Ch03 Products and Factors

Number and algebra
3
Products
and factors
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that uses symbols and
formulas to describe number patterns and relationships in
our natural and physical world. In 825 CE, the Persian
mathematician al-Khwarizmi used the Arabic word ‘al-jabr’
to describe the process of adding equal quantities to both
sides of an equation. When al-Khwarizmi’s book was
translated into Latin and introduced to Europe, ‘al-jabr’
became ‘algebra’ and the word was adopted as the name for
the whole subject.
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 9
Shutterstock.com/maxmacs
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands
3-01 Adding and subtracting terms U F R C binomial An algebraic expression that consists of two
3-02 Multiplying and dividing terms U F R C terms, for example, 4a þ 9, 3 y, x 2 4x
3-03 Adding and subtracting algebraic factorise To rewrite an expression with grouping symbols,
fractions U F R C
3-04 Multiplying and dividing algebraic
by taking out the highest common factor; factorising is the
fractions U F R C opposite of expanding; for example, 9r 2 þ 36r factorised
3-05 Expanding expressions U F R C is 9r(r þ 4)
3-06 Factorising expressions U F R C
highest common factor (HCF) The largest term that is
3-07 Expanding binomial products U F R C
3-08 Perfect squares* U F R C
a factor of two or more terms, for example, the HCF of
3-09 Difference of two squares* U F R C 9r 2 þ 36r is 9r
3-10 Mixed expansions* F R C perfect square A square number or an algebraic
3-11 Factorising special binomial
expression that represents one, for example, 64, (x þ 9) 2
products* U F R C
3-12 Factorising quadratic expressions* U F R C quadratic expression An algebraic expression in which
3-13 Factorising quadratic expressions the highest power of the variable is 2, for example,
of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c* U F R C 2x 2 þ 5x 3 or x 2 þ 2
3-14 Mixed factorisations* F R C
3-15 Factorising algebraic fractions* U F R C
*STAGE 5.3
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Products and factors
n In this chapter you will:

• simplify algebraic expressions involving the four operations
• apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic expressions, including binomials, and
collect like terms where appropriate
• add, subtract, multiply and divide simple algebraic fractions
• factorise algebraic expressions
• (STAGE 5.3) expand binomial products
• (STAGE 5.3) factorise quadratic expressions
• (STAGE 5.3) factorise and simplify expressions involving algebraic fractions
SkillCheck
Worksheet 1 Write an algebraic expression for each statement.
StartUp assignment 3 a The cost of p books at $Q each.
MAT09NAWK10025 b The selling price after a GST of $t is added to the marked price of $40.
c The number of metres in h km.
Puzzle sheet d The average of m, p, v and w.
Generalised arithmetic e The number of dollars in y cents.
MAT09NAPS10026 2 If f ¼ 5, g ¼ 4 and r ¼ 2, then evaluate each expression.
Skillsheet a 2f þ g b 8 þ rf c f 2 r2
5r þ f
Algebraic expressions
d 3g 2 5 e r(f g) f
3
MAT09NASS10012
3 If the perimeter of a rectangle with length l and width w has the formula P ¼ 2l þ 2w, find
Puzzle sheet
the perimeter of a rectangle with length 4.7 cm and width 2.5 cm.
Substitution puzzle
4 Simplify each expression.
MAT09NAPS10027
a 5n þ 6n b 9h 3h c 10pq qp d x 2 þ 4x 2
e 43w f 8 3 5x g 2g 3 3h h 3y 3 6y
16xy 2n2
i 10x 4 2 j 6b 4 b k l
8x 4n
5 Find the highest common factor (HCF) of each pair of numbers.
a 8 and 12 b 18 and 27 c 45 and 30
6 Evaluate each expression.
a 233 b 51 c 247 d 3þ4

3 4 8 4 5 8 8 5
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Skillsheet
3-01 Adding and subtracting terms Algebra using diagrams
MAT09NASS10013
Summary
Only like terms can be added or subtracted.
For example, 2x 5y cannot be simplified because x and y represent different numbers.
Example 1
Simplify each expression.
a 5r þ 4s þ 7r 2s b 8u 2 4u þ 3u 7u 2
Solution
a 5r þ 4s þ 7r 2s ¼ 5r þ 7r þ 4s 2s Group the like terms.
¼ 12r þ 2s 12r and 2s cannot be simplified further.
2 2 2 2
b 8u 4u þ 3u 7u ¼ 8u 7u 4u þ 3u
Each þ and sign belongs to
¼ u2 u the term that follows them.
Example 2
Write a simplified algebraic expression for the perimeter
of this rectangle. 2x
x+3
Solution
Perimeter ¼ x þ 3 þ 2x þ x þ 3 þ 2x Adding the lengths of the 4 sides.
¼ x þ 2x þ x þ 2x þ 3 þ 3 Group the like terms.
¼ 6x þ 6
Exercise 3-01 Adding and subtracting terms

1 Simplify each algebraic expression. See Example 1
a 2fg þ 3fg 4fg b 6uvw uvw þ 4uvw c 3t þ 3 þ 5t
d 3x þ 2y þ 8y e 6g þ h 4g f 2fg þ 3f 4fg
g 7p 2 3 2p 2 h 4p q 3q i 8r þ 6r þ 3
j 3a þ 4b 7a k 4v þ 3 þ 2v þ 7 l 2y þ 6x þ y 3x
m 7p þ 8q p q n 8 3w þ 7 2w o 2n 3 12n þ 5
p 8e 3f 2e 4f q 2l 2 þ 2l þ 3l 2 6l r 9b 12b 2 þ 6b 2 15b
2 Simplify 15a 2 þ 12a þ 48 18a. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 24a þ 48 B 27a 2 þ 30a C 15a 2 6a þ 48 D 15a 2 þ 30a 48
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
3 Use the substitutions a ¼ 2, b ¼ 3 and c ¼ 4 to test whether each equation is correct or

incorrect.
a 20c 12c ¼ 8c b 9b þ b ¼ 9b 2
c 7a þ 3b ¼ 10 þ a þ b d 3a 2 þ 5a 2 ¼ 8a 2
e 4ab þ 3ab ¼ 7ab f 12c c ¼ 12
g 3ac 5ac ¼ 2ac h 5b þ 2b 2 ¼ 9b
i 2c b þ 3b c ¼ c þ 2b j 2a þ 2b ¼ 2(a þ b)
See Example 2 4 Write a simplified algebraic expression for the perimeter of each shape.
a 3p b 4d c
2x
2m 2m 4d 4d 2x
5y
3p
4d
d p+2 e f 9c
p+2 2a
2p − 1 5c 6a
40h 41h 4a
2p
9h 4c
5 Draw a triangle and write algebraic expressions for its side lengths so that it has a perimeter of
7d þ 6.
6 Draw a rectangle and find algebraic expressions for its length and width so that it has a
perimeter of 18a 30.
Worksheet
Perimeter and area 3-02 Multiplying and dividing terms

MAT09NAWK10028
Homework sheet Summary

Algebra 1
MAT09NAHS10009 When multiplying and dividing terms, multiply or divide the numbers first, then the
variables.
Example 3
a 2 3 5n 3 4m b 3d 3 4d c 2g 3 3h 3 (5f)
Solution
a 2 3 5n 3 4m ¼ 2 3 5 3 4 3 n 3 m Multiply the numbers and multiply the variables.
¼ 40mn Remember to write the variables in alphabetical
order.
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b 3d 3 4d ¼ 3 3 4 3 d 3 d
¼ 12d 2 d 3 d ¼ d2
c 2g 3 3h 3 ð5f Þ ¼ 2 3 3 3 ð5Þ 3 g 3 h 3 f
¼ 30fgh Remember to write the variables in
alphabetical order.
Example 4
2
a 15abc b a b c 27cf 4 (3fc) d 5p 2 4 15p
3ab 4ab
Solution
a 15abc ¼ 15 6 a6 bc Divide the numbers and divide the
3ab 3 6 a6 b variables.
We can cross out the ab in the
¼ 5c numerator and denominator
because aa ¼ 1 and b ¼ 1
b
b a2 b ¼ aab a 2 ¼ a 3 a ¼ aa
4ab 4ab
a6 a6 b Divide the numbers and divide the
¼1
4 6 a6 b variables.
¼a
4
27cf
c 27cf 4 ð3fcÞ ¼ 3fc
6 c6 f
¼ 27 The variables divide by themselves
3 6 c6 f to give 1.
¼ 9
2 5pp p 2 ¼ pp
d 5p 4 15p ¼ 15p
p6 p
¼ 5
15 6 p
1
¼ p
3
p
¼
3
Exercise 3-02 Multiplying and dividing terms

1 Simplify each expression. See Example 3
a 5 3 8x b 5n 3 3 c b 3 5a
d t 3 6t e 4 3 3w f 2 3 (3p)
g 4d 3 3e h 6v 3 4w i 8q 3 8q
j (5a) 3 (4a) k 2y 3 3 3 4b l 6w 3 3w 3 2
m (5n) 2 n (3r) 2 o (at) 2
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
See Example 4 2 Simplify each expression.

15y
a 12x b y c 36a
3 4a
64abc
d 18mn 4 6m e 8vw 4 48vw f
16b
18g 9p
g h 25yz 4 5y i
3g 45pq
75xyz
j k 10r 2 4 40r l 12hk 2 4 2hk
25x
9yx2
3 Simplify . Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
24xy2
3x2 3x3 3x 3y
A B C D
8y2 8y3 8y 8x
a 2a 3 3b 3 5c b 4p 3 3 3 2q c 40n 2 4 5n
d 8b 2 4 40b 2 e 6h 3 2k 3 (3) f 2 3 5k 3 (4k)
g 6d h 7r i (33m) 4 3
12 49r
j 9w k 8ab 4 2bc l 2ef 3 (3fe)
45w
Worked solutions 5 Use the substitutions p ¼ 5, q ¼ 4 and r ¼ 3 to test whether each equation is correct or
Multiplying and
incorrect.
dividing terms a 3 3 4p ¼ 12p b q þ q ¼ q2
MAT09NAWS10009
c 2r 3 3r ¼ 6r 2 d 3q 2 3 5q 2 ¼ 15q 2
12p 7qr
e ¼4 f qr ¼ 7
3p
g 3r 3 5q ¼ 15qr h p 3 q 3 q ¼ 2pq
2 5pq q
i 14r ¼ 2r j ¼
7r 10p 2
6 Write a simplified algebraic expression for the area of each shape.
a b c
2d
5m
5h
3a
5m
3a 2k
d e f
4p 2a
4k 3c
c
6y
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7 Find an algebraic expression for the volume of each rectangular prism.
a b c
w
2m
5d 2w
6k
2m
2m 4y
3t
Puzzle sheet
Adding and subtracting algebraic
3-03 fractions Algebraic fractions
MAT09NAPS00010
Animated example
Adding and subtracting

Summary fractions
MAT09NAAE00004
To add or subtract fractions, convert them (if needed) so that they have the same
denominator, then simply add or subtract the numerators.
Example 5 Video tutorial
Adding and subtracting

algebraic fractions
MAT09NAVT10004
a rþr b 7m 3m c k þk
3 3 10 10 3 2
d 3h þ 2h e 5m 2m f 3 þ 7a
4 5 6 3 4 10
Solution
a r þ r ¼ 2r
3 3 3
b 7m 3m ¼ 4m
10 10 10
¼ 2m
5
c k þ k ¼ 23k þ 33k Common denominator ¼ 2 3 3 ¼ 6

