UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

KNS 2601

CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4

LABORATORY REPORT
Date of Experiment 20/2/2020
Date of Submission 23/6/2020
Lecturer Madam Norazlina Bint Bateni
Group no. 1G
1. Asfarina Binti Asmat (65488)
2. Che Aina Husna Binti Che Mazlan (64680)
Group Members:
3. Leonard Abbas Anak Kassim (64819)
Name (matric no.)
4. Mohd Nik Harith Fawwaz Bin Jasli (64890)

1
 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Observation During Laboratory Work Rubrics

Observation During Laboratory Work Rubrics

Group No. : 1G Programme : WK01

 Asfarina Binti Asmat

 Che Aina Husna Binti Che
 65488
Mazlan
 Leonard Abbas Anak Kassim  64680
Name : Matric No. 
 Mohd Nik Harith Fawwaz Bin  64819
Jasli
 64890

H3 - Flow in rectangular Channel with

sluice gate

Laboratory Topic : KNS 2601-Hydraulic

Total
Criteria/ Weigh- Marks
CO PO n=4 n=3 n=2 n=1 n=0 Marks
Level tage (w) (n)
(n*w)
Preparation Prior to the Achieved only Achieved only Achieved only Did not
laboratory work, 3 of the 2 of the 1 of the achieve any
the students: attributes attributes attributes of the
 had listed listed listed attributes
discussion listed
with the
lecturer on
methodology
to be taken to
3 5 run the
5
experiment
 bring lab
manual
during the lab
session
 know what to
do before
starting the
lab

2
 Safety During the Achieved only Achieved only Achieved only Did not
culture laboratory 3 of the 2 of the 1 of the achieve any
session, the attributes attributes attributes of the
students : listed listed listed attributes
 wear safety listed
boots
 wear
appropriate
clothing and
other PPEs
3 5  aware of the 5
safety signs
and measures
 abide to the
lab rules and
regulations
 make sure
the working
space is
clean, tidy
and safe
Laboratory  Able to  Able to  Able to  Need  Fail to
skills : perform perform perform continuous identify the
organisatio experiments experiment experiment assistance important
n & safety safely without s safely s safely (100%) information
supervision without with 50%  Not being in the
and supervision assistance able to laboratory
assistance; ; seek for  Able to decide on  Unsafe
work in a assistance perform their own work
group  Able to experiment  Do not ask
effectively determine s safely around for
 Able to the priority with assistance
determine the of the continuous
priority of the laboratory supervision
laboratory environme  Understand
environment nt the
 Supervise  Perform problem
own work in experiment statement
achieving s based on and ask
experimental protocol questions
3 5
objectives and  Perform 5
procedures experiment
and s based on
understand protocol
the and
problem procedures
statement; and
critical on understand
the reasons the
for doing problem
experiment statement;
s and not critical
strategised on the
effectively reasons for
doing
experiment
s and do
not
strategised
effectively.

3
Laboratory  Able to utilize  Able to  Not  Not  Fail to
skills : the utilize the confident; confident utilize the
experiment experimental experiment need in utilizing apparatus
al work apparatus al assistance the  No idea of
without apparatus but can apparatus what is
assistance without perform  Need happening
confidently assistance experiment assistance
 Understand confidently s own their continuousl
the  Understand own y
apparatus’ the  Follow
method of apparatus’ normal
3 5 principle method of procedures 5
 Able to utilize principle without
experimental understand
apparatus ing the
other than apparatus’
normal method of
practice principle
 Utilize
experimental
apparatus
creatively and
innovatively
TOTAL Σw= Σn= Σ ( n∗w )=
20

TOTAL MARKS
∑ m∗w ×100 %=¿
∑w
∑ ( n∗w ) x100 %=
4×∑ w

4
 Laboratory Report Writing

Group No. : 1G Programme : WK01

 Asfarina Binti Asmat

 Che Aina Husna Binti Che
 65488
Mazlan
 Leonard Abbas Anak Kassim  64680
Name : Matric No. :
 Mohd Nik Harith Fawwaz Bin  64819
Jasli
64890

H3 - Flow in rectangular Channel with

sluice gate

Laboratory Topic : KNS 2601-Hydraulic

Total
Criteria/ Weigh- Marks
CO PO n=4 n=3 n=2 n=1 n=0 Marks
Level tage (w) (n)
(n*w)
Introduction Introduction is Introduction is Some Very little No
complete and nearly introductory background background
well-written; complete, information, information information
provides all missing some but still provided or provided.
2 4 necessary minor points. missing some information is
major points. incorrect. 3
background
principles for
the
experiment.

