CHAPTER 2

CAUSES OF ELECTROCUTION

 Live parts

Some manufactures build electrical equipment with uninsulated openings. While they
need their own reasons, but this practice is unsafe for workers et al. As we all know that,
some professional electricians work on live circuits all the time. However, they need both
training and knowledge in doing their works and also understand the risks, and aware that
they're not doing a secure job. This is often because, unplanned power outages happen all
the time and it's merely inconvenient. But, there are a spread of insulated tools available
for when functioning on live circuits. As an example, there's a screwdriver insulated for
1000 voltages which implies that the electricians won't get electrocuted through the tool.

Anyone is exposed to those hazards whenever reception or at work. However,

workers are exposed to more hazards because the work sites is cluttered with tools and
materials, fast-paced and hospitable the weather. The chance is additionally higher
because there's many roles involve electrical power tools. This can be because, electrical
voltage can cause current to flow through the body, which may cause unconditioned
reflex and burns. Plus, serious injury or perhaps could lead on to death. We knows that
electric could be a source of energy and when getting used without much thought of the
hazards it can cause and infrequently isn't treated with much caution. As a result, a
median of 1 worker is electrocuted on the task each day of each year.

 Temporary wiring

Temporary wiring for definition purposes include extension cords, power strips,
multiple outlet adapters, inadequate wiring and can also involve the utilization of
temporary branch circuits and electrical boxes within the way they're mustn't be used.
Temporary wiring is a better and fewer expensive solution than having additional
electrical services installed. However, temporary usually becomes the permanent solution,
which might result in electrocution, short, overloading and also fire. During this matter,
electrical contractors are usually to blame for installing the permanent wiring during
construction. Each project usually requires a minimum amount of temporary electrical
wiring that has to be installed and employed by all the trades during the development.
CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDY FOR ELECTROCUTION IN WORKPLACE

 Live parts

There is a study about the reason for an electrocution case which assign to a
technologist. The incident was happened previously in 1960s by the utility company
which going to give incentives to have a dual meter installation which will disconnect a
number of the electric power to the tank as an energy savings during peak operating hours
of the local coal mines within the realm. The utility company reportedly removed the dual
meter arrangement at the incident location in about 2009, and a more modern panel board
was installed.

In this problems, live parts could ends up in electric shock. Electric shock is that the
response or injury caused by current passing through the body. It occurs with the contact
of an individual's spare any source of electricity that causes a sufficient current through
the skin, muscles or hair. Electrical injury has many consequences to a body because the
electrical currents can travel through the system and blow out tissue in patches along the
way and can leave weird symptoms wherever on the body which may lead to complex
regional pain syndrome. Death caused by an innate reflex is known as electrocution.
Wiring or other metalwork which is at a hazardous voltage can constitute a risk of reflex
which called ‘’live’’ as in ‘’live wire’’.

Table 1 : Electric shock levels.

 
 Table 1 determines log graph of the effect of AC “I” of duration “T” passing from left
to feet as defined in IEC publication 60479-1. The degree of shock are listed as below:

1. AC-1: imperceptible.
2. AC-2: perceptible but no muscle reaction.
3. AC-3: shortening with reversible effects.
4. AC-4: possible irreversible effects.
5. AC-4.1: up to 5 probability of arrhythmia.
6. AC-4.2: 5-50% probability of fibrillation.
7. AC-4.3: over 50% probability of fibrillation.

The steel water line was connected to the vessel. The vessel case was energized due to
the white conductor of the three-conductor cable being connected to the underside pole
of the two-pole, 30-Amp fuse for the tank, which energized white conductor being
terminated to the underside screw on the case/cabinet of the tank. This was the results of
a wiring configuration from an off-peak meter arrangement that had been removed by the
utility company in about 2009, and a rewiring to the 30-Amp fuse to energise the lower
component thermostat of the off-peak tank full time.

When the older and larger off-peak warmer was replaced with a smaller hot-water
heater in about 2011, during the remodelling of the house, the smaller heater was
miswired by connecting the energized white conductor to the heater case ground
terminal. When that smaller heater started leaking about two years before the incident,
the deceased replaced it with another, like-kind small storage tank, and it's probable that
he reconnected the cable because the previous small tank was wired. Thus, the tank case
and metal water lines remained energized when the electrical device was again turned on.

 Temporary wiring

Temporary wiring is utilized in many places, most typically on construction sites. Any
electrical installation, whether it's permanent or temporary, should be installed in step
with all applicable codes, standards and regulations. Many of today’s construction sites
are unsafe because electrical contractor did not install an adequate temporary wiring, use
equipment that's during a superb working order, or take the precautions to shield the
wiring and equipment being installed. In many cases, the equipment used isn't new and is
not rated for the environment. Using equipment that's rated for outdoor use is imperative
if the equipment are exposed to weather or other corrosive influences.
 Sometimes, cases like wiring not rated or listed for the appliance, openings not
covered in panels and enclosures, not using proper cable terminations and also not using
the proper covers on receptacles and junction boxes at the duty site happened. Sometimes
electric contractors use indoor rated cable for temporary since it's less expensive than
cable rated for outdoor use. This will be a transparent violation of the listing of the cable
if it's exposed to wet and damp locations during use. Care should be taken to verify the
wiring is supplied from a properly rated circuit and its capacity isn't exceeded; not
installing 15- or 20-amp wiring on a circuit capable of supplying 30- or 40 amperes. This
type of installation is subject to overloading then the wiring could overheat and cause a
hearth.

OSHA 29 CFR 1926 is that the regulation governing installations under construction.
These electrical requirements are found in Subpart K and include similar requirements
which is able to even be found in Article 590 of the National Electrical Code, (NFPA 70).
Additional safety-related workplace requirements can also be found in NFPA 70E
Standard for Electrical Safety within the Workplace. Furthermore, ANSI/NECA 200
Standard for Installing and Maintaining Temporary power at Construction Sites, NECA's
Guide to Temporary Power, and UL’s Guide Information for Electrical Equipment also
contain important information about equipment and installations for temporary power.

Table 2 : Top Ten Most Cited Standards

So, electricians should be careful planning of all temporary power installations. If

planned properly, many components which might be part of the permanent and final
installation could even be a component of the temporary power for the project. The
permanent wiring system simple and could easily achieved with minimal interruption on
the project. The alternative key aspect of doing this might be the physical protection and
isolation of the wiring being installed. If the cable used is installed in conduit, as an
example, it'd be less likely to be damaged during an accidental contact.

Don't treat temporary power with any less importance that what's installed for
permanent installation. Electricity doesn't know the difference between temporary and
permanent; the hazards are the identical. Take the time and energy to plan the installation,
coordinate with utility and general contractor on project needs and available electrical
services, and, finally, use only experienced and "qualified" personnel to position in and
maintain the temporary system to verify its safety and performance.
[1] Conditions Leading to Electrocution Traced Back to 1960s by Gary Woodall, P.E.,
Forensic Engineer

URL:

https://donan.com/article/case-study-electrocution/

[2] Temporary Wiring-Anything Goes?, by Michael Johnston, April 2009

URL:

https://www.ecmag.com/section/miscellaneous/temporary-wiring-anything-goes

[3] Temporary Electrical Power, Keeping it Safe!, by Wesley L. Wheeler, September

2016

URL:

https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2016/09/01/Temporary-Electrical-Power.aspx?Page=1

[4] Electrical Safety: Safety & Health for Electrical Trades (Student Manual), January
2002

URL:

https://www.elcosh.org/document/1624/887/d000543/section1.html