3 2 233 332
2k 3k
¼ þ
6 6
¼ 5k
6
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
d 3h þ 2h ¼ 5 3 3h þ 4 3 2h
4 5 534 435
¼ 15h þ 8h
20 20
¼ 23h
20
e 5m 2m ¼ 15m 12m
6 3 18 18
¼ 3m
18
¼ m
6
5m 2m 5m 4m The lowest common denominator is 6.
or ¼
6 3 6 6
¼ m
6
f 3 7a 15 14a
þ ¼ þ
4 10 20 20
¼ 15 þ 14a
20
Exercise 3-03 Adding and subtracting algebraic

fractions
See Example 5 1 Simplify each expression.
a w þ 2w b 4k þ 7k c 7m 2m d x þ 2x
4 4 8 8 10 10 3 3
4
e qþq5 f 5 2 4r
g w þwr h c 2c
5
3d 3d
11y 7y
i 4t þ s j k 6a 5a l 8 þ 7
3 3 2h 2h 5e 5e
p
m z þ 3z n 5u 3u o 4 1 p 7e 3e
8g 8g 9f 9f 10 10
q 5a þ 5a r 5 1 s 7 þ 13 t 12 8
6 6 2d 2d 5k 5k 4a 4a
a xþx b ss c hþh d mm

3 4 3 7 5 3 7 2
2p p
e wþw f 5t 2t g þ h 5r 5r
4 5 4 5 5 3 2 3
i 3c c j 2d r k 3h þ 2a l 5 þ 4w
2 5 11 3 5 3 6 5
m 3 þ 2a n 7e 2e o mn p 2k þ m
4 7 8 3 2 7 5 6
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Puzzle sheet
Multiplying and dividing algebraic
3-04 fractions Algebraic fractions
puzzle
MAT09NAPS10029
Puzzle sheet
Upside-down fractions
Summary
MAT09NAPS00018
• To multiply fractions, cancel any common factors, then multiply the numerators and
denominators separately
• To divide by a fraction a, multiply by its reciprocal ba
b
Example 6
Simplify each product.
3 4 4 3k 5 8r
a 3c b 3 c 3
d k 16 2r 11
Solution
a 3 3 4 ¼ 334 b 4 1
64 36 k 1 c 5 3 8r ¼ 5 3 8r 4
d c d3c 3 3k ¼ 3 2r 11 1 2r 11
k 16 1 6 k 164
¼ 12 ¼3 ¼ 20
dc 4 11
¼19
11
Example 7
Simplify each quotient.
xy
a 344 b 4 3x
h k 5 25
Solution
1 5
a 344¼33k b xy 4 3x ¼ 6 xy 3 25
h k h 4 5 25 16 5 36 x1
¼ 3k 5y
4h ¼
3
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Exercise 3-04 Multiplying and dividing algebraic

fractions
See Example 6 1 Simplify each product.
a w31 b s3 t c 33 5
3 2 5 4 h 6k
d m 3 3n
4 e l 3 5 f v3 2
1
3 f 3v
g 2x 3 3x h a 3c i e 3 ge
d
b d
5p
j 4ad 3 d k 3 8 l 4 3 3a
9 16a 4 15p ak 5k
m 32 9u n u 3u3 o r 3 2r
3z
3 10 3 9dz
See Example 7 2 Simplify each quotient.
a r 4r b m4n c h4h
2 5 6 3 2 8
q 3 3y 2y 4t 3t
d 4 e 4 f 4
4 4 5 d 9 5
g e 4 5e
3 h 3 4 b i n 4 2m
5m
2a 6a 3n
j h4k k 8w 4 2w l 3s 4 6s
k h 3x 9x 4 11
m 4 3t
t n 3e 4 e o xh 4 3h
3 5u 7g 14g 5 15
Worked solutions 3 Simplify each expression.
3p p2 2w 5w 8y 3
Multiplying and dividing a 4 b 4 c 3
algebraic fractions 2 4 7 6 5 32y2
5 2 xy 5
MAT09NAWS100010 d 4g e z 3y f a3c3 b
2g b b 3a
g 54 3 h 4t 4 3 i 5mn 3 n 3 1
4d
5b 9 2d 15mn
j 5p 4 7 k s 4 5s 3 3s l 7 3 1
10pt 3 2 7 h 42h
5ty 5ky 6 3 5r 4 15 6cf
m 3 t n r o q 4 5 4 10c a
k 9 yh qf
Mental skills 3A Maths without calculators
Multiplying and dividing by 5, 15, 25 and 50

It is easier to multiply or divide a number by 10 than by 5. So whenever we multiply or
divide a number by 5, we can double the 5 (to make 10) and then adjust the first number.
1 Study each example.
a To multiply by 5, halve the number, then multiply by 10.
18 3 5 ¼ 18 3 1 3 10 ðor 9 3 2 3 10Þ
2
¼ 9 3 10
¼ 90
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b To multiply by 50, halve the number, then multiply by 100.
26 3 50 ¼ 26 3 1 3 100 ðor 13 3 2 3 100Þ
2
¼ 13 3 100
¼ 1300
c To multiply by 25, quarter the number, then multiply by 100.
44 3 25 ¼ 44 3 1 3 100 ðor 11 3 4 3 25Þ
4
¼ 11 3 100
¼ 1100
d To multiply by 15, halve the number, then multiply by 30.
8 3 15 ¼ 8 3 1 3 30 ðor 4 3 2 3 15Þ
2
¼ 4 3 30
¼ 120
e To divide by 5, divide by 10 and double the answer. We do this because there are two
5s in every 10.
140 4 5 ¼ 140 4 10 3 2
¼ 14 3 2
¼ 28
f To divide by 50, divide by 100 and double the answer. This is because there are two
50s in every 100.
400 4 50 ¼ 400 4 100 3 2
¼ 432
¼8
g To divide by 25, divide by 100 and multiply the answer by 4. This is because there are
four 25s in every 100.
600 4 25 ¼ 600 4 100 3 4
¼ 634
¼ 24
h To divide by 15, divide by 30 and double the answer. This is because there are two 15s
in every 30.
240 4 15 ¼ 240 4 30 3 2
¼ 832
¼ 16
2 Now evaluate each expression.
a 32 3 5 b 14 3 5 c 48 3 5 d 18 3 50
e 52 3 50 f 36 3 25 g 28 3 5 h 12 3 25
i 12 3 15 j 22 3 35 k 90 4 5 l 170 4 5
m 230 4 5 n 1300 4 50 o 900 4 50 p 300 4 25
q 1000 4 25 r 360 4 45 s 210 4 15 t 360 4 15
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Skillsheet
Algebra using diagrams 3-05 Expanding expressions

MAT09NASS10013
Worksheet Summary
Algebra review
MAT09NAWK10034 The distributive law for expanding an expression

Multiply each term inside the brackets by the term outside
a(b þ c) ¼ ab þ ac
a(b c) ¼ ab ac
Example 8
Expand each expression.
a 4(5 þ d) b 2w(3w þ 10)
Solution
a 4(5 + d) = 4 × 5 + 4 × d multiply each term inside the a(b þ c) ¼ ab þ ac

= 20 + 4d brackets by the term outside
b 2w(3w + 10) = 2w × 3w + 2w × 10
= 6w2 + 20w
Example 9
a 3g(h 2) b r(10 4r)
Solution
a 3g(h – 2) = 3g × h – 3g × 2 a(b c) ¼ ab ac
multiply each term inside the
= 3gh – 6g brackets by the term outside
b r(10 – 4r) = r × 10 – r × 4r
= 10r – 4r 2
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Example 10
a (y þ 4) b 3(2m 7)
Solution
a –(y + 4) = –1(y + 4) ( ) is the same as 1 3 ( )

= –1 × y + (–1) × 4
= –y + (–4)
= –y – 4
b –3(2m – 7) = –3 × 2m – (–3) × 7
= –6m – (–21)
= –6m + 21
Example 11
Expand and simplify by collecting like terms.
a 4(3p þ 2) 5p b 7(n 3) þ n(n 1)
Solution
a 4(3p + 2) – 5p = 4 × 3p + 4 × 2 – 5p Expanding
= 12p + 8 – 5p
Collecting like terms to simplify.
= 7p + 8
b 7(n – 3) + n(n – 1) = 7 × n – 7 × 3 + n × n – n × 1
= 7n – 21 + n 2 – n
= n 2 + 7n – n – 21 It’s neater to place n 2 at the front.
= n 2 + 6n – 21 Collecting like terms to simplify.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Exercise 3-05 Expanding expressions

See Example 8 1 Expand each expression.
a 4(h þ 6) b 5(3 þ t) c 3(2b þ 7)
d 5(8 þ 3x) e x(x þ 9) f p(5 þ p)
g 3r(2r þ 1) h 4y(1 þ 3y) i 10e(2e þ 4f)
a 3(t 2) b 7(5 d) c 8(8g 3)
d w(w 7) e a(a 1) f 6h(3h 1)
Worked solutions g 4x(3x 1) h 5x(2x 4y) i 3a(4b 7a)
Expanding expressions 3 Use the substitution x ¼ 5 to test whether each equation is correct or incorrect.
MAT09NAWS10011 a 3(x þ 3) ¼ 3x þ 6 b 7(x 2) ¼ 7x 14 c x(4 2x) ¼ 4x 2x 2
a (a 5) b (a þ 5) c 2(x þ 6)
d 2(x 6) e (11 þ w) f (11 w)
g y(y þ 9) h x(8 z) i 4t(t 8)
5 Expand 5u(8 þ 2u). Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 3u 3u 2 B 40u þ 10u 2 C 40u 10u 2 D 40u 3u 2
See Example 11 6 Expand and simplify by collecting like terms.
a 5(3m þ 2) þ 4m b 3(1 5e) þ 6e
c 4w 2(5 þ 2w) d 8 5(2x 7)
e t(t þ 4) þ 3(t þ 4) f 4(3 þ h) þ h(7 2h)
g 3x(2x þ 5) þ 4(2x þ 5) h v(2v þ 3) 6(v þ 1)
i 3(1 2w) w(2 w) j 2y(3y 7) 5(3y 7)
Skillsheet
Factorising using 3-06 Factorising expressions

diagrams
MAT09NASS10015
Summary
Homework sheet
Algebra 2 The highest common factor (HCF) of two or more terms is the largest term that is a factor
MAT09NAHS10010 of all of the terms. To find the HCF of algebraic terms:
Puzzle sheet • find the HCF of the numbers
Factorising puzzle • find the HCF of the variables
MAT09NAPS10030 • multiply them together
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Skillsheet
Example 12
HCF by factor trees
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of each pair of terms. MAT09NASS10014
a 20x 2 and 15xy b 16 and 12b Skillsheet
Factorising using
Solution diagrams
Find the HCF of the numbers and the HCF of the variables. Their product is the HCF of the MAT09NASS10015
expression.
a The HCF of 20 and 15 is 5.
The HCF of x 2 and xy is x, since it is the ‘largest’ common part of x 2 and xy.
[ The HCF of 20x 2 and 15xy ¼ 5 3 x ¼ 5x
b The HCF of 16 and 12 is 4.
There is no HCF of the variables because b is in 12b but not in 16.
[ The HCF of 16 and 12b is 4.
Factorising algebraic expressions