Experimental Clearly Shows Shows Student is No project

procedure carrying out evidence of evidence of unfamiliar approaches/
lab works carrying out carrying out with the lab methods
excellently. lab works lab works, but works, provided.
Students appropriately. with some depending on
execute lab Students errors. partner for
2 4 works with execute lab Students help.
3
correct works with execute lab Incorrect
procedures, acceptable works, but not procedures
using procedures necessarily cause
appropriate using with the ineffective
apparatus. appropriate appropriate investigation.
apparatus. apparatus.

5
 Results and All results are Almost all Some of the Incomplete or No results
Discussions : correctly results are results are incorrect and
Data Handling presented and correctly correctly interpretation discussions
and Analysis have been presented and presented and of results provided.
clearly made. have been have been indicating a
Student able to clearly made. clearly made. lack of
generate, Student able Student able to understanding
2 4 create, analyse to generate, generate and of results. 7
and evaluate create and create ideas Students only
ideas and analyse ideas. but many are able to
shows good misstated, generate
understanding. indicating a ideas.
lack of
understanding.

CONTENT PAGE

6
TITLE 7
INTRODUCTION 9

OBJECTIVES 10
APPARATUS and MATERIALS 10
PROCEDURE 11

RESULTS and CALCULATION 12-24

DISCUSSION 25-26

CONCLUSION 26

REFERENCES 27

7
 H3: FLOW IN RECTANGULAR CHANNEL WITH SLUICE GATE.

INTRODUCTION

Gates are used to regulate the level and flow in open channels and reservoirs. The sluice gate
is one of the most common gates. In order to design a sluice gate it is necessary to determine

8
the head-discharge relationship (Q=f (H)), and the pressure distribution over the gate; this lab
will be focused only on the head-discharge relationship. Figure 1 shows the diagram of the
flow under a sluice gate, assuming that there are no energy losses.

Under this assumption, the Total Energy Head (H) is equal in both sides of the gate
(upstream and downstream); however, in the real case energy losses are present.

The function of sluice gate is controlling water levels and flow rates in mostly rivers and
canals. When a sluice is lowered, water may spill over the top. There are various types of
sluice gate which are flap sluice gate, vertical rising sluice gate, radial sluice gate, rising
sector sluice gate and needle sluice. In order to regulate the flow of water, the sluice gate is
made to move up and down with the help of rollers fixed to the vertical plates where it moves
vertically on the rails called guides.

These rails are fixed on piers or vertical walls. It can withstand water pressure by putting two
skin plates, a number of I-beams are provided horizontally.

The spacing between the I-beams is lesser at the bottom than at the top as the water pressure
varies with the depth of the sluice gate. From the studied experimentally where it was found
that the specific energy remains constant along the side slice gate. The energy equation is
commonly used for deriving the governing equation for flow through a side sluice gate.

In the supply channel, the water depth is the lowest at the upstream side of the gate and
increases to the downstream side depending on the velocity within the supply channel
(Ghodsian, 2003).

