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Straight Line PDF
Straight Line PDF
Straight Line PDF
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STRAIGHT LINES
mx 2 nx 1 my 2 ny1
x ;y
n n
(i) If m/n is positive, the division is internal, but if m/n is (iii) Orthocentre, Centroid & Circumcentre are always
collinear & centroid divides the line joining
negative, the division is external.
orthocentre & circumcentre in the ratio 2:1.
(ii) If P divides AB internally in the ratio m:n & Q divides
(iv) In an isosceles triangle G, O, I & C lie on the same
AB externally in the ratio m:n then
line and in an equilateral traingle, all these four points
P & Q are said to be harmonic conjugate of each other
coincide.
w.r.t. AB.
2 1 1 4. AREA OF TRIANGLE
Mathematically, i.e. AP, AB & AQ
AB AP AQ
are in H.P. If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle
ABC, then its area is equal to
y 2 y1
(iii) Two point form : y y1 (x – x1) is the equation
Area of n-sided polygon formed by points x 2 x1
(x1, y1); (x2, y2); ............(xn, yn) is given by : of a straight line which passes through the point (x1,y1) &
(x2,y2)
1 §¨ x 1 x2 x x3 x xn ·
¸
2 ............ n 1 (iv) Determinant form : Equation of line passing through
2 ¨© y1 y2 y2 y3 y n 1 yn ¸
¹
x y 1
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is x 1 y1 1 0
5. SLOPE FORMULA x2 y2 1
6. CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF x x1 y y1
r is the equation of the line is parametric
THREE POINTS cos T sin T
form, where ‘r’ is the parameter whose absolute value is
Points A (x1,y1), B(x2,y2), C(x3,y3) are collinear if : the distance of any point (x,y) on the line from fixed point
(x1,y1) on the line.
§ y y2 · § y 2 y3 ·
(i) mAB = mBC = mCA i.e. ¨ 1 ¸¸ ¨ ¸
¨x x ¨x x ¸ (viii) General Form : ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a straight
© 1 2 ¹ © 2 3 ¹
a
line in the general form. In this case, slope of line = .
x1 y1 1 b
(ii) 'ABC = 0 i.e. x 2 y2 1 0
x3 y3 1 8. POSITION OF THE POINT (x1,y1
RELATIVE OF THE LINE ax + by + c = 0
(iii) AC = AB + BC or AB ~ BC
If ax1 + by1 + c is of the same sign as c, then the point
(iv) A divides the line segment BC in some ratio.
(x1, y1) lie on the origin side of ax + by + c = 0. But if the
7. EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE IN sign of ax1 + by1 + c is opposite to that of c, the point
(x1,y1) will lie on the non-origin side of ax + by + c = 0.
VARIOUS FORMS
In general two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) will lie on same side
(i) Point-Slope form : y – y1 = m(x – x1) is the equation of a straight or opposite side of ax+by+c=0 according as ax1+ by1+ c and
line whose slope is m and which passes through the point (x1,y1). ax2 + by2 + c are of same or opposite sign respectively.
STRAIGHT LINES
m1 m 2 m m3 m 3 m1
m ax1 by1 c tan A ; tan B 2 ; and tan C
. If A and B are on the same side of 1 m1 m 2 1 m 2 m3 1 m 3 m1
n ax 2 by 2 c
the given line then m/n is negative but if A and B are on 13. PARALLEL LINES
opposite sides of the given line, then m/n is positive.
(i) When two straight lines are parallel their slopes are equal.
Thus any line parallel to y = mx + c is of the type
10. LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM y = mx + d, where d is parameter.
A POINT ON A LINE (ii) Two lines ax+ by+ c=0 and a´x +b´y +c´ = 0 are parallel
a b c
The length of perpendicular from P(x 1 ,y 1) on if : z
a´ b´ c´
Thus any line parallel to ax+ by+ c =0 is of the type
ax 1 by1 c ax+ by+ k =0, where k is a parameter.
ax + by + c = 0 is
a 2 b2 (iii) The distance between two parallel lines with equations
ax + by+ c1 =0 and
x x1 y y1 (ax1 by1 c)
a b a 2 b2
1
y= – x + d, where d is any parameter..
m
ax by c a´x b´y c´
of this acute angle is
a b
2 2
a´2 b´2
ax by c a´x b´y c´
Then ; gives the equation of
a b
2 2
a´2 b´2
ax by c a´x b´y c´
gives the equation of the
a b2 2
a´2 b´2
(iii) If T is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines 22. GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND
represented by,
DEGREE REPRESENTING A PAIR OF
STRAIGHT LINES
2 h 2 ab
ax + 2hxy + by =0, then; tan T=
2 2
ab
(i) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = represents a pair of
(iv) The condition that these lines are : straight lines if :
23. HOMOGENIZATION
§ lx my ·
x 2 y2 xy ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx ¨ ¸
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 =0, is © n ¹
ab h
2
§ lx my · § lx my ·
2 f y¨ ¸ c¨ ¸ 0
© n ¹ © n ¹
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