When 4(2y þ 5) is expanded, the answer is 8y þ 20. Expand
Factorising is the reverse of expanding. Factorisation breaks (remove brackets)
an expression into factors. To factorise 8y þ 20, we take
4(2y + 5) 8y + 20
out the greatest common divisor and insert brackets. The
result is 4(2y þ 5). The factors are 4 and (2y þ 5). Factorise
(insert brackets)
Summary
Factorising an expression
• Find the HCF of the terms and write it outside the brackets
• Divide each term by the HCF and write the answers inside the brackets
ab þ ac ¼ a(b þ c)
ab ac ¼ a(b c)
• To check that the factorised answer is correct, expand it
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Video tutorial
Example 13
Factorising expressions
MAT09NAVT10005 Factorise each expression.

a 8y þ 16 b 25b 2 20ab c v(4 þ w) þ 2(4 þ w)
Solution
a The HCF of 8y and 16 is 8.
) 8y þ 16 ¼ 8 3 y þ 8 3 2 Rewrite the expression using the HCF 8.
¼ 8ðy þ 2Þ Write the HCF at the front of the brackets.
2
b The HCF of 25b and 20ab is 5b.
) 25b2 20ab ¼ 5b 3 5b 5b 3 4a Rewrite the expression using the HCF 5b.
¼ 5bð5b 4aÞ Write the HCF at the front of the brackets.
c The HCF of v(4 þ w) þ 2(4 þ w) is
(4 þ w).
) vð4 þ wÞ þ 2ð4 þ wÞ ¼ ð4 þ wÞ 3 v þ ð4 þ wÞ 3 2
¼ ð4 þ wÞðv þ 2Þ
Factorising with negative terms

Example 14
Factorise each expression.
a x 2 þ 3x b a ab
Solution
When factorising expressions that begin with a negative term, we use the ‘negative’ HCF.
a The greatest ‘negative’ common divisor of x 2 and 3x is x.
) x2 þ 3x ¼ ðxÞ 3 x þ ðxÞ 3 ð3Þ (x) 3 (3) ¼ þ3x
¼ ðxÞðx þ ð3ÞÞ
¼ xðx 3Þ
b The greatest ‘negative’ common divisor of a and ab is a.
) a ab ¼ a 3 1 þ ðaÞ 3 b (a) 3 b ¼ ab
¼ að1 þ bÞ
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Summary
Factorising with negative terms

• Find the ‘negative’ HCF of the terms and write it outside the brackets
• Divide each term by the HCF and write the answers inside the brackets
ab ac ¼ a(b þ c)
ab þ ac ¼ a(b c)
• To check that the factorised answer is correct, expand it
Exercise 3-06 Factorising expressions

1 Find the HCF of the following terms. See Example 12
a 12, 6y b 8a 2, 24 c 20b, 15
d 6, 9p 2 e 24mn, m f c, c 2
g 18pq, 12p 2 h 24w 2, 16w i 3(x 5), x(x 5)
2 Copy and complete each factorisation.
a 18p 2 þ 24 ¼ 6(… þ …) b 9m 2 þ 3m ¼ 3m(… þ …)
c 20d 30d 2 ¼ 10d(… …) d 6x 2y 8xy ¼ 2xy(… …)
e x(x 2) þ 5(x 2) ¼ (x 2)(… þ …) f n(3 þ n) 3(3 þ n) ¼ (3 þ n)(… …)
g h(h þ 4) 2(h þ 4) ¼ (… þ …)(h 2) h v(1 w) þ (1 w) ¼ (… þ …)(v þ 1)
3 Factorise each expression. See Example 13
a 24x þ 30 b 36 þ 27a c 16g 2 64 d xy þ y
e mn 3n f 6p þ pq g x2 þ x h 2y y 2
i 3d 2 þ 6d j 16r 2 12r k 6t 2 þ 27t l 36p 2 108p
m 12x 2y 16x n 18p 2 þ 16pr o 4m 2n 4mn 2 p 14abc þ 21bc
q 28vw 21v 2w 2 r 45rt þ 54r 2t s 36pq 2r 144pr t 48x 2y þ 64xy 2
u 75g 3h 2 125gh
4 Factorise each expression.
a a(a 3) þ 6(a 3) b t(8 þ t) 3(8 þ t) c b(b þ 5) 2(b þ 5)
d x(2 y) 6(2 y) e 5(a 7) þ b(a 7) f s(a þ 3) þ 4(a þ 3)
g 3p(g þ 5) 2(g þ 5) h 5(2 3m) þ 2n(2 3m) i r(8 þ r) þ (8 þ r)
j (y 6) y(y 6)
5 Factorise each expression using the ‘negative’ HCF. See Example 14
a 4q 8 b 9u þ 18 c 6 3g d 18a þ 12
e n 1 f n þ 1 g y 2 9y h 6t þ 10t 2
i 3a 2 6ab j ap þ aq k 20e 2 22e l 9m þ 3m 2
6 Factorise 10kr þ 4rn. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 2r(5k 4n) B 2r(5k 2n) C 5r(2k 2n) D 2r(5k þ 2n)
a 1p þ 1g b 7g þ 9g 2 c 1 x2 1 xy
2 2 4 4
d 8a þ 12y þ 4 e 20xy 10x 2 þ 5y f t 2m þ tm 2 þ tm
g 7y(m þ 2) p(m þ 2) h 10p 2 10pq i 5a(x y) þ 10a 2xy 10a 2y 2
9780170193085 83
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Worksheet
Area diagrams 3-07 Expanding binomial products

MAT09NAWK10031
(x þ 5) and (x 1) are called binomial expressions because each expression has exactly two terms
Worksheet
(binomial ¼ ‘2 terms’). (x þ 5)(x 1) is called a binomial product because it is a product
Binomial products
(multiplication answer) of two binomial expressions.
MAT09NAWK10032
Homework sheet Expanding binomial products using an area diagram

Algebra 3
MAT09NAHS10011 Example 15
Puzzle sheet
Expand each binomial product using an area diagram.
Expanding brackets
MAT09NAPS00009
a (a þ 2)(a þ 5) b (n þ 4)(n 3)
Technology Solution
GeoGebra: Binomial a+2
a Draw an area diagram (rectangle) with length
expansion a 2
(a þ 2) and width (a þ 5) and divide the
MAT09NATC00003
diagram into 4 smaller rectangles.
a
Technology worksheet
a+5
Excel worksheet:
Expanding binomials
5
MAT09NACT00021
Technology worksheet
Excel spreadsheet: Find the area of each smaller rectangle. a+2

Expanding binomials
a 2
MAT09NACT00006
a a2 2a
a+5
5 5a 10
Expand (a þ 2)(a þ 5) by adding the areas of

the 4 rectangles.
ða þ 2Þða þ 5Þ ¼ a2 þ 2a þ 5a þ 10 Expanding
2
¼ a þ 7a þ 10 Simplifying by collecting like terms.
b Draw an area diagram with length (n þ 4) n+4
and width (n 3), then increase the width to n 4
n by adding 3. This creates 4 rectangles.
n–3
n
84 9780170193085
The 2 shaded upper rectangles together give the n+4
product (n þ 4)(n 3). To find its area, we n 4
subtract the areas of the 2 lower rectangles from
the area of the whole rectangle. n–3 (n + 4)(n – 3)
n
3 3n 12
ðn þ 4Þðn 3Þ ¼ nðn þ 4Þ 3n 12 Whole rectangle 2 lower rectangles

¼ n2 þ 4n 3n 12 Expanding
Simplifying by collecting like terms.
¼ n2 þ n 12
Expanding binomial products algebraically

When expanding a binomial product algebraically, each term in the first binomial is multiplied by
each term in the second binomial to give four terms, which are collected and simplified.
Example 16 Video tutorial
Expanding binomial
products
Expand each binomial product.
MAT09NAVT10006
a (x þ 5)(x þ 9) b (k þ 3)(k 7)
Solution
a ðx þ 5Þðx þ 9Þ ¼ xðx þ 9Þ þ 5ðx þ 9Þ Each term in (x þ 5) is multiplied by (x þ 9).
2
¼ x þ 9x þ 5x þ 45 Expanding to make 4 terms.
¼ x2 þ 14x þ 45 Adding 9x and 5x.
b ðk þ 3Þðk 7Þ ¼ k ðk 7Þ þ 3ðk 7Þ Each term in (k þ 3) is multiplied by (k 7).
2
¼ k 7k þ 3k 21 Expanding to make 4 terms.
2 Adding 7k and 3k.
¼ k 4k 21
Summary
The distributive law for expanding a binomial product

a+b
Multiply each term in the first binomial by each a b
term in the second binomial.
(a þ b)(c þ d) ¼ ac þ ad þ bc þ bd
c ac bc
c+d
d ad bd
9780170193085 85
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
One way of remembering which pairs of terms to multiply O

together in a binomial product is called the FOIL method, F
as shown below. (k + 3)( k – 7) = k 2 – 7k + 3k – 21
I = k 2 – 4k – 21
• F means multiply the first terms: k 3 k ¼ k 2 L
• O means multiply the outside terms: k 3 (7) ¼ 7k
• I means multiply the inside terms: 3 3 k ¼ 3k
• L means multiply the last terms: 3 3 (7) ¼ 21
Video tutorial
Example 17
Expanding binomial
products
Expand each binomial product.
MAT09NAVT10006
a (x 6)(4x þ 2) b (3t 1)(2t 5)
Video tutorial
Expanding binomial Solution

products
a ðx 6Þð4x þ 2Þ ¼ xð4x þ 2Þ 6ð4x þ 2Þ Expanding
MAT09NAVT00004
2
¼ 4x þ 2x 24x 12 Simplifying
2
¼ 4x 22x 12
b ð3t 1Þð2t 5Þ ¼ 3tð2t 5Þ 1ð2t 5Þ Expanding
2
¼ 6t 15t 2t þ 5 Simplifying
¼ 6t2 17t þ 5
Exercise 3-07 Expanding binomial products