2 g∆h
 Experimental flow rate, Q exp = CdA1
(

√( A 12
)
A 22
−1
)

2 g( y 1− y 2)
 Theoretical flow rate, Qtheo = (y2 × b) × (√ y2
1−( )²
y1

9
Objective:

 To obtain the specific energy before a sluice gate in an open rectangular channel
 To determine the specific energy after a sluice gate in an open rectangular channel

Apparatus:
 Ruler
 Stopwatch

 Rectangular channel

 Sluice gate

10
Procedure:

1. The flume level is ensure, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of
its travel. The width of the undershot weir is recorded.
2. Pump is started. The flume with valve is set at minimum opening and let the water
flow through it.
3. The gate opening is set at 25mm.
4. To give a head about 100mm in the tank, the flow control valve is operated and let the
condition settled.
5. By timing a known volume (m3) passing through the flow meter at the bottom, the
flow rate can be determined.
6. The inlet head reading is recorded.
7. Discharge of water at each step is recorded.
8. The head at 100mm is maintained by operating the flow control valve while
increasing the gate opening to 50mm and 75mm
9. Step 1-6 is repeated with the head of 150mm, 200mm, 250mm, 300mm and 350mm
with the same gate opening.

11
RESULT AND CALCUALTION

 Sluice gate opening = 50mm gap

Pipe diameter = 104mm
Width of rectangular open channel, a = 0.3m
Nozzle diameter, d 1=83.2mm
Coefficient of discharge, C d= 0.98
Bottom = 0.072m

Area of pipe, A1 Area of nozzle, A2

2
0.008m 0.005m 2
Table 1.1- Area of pipe and nozzle.

Test Height, H 1 Height, H 2 Difference of Experimental flow

(m) (m) height, ∆H (m) rate, Q (m³/s)
1 1.490 1.310 0.180 0.0118
2 1.505 1.470 0.035 0.0052
3 1.508 1.465 0.043 0.0058
4 1.510 1.446 0.064 0.0070
Table 2.1 –Different of height and experimental flow rate

Calculation
Area of pipe, A1= πr²
0.104 2
=π×( )
2
= 0.008 m²

Area of nozzle, , A2 = πr²

0.0832 2
=π×( )
2
= 0.005 m²\

12
 Test 1
Different of height, ∆h = H1 – H2
= 1.490- 1.310
= 0.180 m

2 g∆h
Experimental flow rate, Q exp = CdA1
(

√( A 12
)
A 22
−1
)

2 × 9.81× 0.180
= (0.98×0.008) × (

= 0.0118 m³/s
√( 0.008 2
0.0052) −1
¿

 Test 2
Different of height, ∆h = H1 – H2
= 1.505- 1.470
= 0.035 m

2 g∆h
Experimental flow rate, Q exp = CdA1
(

√( A 12
)
A 22
−1
)

2 × 9.81× 0.035
= (0.98×0.008) × (

= 0.0052 m³/s
√( 0.008 2
0.0052) −1
¿

 Calculation for tests 3 and 4 are the same as above.

13
 Taken Taken Actual Actual Theoretical
Test upstream, downstream, upstream, downstream flow rate, Qtheo
Y1 (m) Y2 (m) y1 (m) , y2 (m) (m³/s)
1 0.363 0.120 0.291 0.048 0.032
2 0.317 0.122 0.245 0.050 0.030
3 0.268 0.125 0.196 0.053 0.028
4 0.185 0.133 0.113 0.061 0.023
Table 3.1- True upstream and downstream and theoretical flow rate

Calculation

 Test 1
Actual upstream, y1 = 0.363 – 0.072
= 0.291 m
Actual downstream, y2 = 0.120 – 0.072
= 0.048 m
2 g( y 1− y 2)
Theoretical flow rate, Qtheo = (y2 × a) × (√ y2 )
1−( )²
y1
2× 9.81(0.243)
= (0.048× 0.3) × (√ 0.048 )
1−( )²
0.291
= 0.032 m³/s
 Test 2
Actual upstream, y1 = 0.317 – 0.072
= 0.245 m
Actual downstream, y2 = 0.122 – 0.072
= 0.05 m
2 g( y 1− y 2)
Theoretical flow rate, Qtheo = (y2 × a) × (√ y2 )
1−( )²
y1

14
 2× 9.81(0.195)
= (0.05× 0.3) × (√ 0.05 )
1−( )²
0.245
= 0.030 m³/s

# Calculation for tests 3 and 4 are the same as above.

Experimental flow Experimental specific energy, Eexp Energy

Test rate per unit width (m) loss, ∆E
(m²/s) E upstream E downstream (m)

