the efficiency but reduces the
convergence speed at the same time. Time domain performance measures like
overshoot, settling time still needs improvement in WECS. This can be operated by
suitable controller design.
The important motivation of this research relies on effective use of MPPT
techniques and the optimization of control parameters on the grid side converter,
thereby making a large performance of WECS. Based on literature survey, the other
problems related with the voltage regulation at the grid side are high settling and rise
time, overshoot and undershoot problems, low transient response and high
computational complexity. The main intention of the research is to reduce the
problems stated above. These have been achieved by using Intelligent Controllers
and Optimization Algorithms.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Agarwal.V et al. [1] presents a grid that connects with wind energy system
for novel MPPT algorithm. The intermediate variable “β,” is used in this tracking
algorithm and the purpose is defined. The velocity of wind is irrespective for a
present WEGS at the MPP remains unique (=βMPP). The MPPT algorithm operated
in two different stages. In the initial stage, the operating points are derived quickly
and it uses high steps, to lie within a narrow band with limits βmax and βmin. In the
next stage, the “perturb and observe” method are used in MPPT. The suggested
algorithm application is to an example, compared to the existing algorithm WEGS
gives the taken of time by the system to reach MPP is much minimum. The matrix
converter prototype has been generated for interfacing of grid and advanced scheme
of MPPT has been applied with Venturini and switching schemes based on SVM.
Linus, R.M et al. [8] examine the functions of MPPT in a grid
linked to the permanent magnet synchronous generator-based WECS, which uses a
linear link between correct speed and velocity of wind to accelerate the reaction of
controller speed. Furthermore, the advanced high step offence and the low step
reverse start analyzing develops the precision of the large step perturb which exists
already and visualize algorithm. The wind conditions are varying rapidly with the
tracking of maximum power. The system contains the back-to-back sinusoidal pulse-
width modulation converters. The advanced method of field-oriented control to
analyze the higher power by using generator side converter. The grid gets the
generated wind power from the DC-link and the wind power is generated in grid side
inverter to modulate the DC-link voltage. Moreover, this work studies the functions
of the grid side inverter and the synchronisation with a non-linear inductive load.
 Liu, H.L et al. [10] gives a direct MPPT for little scale generator of wind
based on PMSM. The three-phase diode bridge and DC-DC converter is connected to
the PMSM. Avoiding the defects of mechanical dynamic properties of wind turbine,
the MPP tracking algorithm is used. The model of MPPT is implemented
experimentally by using of wind turbine emulator. The limited efficiency and
accuracy is get in the MPPT of wind generator based PMSM and the founded
solutions are satisfactory.
Ambika et al. [18] paper has been discussed PID and FLC algorithms.
They are applied in highest possible plenty at all times. The wind energy usage
becomes a particular part of world maintainable progress of energy. Studying of
wind energy systems has a great benefits and environment friendly. The higher
power is transferred to find the operating points by using these algorithms. In this
work implemented and developed for many MPPT techniques. These algorithms are
studied and analysed, a comparative analysis and improvement is performed between
PID MPPT and Fuzzy based MPPT.
Yang. B et al. [20] presents a new joined grey wolf optimizer to find the
optimum values of interactive PI controllers of DFIG based WT, such that a MPPT
can be accomplished together with an improved fault ride-through capability.
Conjunctive group of hunting and a group of random scout are the two separate
groups of grey wolves, they are proposed in this work. The existing one consist of
four various classes of grey wolves i.e., alpha, beta, delta, and omega) to execute an
effective hunting based on their hierachical cooperation. The unknown environment
has three luxuriant maneuvers e.g., prey probing, prey skirting, and prey assaulting,
of which the number of beta and delta wolves is highest to reach a deeper
development. Trade-off between the exploration and exploitation are appropriately
realised and avoid the optimal value effectively. Carrying of three case studies the
global convergence is verified better. The capability of fault ride through is improved
and high accurate power can be reached by the advanced approach. These are
compared with that of other heuristic algorithms.
3. MODELING OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
The WECS configuration is given in the figure.1. It contains wind turbine,
gearbox, DFIG and two-level back-to-back converter. The wind turbine is used to
converts the aerodynamic power into the mechanical power. Then, this power is
converted to the DFIG. The DFIG-WT is the changing speed wind turbine; it does
not need a full-size converter to deliver the grid with a unchanged power frequency
and capability of power factor is unity. The two-level back to back converter is
applied to adjust the reactive and active powers generated by the WECS to the grid.
Using of GSC to change the DC bus between these two converters and its power
factor is unity. DFIG is preferred for the change of wind and rotor winding which has
resulted in lower cost of converter and low power loss.
3.1. Modeling of the DFIG
The equations of DFIG are founded from the design of Park shown in a
reference frame d-q circulating at the synchronous speed ω s. The conversion system
of electrical energy is explained by the induction machine equation by DFIG model
and the model of turbine.