See Example 15 1 Expand each binomial product using the given area diagram.
a (x þ 10)(x þ 8) b (a þ 3)(a þ 6)
x 10 a 3
x a
8 6
c (d þ 2)(2d þ 5) d (4h þ 1)(3h þ 7)

d 2 4h 1
2d 3h
5 7
86 9780170193085
2 Expand each binomial product using the given area diagram. (Find the shaded area.)
a (w þ 5)(w 1) b (x þ 9)(x 6)
w 5 x 9
w–1 x–6
w x
1 6
c (t 8)(t þ 4) d (n 5)(n 7)
t n
t–8 8 n–5 5
n–7
t
n
7
4
3 Draw an area diagram for each binomial product and use it to expand the product.
a (2y þ 5)(y þ 3) b (r þ 5)(3r þ 2) c (5k þ 3)(4k þ 1)
d (w 5)(w þ 3) e (v þ 4)(3v 1) f (p 3)(p 5)
4 Expand each binomial product algebraically. See Example 16
a (n þ 6)(n þ 3) b (t þ 6)(t þ 5) c (p þ 10)(p 10)
d (x 8)(x þ 3) e (b 2)(9 þ b) f (u 8)(u 7)
g (15 r)(r þ 1) h (a 10)(a 9) i (5 c)(3 c)
j (t 1)(t þ 2) k (y 4)(y þ 10) l (n 9)(11 þ n)
5 Expand (b þ 7) 2. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A b 2 þ 49 B b 2 þ 49b C b 2 þ 7b þ 49 D b 2 þ 14b þ 49
6 Expand each binomial product. See Example 17
a (2x þ 5)(x þ 3) b (3e þ 2)(4e þ 5) c (10 þ 3p)(p 1)
d (7d 2) (7d 2) e (2f 2)(3f þ 5) f (4m 5)(5 þ 3m)
g (3 4h)(2 þ 5h) h (4p 5)(2p 7) i (2m 3)(4 5m)
j (3t þ 5)(2t 1) k (5y 5)(5y þ 5) l (6 2a)(2a 6)
7 A rectangular barbecue plate has a length of 100 cm and a width of 75 cm. The length and Worked solutions
width are both increased by x cm. Expanding binomial
a Write an expression for the new length of the plate. products
b Write an expression for the new width of the plate. MAT09NAWS10012
c Hence find a simplified expression for the new area of the plate.
d By how much has the area of the plate increased?
e If x ¼ 0.1, find the increase in the area of the plate.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
8 A family room in a house is to be extended. The room is 4 metres long and 3 metres wide. The
length is to be increased by x metres and the width by y metres.
a Write down expressions for the new length and width.
b Write down a binomial expression for the new area of the room.
c Expand and simplify your expression for the area.
d By how much has the area of the room increased?
Investigation: Expanding perfect squares

There is a special pattern when you expand a binomial by itself, for example,
(y þ 5)(y þ 5).
This is called the square of a binomial or a perfect square.
1 a Expand and simplify the perfect square (y þ 5)2 if (y þ 5)2 ¼ (y þ 5)(y þ 5).
b How many terms are there in your answer?
c The terms in the binomial (y þ 5) are y and 5. The first term of your answer in part a is
y 2, which is the square of y. How are the other terms in the answer related to y and 5?
2 Expand and simplify each perfect square.
a (k þ 3)2 b (m þ 7)2 c (p þ 2)2
3 For each of the expansions in question 2:
a How many terms are there?
b Describe how each is related to the two terms of the perfect square.
c Compare and discuss your results with other students.
4 Expand and simplify each perfect square.
a (t 1)2 b (g 6)2 c (d 5)2
5 For each of the expansions in question 4:
a How many terms are there?
b Describe how each is related to the two terms of the perfect square.
c Compare and discuss your results with other students.
6 Describe the expansion of the perfect square (first term þ second term)2 by copying and
completing this statement:
The square of a binomial is equal to the square of the ﬁrst term plus double the product of
the two terms plus _______
7 a Find a formula for (a þ b)2.
b Check this formula by expanding (a þ b)2 using an area diagram.
c Find a formula for (a b)2.
d Check this formula by expanding (a b)2 using an area diagram.
88 9780170193085
Stage 5.3
3-08 Perfect squares
Puzzle sheet
16, 49, v 2 and (y þ 5) 2 are called perfect squares because they are square numbers. The rule for Factorominoes
expanding the perfect square of a binomial is: MAT09NAPS10033
Summary
(a þ b) 2 ¼ a 2 þ 2ab þ b 2
(a b) 2 ¼ a 2 2ab þ b 2
Proof:
ða þ bÞ2 ¼ ða þ bÞða þ bÞ ða bÞ2 ¼ ða bÞða bÞ

¼ aða þ bÞ þ bða þ bÞ ¼ aða bÞ bða bÞ
2 2
¼ a þ ab þ ba þ b ¼ a2 ab ba þ b2
¼ a2 þ 2ab þ b2 ¼ a2 2ab þ b2
Example 18
Copy and complete the expansion of each perfect square.
a (x þ 4) 2 ¼ x 2 þ ____ þ 16 b (y 6) 2 ¼ y 2 12y þ ____
c (5g þ 9) 2 ¼ ____ þ 45g þ 81 d (3d 5) 2 ¼ 9d 2 ____ þ 25
Solution
a In the expansion,
¼ 23x34 Doubling the product of the two terms.
¼ 8x
) ðx þ 4Þ2 ¼ x2 þ 8x þ 16
b In the expansion,
¼ 62 The second term squared.
¼ 36
) ðy 6Þ2 ¼ y2 12y þ 36
c ¼ ð5gÞ2 The first term squared.
2
¼ 25g
2
) ð5g þ 9Þ ¼ 25g2 þ 45g þ 81
d ¼ 2 3 3d 3 5 Doubling the product of the two terms.

¼ 30d
) ð3d 5Þ2 ¼ 9d 2 þ 30d þ 25
9780170193085 89
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3
Example 19
Expand each perfect square.
a (n 5) 2 b (k þ 7) 2 c (3y 8) 2
Solution
a ðn 5Þ2 ¼ n2 2 3 n 3 5 þ 52 1st term squared double product þ
2
¼ n 10n þ 25 2nd term squared
2
b ðk þ 7 Þ ¼ k 2 þ 2 3 k 3 7 þ 7 2
¼ k 2 þ 14k þ 49
c ð3y 8Þ2 ¼ ð3yÞ2 2 3 3y 3 8 þ 82
¼ 9y2 48y þ 64
Exercise 3-08 Perfect squares

See Example 18 1 Copy and complete the expansion of each perfect square.
a (x þ 10) 2 ¼ x 2 þ _____ þ 100 b (m 8) 2 ¼ _____ 16m þ 64
c (p t) 2 ¼ p 2 2pt þ _____ d (h þ 4) 2 ¼ h 2 _____ þ 16
2 2
e (k 9) ¼ k _____ þ 81 f (8 þ 5f ) 2 ¼ 64_____ þ 25f 2
g (2d þ 3) 2 ¼ _____ þ _____ þ 9 h (6a þ 1) 2 ¼ _____ þ 12a þ _____
See Example 19 2 Expand each perfect square.
a (m þ 9) 2 b (u þ 3) 2 c (y 6) 2
d (8 þ k) 2 e (5 h) 2 f (7 þ k) 2
g (f þ 20) 2 h (q 11) 2 i (10 þ t) 2
j (x w) 2 k (a þ g) 2 l (2m 3) 2
m (5x 6) 2 n (9a þ 2) 2 o (3e 4) 2
p (5 þ 7b) 2 q (4 5p) 2 r (11 2c) 2
s (10g þ 3) 2 t (3k þ 11) 2 u (5 þ 2v) 2
3 Expand each perfect square.
a (7h þ 2k) 2 b (8a 3y) 2 c (xy þ z) 2
2
1 2 1 2 3
d 1þy e tt f w þ w
4 Use expansion to evaluate each square number without using a calculator.

a 21 2 ¼ (20 þ 1) 2 b 45 2 ¼ (40 þ 5) 2 c 29 2 ¼ (30 1) 2
d 59 2 ¼ (60 1) 2 e 102 2 ¼ (100 þ 2) 2 f 98 2 ¼ (100 2) 2
90 9780170193085
5 A 10 cm square sheet of cardboard has a square of length x cm cut from each corner. It is then Stage 5.3
folded to form a square-based prism.
Worked solutions
10
x x Perfect squares
MAT09NAWS10013
x x
10
x
b
b
x x
x x
a Why is the length of the square base (b) equal to (10 2x) cm?
b Find the area of the square base.
c Find the area of one side face of the prism.
d Hence show that the surface area of the prism is (100 4x 2) cm 2.
Investigation: Squaring a number ending in 5

Study this mental short cut for squaring a number ending in 5.
• To evaluate 352, calculate 3 3 4 ¼ 12, add ‘25’ to the end: 352 ¼ 1225.
• To evaluate 752, calculate 7 3 8 ¼ 56, add ‘25’ to the end: 752 ¼ 5625.
• To evaluate 1052, calculate 10 3 11 ¼ 110, add ‘25’ to the end: 1052 ¼ 11 025.
Let n stand for the tens digit of the number ending in 5 being squared.
Expand (10n þ 5)2 and investigate why the above method works.
Mental skills 3B Maths without calculators
Multiplying by 9, 11, 99 and 101

We can use expansion when multiplying by a number near 10 or near 100.
1 Study each example.
a 25 3 11 ¼ 25 3 ð10 þ 1Þ b 14 3 9 ¼ 14 3 ð10 1Þ
¼ 25 3 10 þ 25 3 1 ¼ 14 3 10 14 3 1
¼ 250 þ 25 ¼ 140 14
¼ 275 ¼ 126
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
c 32 3 12 ¼ 32 3 ð10 þ 2Þ d 7 3 99 ¼ 7 3 ð100 1Þ
¼ 32 3 10 þ 32 3 2 ¼ 7 3 100 7 3 1
¼ 320 þ 64 ¼ 700 7
¼ 384 ¼ 693
e 27 3 101 ¼ 27 3 ð100 þ 1Þ f 18 3 8 ¼ 18 3 ð10 2Þ

¼ 27 3 100 þ 27 3 1 ¼ 18 3 10 18 3 2
¼ 2700 þ 27 ¼ 180 36
¼ 2727 ¼ 144
2 Now evaluate each product.

a 16 3 11 b 33 3 11 c 29 3 9 d 45 3 9
e 62 3 11 f 7 3 101 g 18 3 101 h 36 3 99
i 19 3 8 j 45 3 12 k 21 3 102 l 6 3 98
m 32 3 9 m 7 3 99 o 39 3 101 p 71 3 12
Stage 5.3
Investigation: Expanding sums by differences
There is also a special pattern when you multiply the sum of two terms by the difference of
those two terms, for example, (x þ 9)(x 9).
1 a Expand and simplify (x þ 9)(x 9).
b How many terms are there in your answer?
c How are the terms in the answer related to x and 9?
2 Expand and simplify each ‘sum by difference’.
a (k þ 2)(k 2) b (m þ 5)(m 5) c (p 6)(p þ 6)
3 Describe the expansion of (first term þ second term)(first term second term) by copying
and completing this statement:
The product of a ‘sum by difference’ is equal to the square of the ﬁrst term ___________
4 a Find a formula for (a þ b)(a b).
b Check this formula by expanding (a þ b)(a b) using an area diagram.
Worksheet
Special products 3-09 Difference of two squares

MAT09NAWK00034
The rule for expanding (a þ b)(a b) is:
Puzzle sheet
Enough time
Summary
MAT09NAPS00011
(a þ b)(a b) ¼ a 2 b 2
The answer is called the difference of two squares.
92 9780170193085
Proof: Stage 5.3
ða bÞða þ bÞ ¼ aða þ bÞ bða þ bÞ
¼ a2 þ ab ba b2
¼ a2 b2 þ ab ba ¼ 0
When the sum of two terms is multiplied by their difference, the answer is the square of the first
term minus the square of the second term (the difference of two squares).
Example 20
a (d þ 3)(d 3) b (2 þ r)(2 r) c (7x þ 2)(7x 2) d (4k 5p)(4k þ 5p)
Solution
a ðd þ 3Þðd 3Þ ¼ d 2 32 b ð2 þ rÞð2 rÞ ¼ 22 r2
¼ d2 9 ¼ 4 r2
c ð7x þ 2Þð7x 2Þ ¼ ð7xÞ2 22 d ð4k 5pÞð4k þ 5pÞ ¼ ð4k Þ2 ð5pÞ2
¼ 49x2 4 ¼ 16k 2 25p2
Exercise 3-09 Difference of two squares