1 0.039 0.292 0.082 0.210

2 0.017 0.245 0.056 0.189
3 0.019 0.196 0.060 0.136
4 0.023 0.115 0.068 0.047
Table 4.1- Experimental flow rate per unit width, experimental specific energy and
energy loss

 Test 1

Experimental flow rate

Flow rate per unit width =
width
0.0118
=
0.3

= 0.039 m²/s
qexp ²
Specific energy for upstream, E upstream = + y1
2 g( y 1) ²
0.039²
= + 0.291
2× 9.81×(0.291)²
= 0.292 m

qexp ²
Specific energy for downstream, E downstream = + y2
2 g( y 2)²
0.039²
= + 0.048
2× 9.81×(0.048) ²

15
 = 0.082 m
Energy loss, ∆E = E upstream – E downstream
= 0.292 - 0.082
= 0.210 m
# Calculation for tests 2, 3 and 4 are the same as above.

Flow rate per Theoretical specific enery, Etheo (m)

Test unit width, qtheo
(m²/s) E upstream Edownstream

1 0.1067 0.298 0.300

2 0.100 0.253 0.254
3 0.093 0.207 0.210
4 0.077 0.137 0.142
Table 5.1- Theoretical flow rate per unit width, theoretical specific energy

 For Test 1
Experimental flow rate
Flow rate per unit width =
width

0.032
=
0.3
= 0.1067 m²/s

qexp ²
Specific energy for upstream, E upstream = + y1
2 g( y 1) ²
0.1067²
= + 0.291
2× 9.81×(0.291)²
= 0.298 m

qexp ²
Specific energy for downstream, E downstream = + y2
2 g( y 2)²
0.1067²
= + 0.048
2× 9.81×(0.048) ²

16
 = 0.300 m

# Calculation for tests 2, 3 and 4 are the same as above.

 Sluice gate opening = 70 mm gap

Pipe diameter = 104mm

Width of rectangular open channel, a = 0.3m
Nozzle diameter, d 1=83.2mm
Coefficient of discharge, C d= 0.98
Bottom = 0.072m
Area of pipe, A1 = 0.008 m²
Area of nozzle, A2 = 0.005 m²

Height 1, H1 Height 2, H2 Difference of Experimental flow

Test
(m) (m) height, ∆H (m) rate, Q (m³/s)
1 1.485 1.175 0.290 0.015
2 1.465 1.188 0.277 0.0146
3 1.470 1.215 0.255 0.014
4 1.485 1.268 0.217 0.013
Table 2.1- Difference of height and experimental flow rate

Calculation
Area of pipe, A1 = πr²
0.104 2
=π×( )
2
= 0.008 m²

Area of nozzle, A2 = πr²

17
 0.0832 2
=π×( )
2
= 0.005 m²

 Test 1
Difference of height, ∆h = H1 – H2
= 1.485 - 1.175
= 0.290 m

2 g∆h
Experimental flow rate, Q exp = CdA1
(

√( A 12
)
A 22
−1
)

2 × 9.81× 0.290
= (0.98×0.008) × (

= 0.0165 m³/s
√( 0.008 2
0.0052) −1
¿

 Test 2
Difference of height, ∆h = H1 – H2
= 1.465 - 1.188
= 0.277 m

18
 2 g∆h
Experimental flow rate, Q exp = CdA1
(

√( A 12
)
A 22
−1
)

2 × 9.81× 0.277
= (0.98×0.008) × (

= 0.0146 m³/s
√( 0.0082
0.0052)−1
¿

# Calculation for tests 3 and 4 are the same as above.

Taken Taken Actual Actual Theoretical

Test upstream, downstream, upstream, downstream, flow rate,
Y1 (m) Y2 (m) y1 (m) y2 (m) Qtheo (m³/s)
1 0.344 0.120 0.272 0.048 0.031
2 0.339 0.121 0.267 0.195 0.102
3 0.318 0.125 0.246 0.174 0.088
4 0.293 0.136 0.221 0.149 0.072
Table 2.2 -True downstream and upstream, Theoretical flow rate