 
 
 
   

 
 

Grid
AC DC
DC AC
DC AC

DFIG
Grid-side converter Rotor-side converter

Selected control strategy

Fig.1. WECS configuration

(a) The Turbine Model
The power of aerodynamic P observed by the wind turbine is shown by:
1
P= πρ R 2 Cp ( λ ) v 3 (1)
2
Here the speed ratio of tip λ is
Rω
λ= (2)
v
Here, v is the wind, ρ is the air density, R is the radius of rotor, and Cp is the
coefficient of power. λ is the ratio of turbine blades tip speed to wind speed and β is
the turbine blades rotational speed.
The rotor power or aerodynamic power is given by
P=T m . ω(3)
Here the aerodynamic torque is Tm and rotor speed of wind turbine is ω.
The below given reduced model is changed for the turbine:
dω
J =T m−T em−Kω(4)
dt
Here generator electromagnetic torque is Tem, total inertia of turbine is J, and total
external damping of turbine is K. The reactive and active rotor and stator powers are
given by:
P s=V sd I sd +V sq I sq

{
Q s=V sq I sd −V sd I sq (5)
P r=V rd I rd +V rq I rq
P s=V rq I rd −V rd I rq

For improving efficiency of the system, speed of system is adjusted as a function of

wind speed to increase the power of output.
b) The DFIG Model
The control systems are explained in the synchronous d-q frame attached to
both the voltage of stator and the flux of stator. The rotating frame d-q is shown by

d ᶲ sd
V sd =R s I sd + −ωs . I sq

{
dt
dᶲ
V sq =Rs I sq+ sq +ω s . I sd
dt
d ᶲ rd
V rd =Rr I rd + −ω r . I rq
dt
dᶲ (6)
V rq =Rr I rq + rq +ω r . I rd
dt
T em=P M ( I rd I sq−I rq . I rd )
ᶲ sd =L s I sd −m. Lm . I rd
ᶲ sq =Ls I sq −m. Lm . I rq
ᶲ rd =Lr I rd −m. Lm . I sd
ᶲ rq =Lr I rq −m. Lm . I sq

Where V is the voltage, I the current, Φ is the flux, R is the resistance, L is

inductance, M is the mutual inductance, Tem is the electromagnetic torque, and P is
the pair number of the pole.
3.2 Modeling of DC/DC Converter
Boost converter is used in this paper. Input voltage is step up by using boost
converter. Duty cycle is changed by controlling the output voltage. Due to the
duration of the switches, the boost converter is operated in two different modes.
When closing of switch takes place, the energy is stored by inductor and the energy
is released by capacitor. When opening of switch takes place, they will do the
opposite functions. The model circuit of the boost converter is given in Figure.2.

Vin
Vout
S R
C

Fig.2. Boost Converter Circuit Model

The average value of output voltage is given by
V¿
V out = (7)
1−D
Hereoutput Voltage isV out , the input voltage is V ¿and the converter switch duty cycle
is D.
4. CONTROL STRATEGIES OF WCES
To improve the efficiency of the WECS, MPPT technique is used according
to maximum power point theorem, output power of any circuit can be increased by
changing the source impedance equals the load impedance, because of this the MPPT
algorithm corresponding to the problem of impedance matches. Techniques such as
conventional PI controller, Fuzzy, ANFIS & Optimization methods such as crow
search and cuckoo search are utilized and comparative study is done to select the
efficient control technique.
4.1 Perturb and Observe method
The P&O technique is used to search for the maximum optimal point for the
given wind speed. The P&O method does not require any prior wind turbine
knowledge. It is independent, flexible and simple technique. Here the P&O method
uses the perturbed output voltage across the load to determine the optimal operating
point that will extract the maximum power.
4.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller
An FLC is an artificial decision-making controller that works in closed loop.
Error signal and change in error signal are the inputs of fuzzy controller. Once the
signals are measured and linguistic variables are founded, the output of FLC is the
duty cycle for boost converter is produced by the rules. FLC is termed to be the most
efficient controller when related with PI controller.

4.3 ANFIS Controller

Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is a fuzzy inference
system based on Takagi-Sugeno model and this system uses the input and output data
set to build the inference system of fuzzy. Start to study the ANFIS; first, the desired
values of input/output data pairs of the systems models are required to contain a
training data set. The ANFIS controller design parameters are the number of data
pairs, searching data sets, training data sets, fuzzy inference systems for training, the
number of epochs. That parameters step size is monitored to choose the training and
learning results.
4.4 PI Controller
Comparing of reference DC voltage and actual DC voltage the error signal
is generated in PI based MPPT technique. The output signal is obtained by the error
signal is fed into the PI Controller. The output signal is then related with the
frequency iterative triangular waveform to present a duty cycle which works the
DC/DC Converter switch thus finding the highest power based on the change in
speed of the wind. Here the optimization techniques are applied to link the other
controller performances.
5. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
 Cuckoo Search Algorithm
 Crow Search Algorithm.
a) Cuckoo Search Algorithm
This algorithm is based on the common behavior of reproduction by
cuckoos. They put their eggs into the eyries of other host birds and if the host bird
realizes that the particular egg does not belong to their eyrie, it will be thrown away
by the host bird or the host bird prefers to develop a new eyrie somewhere else. So,
the evolution of cuckoo eggs becomes the imitative of the eggs of endemic crew
birds. Each egg in an eyrie to portray a solution, and a cuckoo egg portrays a new
result. The aim is always to apply the better solution (cuckoos) and replace the
previous not-so-best solution.
b) Crow Search Algorithm
 The algorithm works on the basis of smart behavior of crows. Based on this
behavior, the crows save their extra food in the hiding places and retrieve when
needed. Crows are treated as the most intelligent birds and have largest brain with
relative to their body size. They can retrieve the face of other crows and warns other
one when an unknown crow nearing it. They see the location of the food of other
birds and rob it when there are no other birds present at that area. In this optimization
gives better results compared to all other controller.
6. IMPLEMENTATION
MATLAB is a more performance language for practical computing. It
incorporates computation, visualisation, and programming in a simple to apply in a
place where problems and results are likely in normal mathematical notation.
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data aspect is an array that does not
need dimensioning. This grant solving of many practical problems, particularly those
with matrix and vector formulations in a fraction of time. The probability of the
given attempt is checked using computer simulations.