1 Expand each expression. See Example 20
a (m þ 5)(m 5) b (c 10)(c þ 10) c (a þ 12)(a 12)
d (6 y)(6 þ y) e (8 m)(8 þ m) f (p þ 1)(p 1)
g (5 þ e)(5 e) h (v þ 11)(v 11) i (w 3)(w þ 3)
j (x 10)(x þ 10) k (q þ 7)(q 7) l (9 g)(9 þ g)
m (b 2)(b þ 2) n (15 r)(15 þ r) o (d þ 13)(d 13)
2 Expand each expression.
a (2h 3)(2h þ 3) b (5r þ 4)(5r 4) c (5b þ 8)(5b 8)
d (4p 7)(4p þ 7) e (3 8k)(3 þ 8k) f (7x 5)(7x þ 5)
g (2 þ 9m)(2 9m) h (9k 4l)(9k þ 4l) i (7n þ 8m)(7n 8m)
j (4g 5h)(4g þ 5h) k (7u þ 3w)(7u 3w) l (11a þ 3b)(11a 3b)

m t þ 1t t 1t n w2 wþ2 o 1 1r 1 þ 1r
3 3
3 Susan’s age is p years.
a What was Susan’s age last year?
b What will Susan’s age be next year?
c Write an expression for (Susan’s age last year) 3 (Susan’s age next year).
Worked solutions
d If (Susan’s age last year) 3 (Susan’s age next year) is equal to 48, what is Susan’s age?
Difference of two
4 By expressing 31 3 29 as (30 þ 1)(30 1), use the difference of two squares to find the value squares
of 31 3 29. MAT09NAWS10014
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3 5 Use the method of question 4 to evaluate each expression.

a 21 3 19 b 51 3 49 c 89 3 91 d 78 3 82
Worked solutions 6 Use ‘sum by difference’ to evaluate each expression.
Difference of two a 15 2 14 2 b 24 2 23 2 c 65 2 35 2
2 2
squares d 101 99 e 23 2 17 2 f 50 2 48 2
MAT09NAWS10014 7 A square sheet of paper of length x cm has a smaller square of length y cm cut from one
corner. It is then cut on the diagonal AB and rearranged to form a rectangle as shown.
w
A x
x
y l
B
y
B
a Find an expression for:

i the length (l) of the rectangle
ii the width (w) of the rectangle
iii the area of the rectangle.
b The area of the rectangle should be the same as the area of the square on the left minus the
area of the smaller square. Find an expression for this area. What does this prove?
Worksheet
Mixed expansions 3-10 Mixed expansions

MAT09NAWK00035
Example 21
Expand and simplify each expression.
a (4r þ 5)(1 2r) b (7 þ 9x) 2 c (2d 10)(2d þ 10)
d (a þ 6)(a 6) þ (a þ 12)(a þ 3) e (m 2) 2 (m 2)(m þ 2)
Solution
a ð4r þ 5Þð1 2rÞ ¼ 4rð1 2rÞ þ 5ð1 2rÞ
¼ 4r 8r2 þ 5 10r
¼ 8r2 6r þ 5
94 9780170193085
b ð7 þ 9xÞ2 ¼ 72 þ 2 3 7 3 9x þ ð9xÞ2 Stage 5.3
2
¼ 49 þ 126x þ 81x
¼ 81x2 þ 126x þ 49
c ð2d 10Þð2d þ 10Þ ¼ ð2d Þ2 102
¼ 4d 2 100
d ða þ 6Þða 6Þ þ ða þ 12Þða þ 3Þ ¼ a2 36 þ a2 þ 3a þ 12a þ 36
¼ 2a2 þ 15a

e ðm 2Þ2 ðm 2Þðm þ 2Þ ¼ m2 4m þ 4 m2 4
¼ m2 4m þ 4 m2 þ 4
¼ 4m þ 8
Exercise 3-10 Mixed expansions

1 Expand and simplify each expression. See Example 21
a (2m 1)(2m þ 1) b (y þ 4) (5y 3) c (2k 7) 2
d (d þ 9) 2 e (2e 1)(e þ 1) f (5a þ 4)(5a 4)
g (2 p)(p 2) h (10 6y)(10 þ 6y) i (h 3z) 2

1 2
j (2x 3)(y þ 3) k (11a 4b)(11a þ 4b) l uu
2 Expand and simplify each expression. Worked solutions
a (m 5)(m þ 5) þ 25 b 6y þ (y 3) 2 þ 9 Mixed expansions
c (3x þ 1)(2 x) þ 2x þ 4 d (d þ 4) 2 8d þ 5 MAT09NAWS10015
e 16 þ (4k 8)(4k þ 8) f (x y) 2 (x þ y) 2
g 20t (t 2)(t 5) þ t 2 h 2(f 2)(f þ 2)
i (2h þ 3) 2 (2h 3)(2h þ 3) j 7xy (2x 3)(y þ 3)
3 Expand and simplify each expression.
a (8a 1)(8a þ 1) 4a 2 þ 1 b (n þ 1) 2 þ 2n þ 3
c 3(4 t)(4 þ t) þ (t 12)(t þ 4) d (2m n) 2 þ (2m þ n) 2
e (x 2)(x þ 3) (x 2)(x þ 2) f 2(b 1) 2 (2b 1) 2
g (y þ 1) 2 þ (y þ 2) 2 þ (y þ 3) 2 h (x 3)(x þ 3) þ (x þ 3) 2 þ (x 3) 2
i (5n þ 3)(5n 3) þ (3n 5)(3n þ 5) j 2(a b)(a þ b) (a þ b) 2 (a b) 2
3-11 Factorising special binomial products

Factorising by grouping in pairs
An algebraic expression with four terms can often be factorised in pairs, that is, two terms at a
time, to make a binomial product.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3
Example 22
a 3ac þ 2bd þ 2bc þ 3ad b 4km þ 6mn 6kp 9np c 10xw 6yw 10xt þ 6yt
Solution
a 3ac þ 2bd þ 2bc þ 3ad ¼ 3ac þ 3ad þ 2bd þ 2bc Grouping into pairs for factorising.
¼ 3aðc þ d Þ þ 2bðd þ cÞ Factorising each pair.
¼ ðc þ d Þð3a þ 2bÞ Factorising again.
b 4km þ 6mn 6kp 9np ¼ 2mð2k þ 3nÞ 3pð2k þ 3nÞ Factorising each pair.
¼ ð2k þ 3nÞð2m 3pÞ Factorising again.
c 10xw 6yw 10xt þ 6yt ¼ 2ð5xw 3yw 5xt þ 3ytÞ Factorising all terms first.
¼ 2ð5xw 5xt 3yw þ 3ytÞ Grouping into pairs for factorising.
¼ 2½5xðw t Þ 3yðw t Þ Factorising each pair.
¼ 2ðw t Þð5x 3yÞ Factorising again.
Factorising the difference of two squares

You should recall the product (a þ b)(a b) ¼ a 2 b 2.
If we use this rule in reverse, then the factors of a 2 b 2 are (a b) and (a þ b).
Summary
a 2 b 2 ¼ (a þ b)(a b)
Example 23
a x2 4 b 9 16b 2 c 20d 2 5a 2 d y3 y
Solution
a x2 4 ¼ x2 22 b 9 16b2 ¼ 32 ð4bÞ2
¼ ðx þ 2Þðx 2Þ ¼ ð3 þ 4bÞð3 4bÞ

c 20d 2 5a2 ¼ 5 4d 2 a2 d y3 y ¼ y y2 1
h i
¼ 5 ð2d Þ2 a2 ¼ yðy þ 1Þðy 1Þ
¼ 5ð2d þ aÞð2d aÞ
96 9780170193085
Stage 5.3
Exercise 3-11 Factorising special binomial products
a 4ab þ 5bc þ 4ad þ 5cd b 2xy 5wy þ 2xt 5wt
c 9ac þ 6bc þ 12ad þ 8bd d 10x 2 þ 30 þ x 3 þ 3x
e 3a 2 þ 3ab þ 3ac þ 3bc f 6rt 18wt þ 6rp 18wp
g 14e 21 þ 2de 3d h hk h 2 2k þ 2h
i 3mn 6m þ pn 2p j 9p 2 27 þ qp 2 3q
k fg fh 10g þ 10h l 9kl 12ml þ 9kn 12mn
m 2p 2c p 2 þ pc n l 3 þ lm 2 3l 2 3m 2
o a(x þ 1) þ y(x þ 1) ka ky p p(a b) 2q(a b) þ 3qp 6q 2
a w2 9 b y 2 36 c k2 1 d m 2 121
e p 2 64 f t 2 100 g 4e 2 f 2 h a 2 9b 2
i 16y 2 1 j 4 b2 k 25 e 2 l 1 16x 2
m y2 z2 n 49 16m 2 o b 2 121d 2 p 36c 2 25k 2
q 16 81h 2 r 25a 2 64m 2 s 100 49n 2 t 121p 2 144q 2
1
u 25c 2
v 4t 2 1 w 25h2 21 x 1 m 2n 2
4 9 4
3 Factorise each expression. Worked solutions
a 2a 2 2b 2 b 2
7k 28 c 3 75u 2 3
d x 49x Factorising special
e k 16k 3 f 50q 2 2 g 3d 2 12v 2 h 5t 5 125t 3 binomial products
5 MAT09NAWS10016
i 2a 2b 2 2 j x 2y 2 x 2w 2 k 192f 2 108g 2 l 45d 2
4
m 2x 2 8a 2 n 100 25w 2 o 11 80e2 2
p 9c 6 1
4 4
p2 x2 2 2 2y2 2m2
a b x2 1 c v u d
16 25 9 49 81 9 121
2 2
e 16a 25b f t 4 81 g 100 n 4 h (x þ y) 2 x 2
49 4
2 y2
i (p 2q) 2 (2p þ q) 2 j x k (a þ b) 2 (a b) 2
4 36
Investigation: Factorising quadratic expressions

1 a Show that (x þ 3)(x þ 5) ¼ x 2 þ 8x þ 15
b The quadratic expression x 2 þ 8x þ 15 has three terms. The coefficient of x is 8, the
number in front of the x. How are the 3 and 5 in (x þ 3)(x þ 5) related to the 8?
c The constant term in x 2 þ 8x þ 15 is 15, the number with no x at the end. How are the
3 and 5 related to the 15?
2 a Expand (x þ 9)(x þ 2).
b What is the coefficient of x? How are 9 and 2 related to it?
c What is the constant term? How are 9 and 2 related to it?
3 a Expand (x þ 8)(x 3).
b What is the coefficient of x? How are 8 and 3 related to it?
c What is the negative constant term? How are 8 and 3 related to it?
9780170193085 97
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3 4 a Expand (x 4)(x 1).