 Test 1
Actual upstream, y1 = 0.344 – 0.072
= 0.341 m
Actual downstream, y2 = 0.120 – 0.072
= 0.048m
2 g( y 1− y 2)
Theoretical flow rate, Qtheo = (y2 × b) × (√ y2 )
1−( )²
y1
2× 9.81(0.272−0.048)
= (0.048× 0.3) × (√ 0.048 )
1−( )²
0.272

= 0.031m³/s
19
 Test 2
Actual upstream, y1 = 0.339 – 0.072
= 0.267 m
Actual downstream, y2 = 0.121 – 0.072
= 0.195 m
2 g( y 1− y 2)
Theoretical flow rate, Qtheo = (y2 × b) × (√ y2 )
1−( )²
y1
2× 9.81(0.072)
= (0.195× 0.3) × (√ )
1−(0.730) ²
= 0.102 m³/s

# Calculation for tests 3 ad 4 are the same as above

Experimenta Experimental specific energy, Eexp Experimental

l flow rate (m)
Test energy loss, ∆E
per unit
E upstream E downstream (m)
width (m²/s)
1 0.05 0.274 0.103 0.171
2 0.049 0.269 0.198 0.071
3 0.047 0.248 0.178 0.07
4 0.043 0.223 0.154 0.069
Table 3.2- Experimental flow rate per unit width, experimental specific energy and
experimental energy loss.

 Test 1

Experimental flow rate

Flow rate per unit width =
width
0.015
=
0.3
= 0.05 m²/s
qexp ²
Specific energy for upstream, E upstream = + y1
2 g( y 1) ²
0.05²
= + 0.272
2× 9.81×(0.272)²

20
 = 0.274 m
qexp ²
Specific energy for downstream, E downstream = + y2
2 g( y 2)²
0.05²
= + 0.048
2× 9.81×(0.048) ²
= 0.103 m
Energy loss, ∆E = E upstream – E downstream
= 0.274 – 0.103
= 0.171 m

 Test 2

Experimental flow rate

Flow rate per unit width =
width
0.0146
=
0.3
= 0.049 m²/s
qexp ²
Specific energy for upstream, E upstream = + y1
2 g( y 1) ²
0.049²
= + 0.267
2× 9.81×(0.267)²
= 0.269 m
qexp ²
Specific energy for downstream, E downstream = + y2
2 g( y 2)²
0.049²
= + 0.195
2× 9.81×(0.195) ²
= 0.198 m
Energy loss, ∆E = E upstream – E downstream
= 0.269 – 0.198
= 0.071 m

# Calculation for tests 3 and 4 are the same as above

21
 Theoretical Theoretical specific energy, Etheo (m)
flow rate per
Test
unit width, qtheo
(m²/s) E upstream E downstream

1 0.103 0.279 0.283

2 0.340 0.350 0.350
3 0.293 0.318 0.319
4 0.240 0.281 0.281
Table 4.2- Theoretical flow rate per unit width, theoretical specific energy

 Test 1

Theoretical flow rate

Flow rate per unit width =
width
0.031
=
0.3
= 0.103 m²/s
22
 qexp ²
Specific energy for upstream, E upstream = + y1
2 g( y 1) ²
0.103²
= + 0.272
2× 9.81×(0.272)²
= 0.279 m
qexp ²
Specific energy for downstream, E downstream = + y2
2 g( y 2)²
0.103²
= + 0.048
2× 9.81×(0.048) ²
= 0.283 m

 Test 2

Theoretical flow rate

Flow rate per unit width =
width
0.031
= = 0.103 m²/s
0.3
qexp ²
Specific energy for upstream, E upstream = + y1
2 g( y 1) ²
0.103²
= + 0.272
2× 9.81×(0.272)²
= 0.279 m
qexp ²
Specific energy for downstream, E downstream = + y2
2 g( y 2)²
0.103²
= + 0.048
2× 9.81×(0.048) ²
= 0.283 m
# Calculation for tests 3 and 4 are the same as above

23
 Specific Energy vs Theoretical Flowrate
0.4
0.35
Eupstream , specific Energy

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Q, Theoretical Flow rate

Figure 1.0 Graph of upstream depth against flow rate

Specific Energy vs Flowrate

0.4
Edownstream, specific Energy

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Q, Theoretical Flowrate

Figure 2.0 Graph of downstream depth against flow rate.