Fig.3 Output Voltage regulation of grid side converter with cuckoo search
 Fig.4 Output Voltage regulation of grid side converter with crow search

Time domain specifications like rise time, settling time, Peak overshoot
and steady-state error is founded for PI controller, intelligent controllers and
optimization techniques and the outputs are tabulated.

Table 1. Comparative analysis for time domain specifications and performance

criteria

Crow
Cuckoo
TYPE PI P&O FLC search
Search
0.01
Rise time, tr(sec) 0.33 0.22 0.21 0.078
0.074
Settling time, ts(sec) 0.98 0.7 0.6 0.2
-
Peak Overshoot (%) - - - -
0
Steady-state error, ess (%) 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.3

From the comparative analysis, it is inferred that better voltage control is

achieved with minimum rise time of 0.01sec, settling time of 0.074sec, peak
overshoot of 0% and no steady state error for crow search optimization.
Table 2. Comparative analysis of performance indices
TYPE OF PI P&O FLC Cuckoo Crow
ERROR Search search
ISE 0.09919 0.06774 0.0643 0.06017 9.537e-7
IAE 862.8 547.1 546.8 212.9 42.37
ITAE 1726 1094 1088 425.7 12.22

Performance indices such as ISE, IAE and ITAE are tabulated. It is

inferred from the analysis, the crow search technique is achieved minimum ISE, IAE,
ITAE of 9.537e-7, 42.37 and 12.22. It is concluded that ISE, IAE and ITAE is very
much reduced in Crow Search than all other controller techniques.
7. CONCLUSION
 In this thesis first, PI control technique is applied and from the outputs it is
obvious that the voltage is uncontrolled and oscillatory. By using PI controller, the
voltage is controlled with more oscillations. The FLC is used for controlling the
voltage and the result is linked with PI controller. The comparative results prove that
FLC provides better rise time and settling time than PI controller. Performance
measures such as ISE, IAE and ITAE are much reduced in FLC compared to PI. The
response of output voltage is better in FLC. In the case of ANFIS controller, the
voltage response provides fast rise time and settling time and this controller exhibits
better performance under all operating conditions compared to FLC. Optimization
algorithms are implemented in order to tune the gain parameters of PI controller to
obtain better voltage control. In this thesis, Cuckoo Search Optimization and Crow
search techniques are adopted, and both techniques provide fast settling, better rise
time and better response for all working conditions. With results obtained from
simulation, it is clear that for the same operating condition, the Crow Search
Optimization technique had better performance than all other controllers. The
simulation results are presented to highlight the effectiveness of this optimization
algorithm such as speed of response, rise time, settling time, ISE, IAE and ITAE
which satisfy the objectives of the research.
8. PROPOSED CONTENTS OF THE THESIS
Chapter 1 gives the overview of the MPPT strategy for wind energy conversion
system.
Chapter 2 presents a detailed overview of various literatures related to the research
topic with merits and drawbacks of the proposed work in the literature.
Chapter 3 presents the designing of wind energy conversion system.
Chapter 4 proposes the various control strategy used for WECS.
Chapter 5 presents the MATLAB implementation of WECS.
Chapter 6 presents a conclusion on the research undertaken and offers suggestions
for future research.
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1. C. Centhil Kumar and I. Jacob Raglend, "MPPT Based Various Control

Strategies for Wind Energy Conversion System and Its Reliability-Survey",
Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10,
No. 5, (2018), pp. 201-206.
2. C. Centhil Kumar and I. Jacob Raglend, "A MPPT strategy based on cuckoo
search for wind energy conversion system", International Journal of
Engineering & Technology, 7 (4), (2018), pp. 2298-2303.
3. C. Centhil Kumar and I. Jacob Raglend, "A Novel Crow Search based
Strategy for Maximum Power Point Tracking of Wind Turbines Driven by
Doubly Fed Induction Generator", International journal for Simulation:
System and Technology, (2019), pp. 10.1- 10.5.