b What is the negative coefficient of x? How are 4 and 1 related to it?
c What is the positive constant term? How are 4 and 1 related to it?
5 In the expansion of any binomial product, how are the coefficient of x and the constant
term related to the numbers in the binomials?
6 Copy and complete:
a (x þ ___)(x þ ___) ¼ x 2 þ 5x þ 4 b (x þ ___)(x þ ___) ¼ x 2 þ 8x þ 15
2
c (x þ ___)(x þ ___) ¼ x þ 7x þ 12 d (x þ ___)(x ___) ¼ x 2 4x 32
2
e (x þ ___)(x ___) ¼ x þ 2x 3 f (x ___)(x ___) ¼ x 2 9x þ 20
3-12 Factorising quadratic expressions

A quadratic expression such as x 2 5x þ 7 is called a trinomial because it has three terms. Other
examples of quadratic trinomials are x 2 þ x 15, 2x 2 3x þ 9 and 4x 2 þ 9x þ 20.
The expansion of (x þ 2)(x þ 4) is x 2 þ 6x þ 8.
[ The factorisation of x 2 þ 6x þ 8 is (x þ 2)(x þ 4).
Summary
In the factorisation of a quadratic trinomial such as x 2 þ 6x þ 8:
• each factor must have an x term to give x 2 x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)
• 2 þ 4 ¼ 6, which is the coefficient of x, the number in x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)

front of the x
• 2 3 4 ¼ 8, which is the constant term with no x. x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)
Example 24
Factorise x 2 þ 11x þ 24.
Solution
Find the two numbers that have a sum Pair of numbers Product Sum
of 11 and a product of 24. 6, 4 6 3 4 ¼ 24 6 þ 4 ¼ 10
It is best to test numbers that have a
product of 24 and then check if their 2, 12 2 3 12 ¼ 24 2 þ 12 ¼ 14
sums equal 11: 8, 3 8 3 3 ¼ 24 8 þ 3 ¼ 11
The correct numbers are 8 and 3.
[ x 2 þ 11x þ 24 ¼ (x þ 8)(x þ 3)
98 9780170193085
Stage 5.3
Example 25
Factorise x 2 5x 6.
Solution
Find two numbers with a sum of Pair of numbers Product Sum
5 and a product of 6. þ3, 2 3 3 (2) ¼ 6 3 þ (2) ¼ 1
Since their product is 6, one of
3, þ2 3 3 2 ¼ 6 3 þ 2 ¼ 1
the numbers must be negative.
Test numbers that have a product þ6, 1 6 3 (1) ¼ 6 6 þ (1) ¼ 5
of 6 and check their sums. 6, þ1 6 3 1 ¼ 6 6 þ 1 ¼ 5
The correct numbers are 6 and 1.
[ x 2 5x 6 ¼ (x 6)(x þ 1)
Summary
To factorise quadratic trinomials of the form x 2 þ bx þ c:
• find two numbers that have a sum of b and a product of c
• use these two numbers to write a binomial product of the form (x ___ )(x ___ )
Example 26
Factorise each quadratic expression.
a x 2 þ 6x 16 b m 2 7m 18 c y 2 2y þ 1
Solution
a x 2 þ 6x 16
Find two numbers that have a product of 16 and a sum of 6.
Since the product is negative, one of the numbers must be negative.
They are þ8 and 2.
[ x 2 þ 6x 16 ¼ (x þ 8)(x 2)
b m 2 7m 18
Product ¼ 18, sum ¼ 7.
They are 9 and þ2.
[ m 2 7m 18 ¼ (m 9)(m þ 2)
c y 2 2y þ 1
Product ¼ 1, sum ¼ 2.
Since the sum is negative, one of the numbers must be negative.
Since the product is positive, both of the numbers must be negative.
They are 1 and 1.
) y2 2y þ 1 ¼ ðy 1Þðy 1Þ
¼ ðy 1Þ2 Note: (y 1) 2 is a perfect square.
9780170193085 99
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3
Example 27
a 3g 2 þ 12g 36 b 48 8p p 2
Solution

a 3g 2 þ 12g 36 ¼ 3 g 2 þ 4g 12 Taking out the HCF of 3 first.
¼ 3ðg 2Þðg þ 6Þ Product ¼ 12, sum ¼ 4
2 2
b 48 8p p ¼ p 8p þ 48 Rearranging the terms to make the p 2 term first.

¼ 1 p2 þ 8p 48 Taking out a common factor of 1.
¼ ðp þ 12Þðp 4Þ Product ¼ 48, sum ¼ 8
Exercise 3-12 Factorising quadratic expressions

1 Find two numbers whose:
a product is 6 and their sum is 7 b product is 12 and their sum is 1
c product is 15 and their sum is 2 d product is 12 and their sum is 7
e product is 20 and their sum is 9 f product is 14 and their sum is 5
g product is 10 and their sum is 3 h product is 25 and their sum is 0
i product is 2 and their sum is 1 j product is 18 and their sum is 7
See Example 24 2 Factorise each quadratic expression.
a x 2 þ 7x þ 12 b x 2 þ 12x þ 35 c x 2 þ 5x þ 4
2
d x þ 7x þ 10 e x 2 þ 9x þ 20 f t 2 þ 6t þ 5
2
g e þ 5e þ 6 h h 2 þ 4h þ 4 i n 2 þ 11n þ 10
j a 2 þ 11a þ 30 k d 2 þ 10d þ 24 l y 2 þ 15y þ 44
a y 2 2y 3 b r 2 5r 14 c h 2 3h 4
d w 2 7w 18 e e 2 6e 27 f a 2 4a 12
a x 2 þ 3x 4 b t 2 þ 5t 24 c m 2 þ 2m 15
d a2 þ a 2 e k 2 þ 5k 14 f w 2 þ 4w 12
g m 2 5m þ 4 h w 2 6w þ 8 i x 2 12x þ 35
j p 2 10p þ 24 k n 2 3n þ 2 l a 2 6a þ 9
5 Factorise each expression given it is a perfect square.
a m 2 þ 4m þ 4 b p 2 þ 20p þ 100 c a 2 10a þ 25
See Example 27 6 Factorise each quadratic expression. Look for the highest common factor first.
a 3m 2 þ 9m þ 6 b 2y 2 þ 2y 4 c 5t 2 10t 400
d 5e 4 þ 25e 3 120e 2 e x 3 x 2 110x f 4b 2 4b 168
g 4w 2 þ 4w 48 h 3a 3 9a 2 12a i 2e 2 þ 18e þ 40
j 24 5t t 2 k 42 þ u u 2 l 28 þ 3x x 2
m 12 b b 2 n 7k 12 k 2 o 12x 35 x 2
100 9780170193085
7 Factorise each quadratic expression. Stage 5.3
a h 2 3h 18 b 18 7t t 2 c w 2 þ 8w þ 7
d k 2 12k 45 e v 2 þ 8v 20 f 3c 2 þ 30c þ 75
g q 2 6q þ 5 h a 2 4a þ 3 i 6x 2 þ 36x 96
j x 2 16x þ 64 k 8u 2 24u 32 l b 2 þ 11b þ 30
m y 2 12y þ 36 n 5r 2 5r 10 o 4l 2 8l 32
p g 2 24g þ 80 q 108 6d 2d 2 r 26 þ 11n n 2
Investigation: Factorising quadratic trinomials by

grouping in pairs
1 We can factorise the quadratic trinomial 6y 2 þ 19y þ 15 by rewriting it as 6y 2 þ 10y þ
9y þ 15, splitting up the middle term 19y.
a Factorise 6y 2 þ 10y þ 9y þ 15 by grouping in pairs.
b Factorise 6y 2 þ 9y þ 10y þ 15 by grouping in pairs. Is your answer the same as that
for part a?
c In 6y 2 þ 19y þ 15, 6 is the coefficient of y 2 while 15 is the constant term. Find the
product of 6 and 15 and the product of 10 and 9. What do you notice?
2 a Factorise 2c 2 þ 13c þ 21 by rewriting it as 2c 2 þ 6c þ 7c þ 21.
b Factorise 2c 2 þ 13c þ 21 by rewriting it as 2c 2 þ 7c þ 6c þ 21.
c Find the product of 2 and 21 and the product of 6 and 7. What do you notice?
Factorising quadratic expressions

3-13 of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c
We will now factorise quadratic trinomials such as 6x 2 þ 19x þ 15, where x 2 has a coefficient that
is not a common factor. We do this by splitting the middle term into two terms and then factorise
by grouping in pairs.
Example 28
Factorise 3x 2 þ 8x þ 4.
Solution
We need to split up the middle term 8x.
Find two numbers that have a product of 12 and a sum of 8.
sum of 8
3x 2 + 8x + 4 = 3x 2 + 8x + 4
product of 12 (3 × 4)
9780170193085 101
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3 The two numbers are þ6 and þ2, so we will split 8x
into 6x and 2x.
) 3x2 þ 8x þ 4 ¼ 3x2 þ 6x þ 2x þ 4
¼ 3xðx þ 2Þ þ 2ðx þ 2Þ Factorising by grouping in pairs.
¼ ðx þ 2Þð3x þ 2Þ Factorising again.
Summary
To factorise quadratic trinomials of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c:
• find two numbers that have a sum of b and a product of ac
• use these two numbers to split the middle term bx into two terms
• factorise by grouping in pairs
Example 29
a 5k 2 12k þ 4 b 9m 2 9m 4 c 6t 2 þ t 12
Solution
a 5k 2 12k þ 4
5 3 4 ¼ 20. Find two numbers that have a product of 20 and a sum of 12.
Since the sum is negative, one of the numbers must be negative.
Since the product is positive, both of the numbers must be negative.
They are 10 and 2. Split 12k into 10k and 2k.
5k 2 12k þ 4 ¼ 5k 2 10k 2k þ 4
¼ 5k ðk 2Þ 2ðk 2Þ Factorising by grouping in pairs.
¼ ðk 2Þð5k 2Þ
b 9m 2 9m 4
9 3 (4) ¼ 36. Find two numbers with a product of 36 and a sum of 9.
They are 12 and 3.
9m2 9m 4 ¼ 9m2 12m þ 3m 4
¼ 3mð3m 4Þ þ 1ð3m 4Þ
¼ ð3m 4Þð3m þ 1Þ
102 9780170193085
c 6t 2 þ t 12 Stage 5.3
6 3 (12) ¼ 72. Find two numbers with a product of 72 and a sum of 1.
They are 8 and þ9.
6t 2 þ t 12 ¼ 6t 2 8t þ 9t 12
¼ 2t ð3t 4Þ þ 3ð3t 4Þ
¼ ð3t 4Þð2t þ 3Þ
Example 30
a 18a 2 18a 8 b 10 7x 12x 2
Solution

a 18a2 18a 8 ¼ 2 9a2 9a 4 Taking out the HCF of 2 first.

¼ 2 9a2 12a þ 3a 4 Product ¼ 36, sum ¼ 9
¼ 2½3að3a 4Þ þ 1ð3a 4Þ
¼ 2ð3a 4Þð3a þ 1Þ
b 10 7x 12x ¼ 12x2 7x þ 10
2
Rearranging the terms to make the
x 2 term first.