DISCUSSION

The function of sluice gate is controlling water levels and flow rates in mostly rivers and
canals. When a sluice is lowered, water may spill over the top. There are various types of
sluice gate which are flap sluice gate, vertical rising sluice gate, radial sluice gate, rising
sector sluice gate and needle sluice. In order to regulate the flow of water, the sluice gate is

24
made to move up and down with the help of rollers fixed to the vertical plates where it moves
vertically on the rails called guides.

A sluice gate is typically used to control water levels and flow rates in river and canals. In
real life, there are some advantages in using sluice gate, for example, as sluice gate consist of an
opening within existing floodgate with a sliding plate cover that can be opened to varying degrees, the
variable opening size can provide excellent water level control (Johnson, n.d.).

Specific energy of a flow in an open rectangular channel needed to determine while

conducting this experiment before and after passing through a sluice gate. This experiment had been
handling 4 times with different flow rate of water that passing through sluice gate with open channel
of width 0.3m. Depth gauge is used to measure the depth of water by subtract the datum reading from
the reading taken.

As the result, we obtained the experimental flow rates, 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 for 4 flows are 0.05 m3/s, 0.049 m3/s,
0.047 m3/s and 0.043 m3/s respectively. Then, by using the formula to calculate the theoretical flow

rate as shown above, after the calculations, we obtained the theoretical flow rates, 𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 for 4
flows are 0.103 m3/s, 0.340 m3/s, 0.293 m3/s and 0.240 m3/s respectively.

Specific energy in a channel is defined as the energy head measured with respect to the
channel bottom at the section. The aim of this experiment is to determine the specific energy for
upstream and downstream flow for each test. From test 1 to 4 the theoretical upstream specific energy
values are 0.279 m2/s2, 0.350 m2/s2, 0.318 m2/s2 and 0.281 m2/s2 respectively while the specific energy
for downstream flow are 0.283 m2/s2, 0.350 m2/s2, 0.319 m2/s2 and 0.281 m2/s2 respectively. Energy
loss was happen by comparing the values of specific energy for upstream and downstream flow. From
this, there is energy dissipated when flowing through the sluice gate. Graph of specific energy vs flow
rate is shown at Figure 1.0 and 2.0.

An unstable flow in open channel due to fluctuation in power supply of pump. It causes
difficulty to take the reading of point gauge on the water surface. The unstable flow of pump also can
be proved by the manometer that detect the pressure difference for the pipe connected from pump to
open channel. The water level at manometer cannot be is not stable all over the time.

Some recommendation and precaution steps should be applied in order to improve the
accuracy of our results. Firstly, wait until the flow in the open channel to be in a stable condition
before start taking any reading. Secondly, our eye level must be perpendicular to the level of point

25
gauge when taking the reading in order to avoid parallax error. Plastic ruler can be replaced to
measure the height of water and read the reading of depth from point gauge.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion the flow upstream of the sluice gate will need to gain more energy in order to pass
through the sluice gate aperture and to gain more energy is through the increase of initial upstream
depth due to the choke conditions that were developed due to the change of depth of opening by the
sluice gate. The transient depth downstream of the sluice gate cannot be greater than the depth of the
sluice gate, hence why our calculated specific energy for downstream flow are higher than upstream
specific energy. The energy losses decrease as the depth of upstream and downstream flow decreases,
as the flow rate decreases too.

References:

M, Ghodsian (2003). Elementary discharge coefficient for rectangular side weir. 4 th Int. Conf.
on Civil Engineering, Sharif Univ. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Vol. IV, 36-42

26
Chadwick A., Morfett J., and Borthwick M. (2004). Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental
Engineering. 4th Edition, E & FN Spon, UK.

Sluice Gate Flow Measurements. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sluice-gate-flow-measurement-
d_591.html

27