¼ 12x2 þ 7x 10 Taking out a common factor of 1.

¼ 12x2 þ 15x 8x 10 Product ¼ 120, sum ¼ 7
¼ ½3xð4x þ 5Þ 2ð4x þ 5Þ
¼ ð4x þ 5Þð3x 2Þ
Exercise 3-13 Factorising quadratic expressions

of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c
1 Factorise each quadratic expression. See Example 28
a 2x 2 þ 11x þ 5 b 4x 2 þ 13x þ 3 c 5x 2 þ 17x þ 6
d 6x 2 þ 19x þ 10 e 2w 2 þ 31w þ 15 f 4e 2 þ 15e þ 9
g 8f 2 þ 14f þ 3 h 3d 2 þ 5d þ 2 i 2b 2 þ 9b þ 7
j 5y 2 þ 16y þ 11 k 8g 2 þ 26g þ 15 l 6a 2 þ 23a þ 21
2 Factorise each quadratic expression. See Example 29
2 2 2
a 2y 11y þ 12 b 10k 19k þ 6 c 6e 13e þ 6
d 4b 2 13b þ 3 e 6w 2 23w þ 15 f 8t 2 þ 26t þ 15
g 9x 2 12x þ 4 h 12f 2 25f þ 12 i 4h 2 36h þ 81
j 5y 2 6y 11 k 4d 2 d 5 l 2m 2 3m 9
m 3t 2 t 30 n 6h 2 h 7 o 2y 2 5y 12
p 8a 2 2a 3 q 15u 2 7u 4 r 9c 2 12c 5
9780170193085 103
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3 3 Factorise each quadratic expression.

a 5m 2 þ 2m 7 b 6g 2 þ g 12 c 3p 2 þ 4p 4
d 7w 2 þ 6w 1 e 5y 2 þ 14y 3 f 3n 2 þ 10n 8
g 4b 2 þ 9b 9 h 8m 2 þ 10m 3 i 3x 2 þ 2x 16
4 Factorise each expression given it is a perfect square.
a 81w 2 180w þ 100 b 4y 2 þ 8y þ 4 c 25h 2 40h þ 16
See Example 30 5 Factorise each quadratic expression by first taking out a common factor.
Worked solutions a 6t 2 þ 10t 4 b 6g 2 þ 15g 36 c 24e 2 28e 12
Factorising quadratic
d 8a 2 10a 12 e 12t 2 þ 20t 8 f 25q 2 5q þ 6
expressions of the g 12m 2 þ 14m 4 h 20 h 12h 2 i 18 þ 48c þ 24c 2
form ax 2 þ bx þ c j 15 þ 9z 6z 2 k 12d 2 þ 2d 30 l 22x 12 6x 2
MAT09NAWS10017 6 Factorise each quadratic expression.
a 2a 2 þ 5a þ 3 b 12m 2 32m þ 5 c 4x 2 þ 11x 3
d 7w 2 8w þ 1 e 4h 2 7h 15 f 8x 2 2x 3
g 5r 2 þ 26r þ 5 h 2d 2 15d þ 7 i 6n 2 7n 3
j 8 6m 9m 2 k 3 2c 5c 2 l 15g 2 þ 19g þ 6
m 15 þ 14q 8q 2 n 3x 2 13x þ 14 o 16 8d 3d 2
Worksheet
Mixed factorisations 3-14 Mixed factorisations

MAT09NAWK00036
Puzzle sheet Summary

Factorominoes
MAT09NAPS10033 Factorisation strategies

• Look for any common factors and factorise first
Puzzle sheet
• If there are two terms, try factorising using the difference of two squares
squaresaw
• If there are three terms, try factorising as a quadratic trinomial
• If there are four terms, try factorising by grouping in pairs
MAT09NAPS00019
Algebraic expression
Take out any common factors
Two terms Three terms Four terms
Factorise if difference If quadratic trinomial, Try to factorise by

of two squares try to factorise grouping in pairs
104 9780170193085
Stage 5.3
Example 31
a 3a 2 27 b 5a 2 þ 100 c 20b 2 52b þ 24 d d3 d2 d þ 1
Solution

a 3a2 27 ¼ 3 a2 9 Taking out the HCF of 3 first.
¼ 3ða þ 3Þða 3Þ Difference of two squares.
b 5a 2 þ 100 ¼ 5(a 2 þ 20) Two terms but not a difference of
two squares.

c 20b2 52b þ 24 ¼ 4 5b2 13b þ 6

¼ 4 5b2 10b 3b þ 6
¼ 4½5bðb 2Þ 3ðb 2Þ
¼ 4ðb 2Þð5b 3Þ
d d 3 d 2 d þ 1 ¼ d 2 ðd 1Þ 1ðd 1Þ Factorising by grouping in pairs.

¼ ðd 1Þ d 2 1 Difference of two squares.
¼ ðd 1Þðd þ 1Þðd 1Þ
¼ ðd 1Þ2 ðd þ 1Þ
Exercise 3-14 Mixed factorisations

a m 2 16m þ 64 b 3d 2 3d c 3d 2 4d 15
d 3k 15 5h þ hk e 25y 2 64 f 100f 2 64
g q 2 þ 3q 3pq h 3 þ 2g g 2 i 24b 2 þ 44b 40
j 25r 2 1 k b3 þ b2 þ b þ 1 l 4x 2 20x þ 25
m 4 d 5d 2 n b3 b2 b þ 1 o 8 2v 2
p mn 2 þ mnp þ 3mn þ 3mp q 2w 2 24w þ 72 r 36h 2 þ 12h þ 1
a 15r 2 31rt 24t 2 b 4d 2 þ 4d þ 1 c 9g 2 36k 2
d e 3 3e 2 10e e 5(p þ q) 2 125(p q) 2 f 28x 2 7
g a 2 b 2 þ 4a 4b h c 3 2c 2 4c þ 8 i 6a 2 þ 13a 5
j t 2 3t þ 5t 35 k 18p 2 þ 24p þ 8 l 1 2a 24a 2
m 9x 2 27x þ 18x 54 n 2a 2b 6ab 3a þ 9 o 2a 2 þ 12a þ 18
p 25u 2 10u þ 1 q 4k 2 5k 21 r 48 3w 2
s 3 27s 2 t k 3 þ 4k 2 16k 64 u 5y 3 10y 2 þ 15y
v m 3n 4mn w 8 2a 2 x 32c 2 40c 12
9780170193085 105
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3
3-15 Factorising algebraic fractions
NSW
Example 32
9y2 16 x2 þ x 2
a 10a þ 25b b c d t 2 3t þ 2
5 6y þ 8 4x 4 3t 5t 2
Solution
a 10a þ 25b 5ða þ 5bÞ b 9y2 16 ð3y þ 4Þð3y 4Þ

¼ ¼
5 5 6y þ 8 2ð3y þ 4Þ
¼ a þ 5b ð3y þ 4Þð3y 4Þ
¼
2 ð3y þ 4Þ
3y 4
¼
2
c x2 þ x ¼ xðx þ 1Þ d t 2 3t þ 2
¼
ðt 2Þðt 1Þ
4x 4 4ðx þ 1Þ 3t 2 5t 2 ðt 2Þð3t þ 1Þ
x ð x þ 1Þ ðt 2Þðt 1Þ
¼ ¼
4 ðx þ 1Þ ðt 2Þð3t þ 1Þ
¼ x ¼ t1
4 3t þ 1
Example 33
2 2
a 24 22 b 3m 6 3 2 8m c d þ2 3d þ 2 4 d þ d
x þx x 1 4 m 2m d 9 3d þ 9
Solution
a 4 2 ¼ 4 2 Factorising denominators.
x2 þ x x2 1 xðx þ 1Þ ðx þ 1Þðx 1Þ
4ðx 1Þ 2x Using common denominators.
¼
xðx þ 1Þðx 1Þ xðx þ 1Þðx 1Þ
¼ 4x 4 2x
xðx þ 1Þðx 1Þ
¼ 2x 4
xðx þ 1Þðx 1Þ
2ðx 2Þ
¼
xðx þ 1Þðx 1Þ
106 9780170193085
b 3m 6 3ðm 2Þ
3 2 8m ¼ 3 8m Stage 5.3
4 m 2m 4 m ðm 2 Þ
3 ðm 2Þ 2
6 86m
¼ 3
6 41 6m ðm 2Þ
¼6
c d 2 þ 3d þ 2 4 d 2 þ d ¼ d 2 þ 3d þ 2 3 3d þ 9
d2 9 3d þ 9 d2 9 d2 þ d
ðd þ 2Þðd þ 1Þ 3ðd þ 3Þ
¼ 3
ðd þ 3Þðd 3Þ d ðd þ 1 Þ
ðd þ 2Þ ðd þ 1Þ 3 ðd þ 3Þ
¼ 3
ðd þ 3Þðd 3Þ d ðd þ 1Þ
3ðd þ 2Þ
¼
d ðd 3Þ
Exercise 3-15 Factorising algebraic fractions

3x þ 3y 5 ab ac
a b c
3 10t 10r a2
d
y1
e w2 16 f 5d 5t
1y wþ4 d2 t2
2
ðk þ 5 Þ 6c2 6 am an þ m n
g 2 h i
k 25 2c þ 2 m2 n2
y2 þ 9y þ 20 k 2 3k 4 16a2 25c2
j k l
2y þ 10 k 2 16 4a2 9ac þ 5c2
2
m s 2þ 4s þ 4 n 1 c 2c2 o
ap þ 4p 2a 8
s s6 3c2 þ 2c 1 2p2 8
a 5 þ 2 b 6 4
mðm þ 1Þ ðm þ 1Þðm þ 2Þ ðw þ 5Þðw þ 3Þ wðw þ 3Þ
c 3 þ 1 d 2 3
ðb þ 2Þðb 1Þ ðb 1Þðb 3Þ k2 þ k k2 1
e 5 þ 3 f 3 4
4h þ 4 h2 þ h d 2 þ 3d þ 2 d þ 2
3 5 3 d
g h þ
r2 36 4r þ 24 d 2 þ 2d d 2 4
5 k 2 3
i j þ
k 2 3k 4 k 2 1 q2 1 q þ 1
9780170193085 107
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Stage 5.3 3 Simplify each expression.

3m þ 9 4m 5d 10 5d 15 4 e2 þ 2e
a 3 b 3 c 3
2 mþ3 3d 9 8d 16 eþ2 8e
d 3k þ 6 3 10k e 5h 3 6h þ 18 f 4 3 3a þ 3b
5 kþ2 3h þ 9 h2 þ h a2 b2 8
r þ t 3 r2 rt 20m þ 16 3 7m p2 þ 2p þ 1 4p 4
g h i 3 2
t r2
2 5r þ 5t 7m 7 5m þ 4 2
p 1 p þp
yþ2 7y þ 14 5 4 15 4n þ 8 4 6n þ 12
j 4 k l
5y 15y x2 4 2x þ 4 nþ5 5n þ 25
d 2 þ d 4 6d 1 3f þ 6 f 2 2f 8
m n 4 24 o 4 2
dþ3 d2 9 f 2 6f þ 9 f 9 2
f þf 6 f f 12
Power plus
1 For this composite shape, write an expression for: u+t

A B
a the length of CD
b the length of BC
3u + 2t C D
c its perimeter
d its area u–t
F E
2u + 5t
2 Find the average of 6r, 2r þ 8, r 5, 2r, r þ 7 and 3r þ 8.
3 A rectangular garden has its longer sides each 5 m longer than its shorter sides. If its
longer sides each have length y m, then write a simplified expression for:
a the area of the garden b the perimeter of the garden
4 How many hours does it take a car to travel a distance of 20t 2 kilometres at an average
speed of 4t km/h?
5 Expand and simplify each expression.
a (a þ b)(a þ b þ c) b (x 2)(x þ y 3) c (p þ 3)(p 4)(p 5)
d (x 1)(y 1)(z 1) e (wt 3r) 2 f (x 3 þ 2) 2
a n 2 þ 4mn þ 4m 2 b x 2 2xy þ y 2 c 25x 2 40xy þ 16y 2
d 5a 2 30ab þ 45b 2 e c 4 þ 2c 2 þ 1 f 8 7t 2 t 4
g x4 1 h (a þ b) 2 c 2 i (p þ q) 2 (p q) 2
7 If x 2 þ bx þ c ¼ (x þ p)(x þ q), what are the signs of p and q if:
a b and c are both positive? b b and c are both negative?
c b is positive and c is negative? d b is negative and c is positive?
108 9780170193085
Chapter 3 review
n Language of maths Puzzle sheet
Algebra crossword
MAT09NAPS10035
area diagram binomial binomial product coefficient
common factor constant term difference of two squares distributive law Quiz
expand expression factor factorise Algebra
formula grouping in pairs highest common factor (HCF) like terms MAT09NAQZ00004
perfect square pronumeral product quadratic trinomial

simplify sum variable
1 Why is it possible to add or subtract terms like 6n and 4n but not 7x and 2y?
2 In the expression 2x 2 3x þ 6, what is:
a the constant term? b the coefficient of x 2?
3 In what type of algebraic expression is the highest power of the variable equal to 2?
4 Explain what product means.
5 In algebra, what is the opposite of expand?
6 Complete: A binomial is an algebraic expression with ____ _________.
n Topic overview
• Write in your own words the new things you have learnt.
• What parts of this topic did you like?
• What parts of the topic did you find difficult or you did not understand?
• Make a list of the skills you have learned in this topic, such as substituting and expanding.
Copy (or print) and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using Worksheet
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work. Mind map: Products
and factors
(Advanced)
Adding and subtracting Multiplying and
Algebraic fractions MAT09NAWK10037
terms dividing terms
Products and
factors
Factorising algebraic Factorising Expanding

fractions expressions expressions
9780170193085 109
Chapter 3 revision
See Exercise 3-01 1 Simplify each expression.

a 9y þ 7y b 4ab 7ab c 3x2 þ 5x2
d 7p þ 2q 5p e 4w 5 þ 2w f 8x 2 13x 5x 2
g 2m þ 3n þ 5m þ 7n h 5u þ 7 2u 3 i 12d 2 þ 5d 7d þ 4
a 9 3 2n b g 3 3h c a3d
d (3) 3 2r e 12y 2 4 3y f 2xy 4 y
g 36a 4 9a h 15t 2 4 5t 2 i 20pq 4 (5q)
h 4h 11k 7k 7 5
a þ b c mm
6 6 8 8
d w 2w e 4k k f 5 4
4 5 3 2 2d d
g d 3 h 8 3
5k k mþ1 mþ1
5 34 9y
a m b h33 c 14 3
i k k 3y 2d
d r 4 r e v 4 2v
5 f a4a
4 5 b b
m 5m 4 12 ad 5a ad
g 4 h x 4 xp i 3 4
5 10d 6 2 8
5y y
j 3c 4 9c 4 6 k 15a 4 42 3 a l 4 3 15a
4d 16d 8 4b 3a b bc 8 4 2y
See Exercise 3-05 5 Expand and simplify each expression.
a 5ðr 2Þ b aða 10Þ c 3yð2x 5yÞ
d 3pð4p 7qÞ e 6nðn 9Þ f 6t(t þ 7)
g bðb þ 1Þ þ 5ðb þ 1Þ h 3xð2x 7Þ 5ð2x 7Þ i 12 6ð2x 3Þ
See Exercise 3-06 6 Factorise each expression.
a 4m 12 b xy þ xz c 3g 30
d 16w 2 þ 24w e 8q þ 16 f 15k 10hk 2
g 3ðy 6Þ þ yðy 6Þ h 3xð2x 1Þ 2ð2x 1Þ i pðp þ 6Þ 2ðp þ 6Þ
See Exercise 3-07 7 Expand each binomial product.
a (a þ 2)(a þ 3) b (y þ 3)(y 7) c (t 3)(t þ 8)
d (h 5)(h 4) e (4 g)(3 þ g) f (3p þ 1)(2p þ 3)
g (5x þ 1)(4x 3) h (4r 5)(3r þ 4) i (5 3q)(2q 1)
Stage 5.3 8 Expand each perfect square.

See Exercise 3-08 a (n þ 5) 2 b (u 3) 2 c (9 þ x) 2 d (6 k) 2
e (3y þ 1) 2 f (2x 5) 2 g (6 7b) 2 h (1 4h) 2
See Exercise 3-09 9 Expand each expression.
a (n þ 6)(n 6) b (b 1)(b þ 1) c (10 þ m)(10 m)
d (3r þ 1)(3r 1) e (4w 5)(4w þ 5) f (1 8w)(1 þ 8w)
110 9780170193085
Chapter 3 revision
10 Expand and simplify each expression. Stage 5.3

a (2x þ 5)(x 1) þ (x þ 3) 2 2
b (y þ 4) (y 1)(y þ 2) See Exercise 3-10
c (3a þ 1)(3a 1) (3a þ 1) 2 d (2p 3q) 2 þ (2p þ 3q) 2
11 Factorise each expression. See Exercise 3-11
a 5mn 3n þ 10m 6 b ab a b þ 1 c x 2y þ xy 3 5x 5y 2
d 10p 2 þ 30 þ p 3þ 3p e w2 9 f m2 n2
g 36 r 2 h 16a 2 9 i 81x 2 y 2
j 49a 2 25b 2 k 3q 2 27 l 50m 2 32
m 24 150d 2
a m 2 11m 12 2
b y 4y þ 3 2
c t 8t 65
d p 2 þ 6p 27 e 3n 2 þ 9n þ 6 f 4y 2 þ 4y 8
g 18 þ 3x x 2 h 60 5b 5b 2 i 11k 4 6k 2
2 2 2
a 6x þ x 2 b 5s 7s 6 c 8w 14w þ 3
d 3e 2 þ 12e þ 12 e 6y 2 þ 15y 36 f 24a 2 28a 12
g 36x 27x 2 12 h 52t 30 16t 2 i 12g 2 46g þ 14
2 2
a 64y 25 b x 16x þ 64 c 16r 48
d 3g 15 5h þ hg e a3 a2 a þ 1 f 3b 3 3b
g 4y 2 5y 21 h 18q 2 þ 24q þ 8 i 1 2p 24p 2
15 Simplify each expression. See Exercise 3-15
2 2 2
9y 25 2x þ 3x 5 3w 75
a b c
12y 20 6x2 þ 19x þ 10 3w2 30w þ 75
16 Simplify each expression. See Exercise 3-15
a 24 23 b 4 þ 2
x þx x 1 x2 9 3x þ 9
c k þ 5 d 1 þ 4
2k þ 6 k 2 9 ðx 3Þðx þ 2Þ ðx þ 2Þðx þ 3Þ
e 2 4d 3 f 3 2
d 3d þ 2 d 2 2d m2 2m 3 m2 þ 5m þ 4
y2 5y þ 6 2y2 8
g 3d 6 3 3d þ 9 h 3 2
dþ3 5d 10 3
y 4y y 2y
i 4 4 8 j m 4 4
d2 4 dþ2 m2 þ m 5m þ 5
9780170193085 111

Ch03 Products and Factors

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Number and algebra

n In this chapter you will:

a 233 b 51 c 247 d 3þ4

For example, 2x 5y cannot be simplified because x and y represent different numbers.

Exercise 3-01 Adding and subtracting terms

3 Use the substitutions a ¼ 2, b ¼ 3 and c ¼ 4 to test whether each equation is correct or

Perimeter and area 3-02 Multiplying and dividing terms

Homework sheet Summary

Exercise 3-02 Multiplying and dividing terms

See Example 4 2 Simplify each expression.

d 8b 2 4 40b 2 e 6h 3 2k 3 (3) f 2 3 5k 3 (4k)

Adding and subtracting

Example 5 Video tutorial

Adding and subtracting

c k þ k ¼ 23k þ 33k Common denominator ¼ 2 3 3 ¼ 6

Exercise 3-03 Adding and subtracting algebraic

a xþx b ss c hþh d mm

Exercise 3-04 Multiplying and dividing algebraic

Mental skills 3A Maths without calculators

Multiplying and dividing by 5, 15, 25 and 50

Algebra using diagrams 3-05 Expanding expressions

MAT09NAWK10034 The distributive law for expanding an expression

a 4(5 + d) = 4 × 5 + 4 × d multiply each term inside the a(b þ c) ¼ ab þ ac

a –(y + 4) = –1(y + 4) ( ) is the same as 1 3 ( )

Exercise 3-05 Expanding expressions

Factorising using 3-06 Factorising expressions

a 20x 2 and 15xy b 16 and 12b Skillsheet

Factorising algebraic expressions

MAT09NAVT10005 Factorise each expression.

Factorising with negative terms

Factorising with negative terms

Exercise 3-06 Factorising expressions

Area diagrams 3-07 Expanding binomial products

Homework sheet Expanding binomial products using an area diagram

Excel spreadsheet: Find the area of each smaller rectangle. a+2

Expand (a þ 2)(a þ 5) by adding the areas of

ðn þ 4Þðn 3Þ ¼ nðn þ 4Þ 3n 12 Whole rectangle 2 lower rectangles

Expanding binomial products algebraically

Example 16 Video tutorial

The distributive law for expanding a binomial product

One way of remembering which pairs of terms to multiply O

Expanding binomial Solution

Exercise 3-07 Expanding binomial products

c (d þ 2)(2d þ 5) d (4h þ 1)(3h þ 7)

b Write an expression for the new width of the plate. MAT09NAWS10012

Investigation: Expanding perfect squares

expanding the perfect square of a binomial is: MAT09NAPS10033

ða þ bÞ2 ¼ ða þ bÞða þ bÞ ða bÞ2 ¼ ða bÞða bÞ

d ¼ 2 3 3d 3 5 Doubling the product of the two terms.

Exercise 3-08 Perfect squares

4 Use expansion to evaluate each square number without using a calculator.

Investigation: Squaring a number ending in 5

Mental skills 3B Maths without calculators

Multiplying by 9, 11, 99 and 101

e 27 3 101 ¼ 27 3 ð100 þ 1Þ f 18 3 8 ¼ 18 3 ð10 2Þ

2 Now evaluate each product.

Special products 3-09 Difference of two squares

The answer is called the difference of two squares.