c d e

1.- Boiler PRV Pipe

2.- c d e
Boiler Desuperheater Pipe

Design of steam transmission piping

[3], page 263

Design a steam transmission pipe to supply a load thst is L= 1,700 ft

from the power
plant. The terrain permits a horizontal run between tht power plant
and the load
Maximum steam flow required by ther load is m= 300,000 lb/h

The maximum steam pressure at the load must not exceed (sat) Pe,max = 150 psia
Superheated steam available at the power plant Pc = 450 psi
tc = 600 ºF
Assumed singular pressure drops in the pipe DPpipe_sing = 5 psi

(2). Maximum pressure loss line

(2). Maximum pressure loss line

c d e
Boiler Desuperheater Pipe Load

Admit high pressure steam to the line (at point d) and thereby
allow the steam pressure to fall to a level slighlty greater than : Pe,max = 150 psia
Since the high temperature of the boyler's steam would cause
problems, the steam is cooled in a desuperheater, in the power
plant, to a temperature (state d) td = 455 ºF
There is a pressure drop between the boiler and the pipe inlet DPcd = 10 psi
Thus, the pipe inlet pressure is Pd = Pc - DPcd
Pc = 450 psi
DPcd = 10 psi
Pd = 440 psi

Pressure loss in the pipe DPde = Pd - Pe

Pd = 440 psi
Pe = Ped,max = 150 psi
DPde_min = 290 psi

Total heat loss in the pipe, estimated elsewhere Qloss = 0.18 Btu/h
Water at attemperator eintritt twater,in = 50 ºF

c d e
Boiler Desuperheater Pipe Load

Pc = 450 psi Pd = 440 psi Pe = 150 psi

tc = 600 ºF td = 455 ºF te =
 DPpipe = Pd - P e
Considering Pd = 440 psia
Pe = Pe,max = Pe = 150 psia
DPpipe = 290 psi

Pp_ave = (Pd + Pe)/2

Pp_ave = 295 psi
Use the Thomas saturated-steam formula to determine the required pipe diameter, or
d= (80000 * W / (P * v)^0.5
W: steam mass flow rate (lb/min)
P: average steam pressure (psi)
v: steam velocity (ft/min)
Assuming a steam velocity typical for a long steam transmission line
v= 10,000 ft/min
Ppipe_ave = 295 psi Max pressure loss line
W= 300,000 lb/h
W= 5000 lb/min

d= (80000 * W / (P * v))^0.5
W= 5000 lb/min
P= 295 psi
v= 10,000 ft/min
d= 11.6 in Max pressure loss line

Select a pipe
dn = 12 in
sch = 40
This schedule needs to be cheked
In this example, there is no checking of the assumed pipe exit pressure
Pe_ass = 150 psia 1034 kpa
When the pressure loss in the pipe exceeds
50% to 58% of the initial pressure, flow may be
limited by the fluid velocity (critical velocity).
Initial pressure
Pd = Pin = 440 psia

Pressure loss
DPpipe = 290.0 kPa

DPpipe / Pd = 0.66
65.9 %
Thus, in this case, critical velocity does not
limit the steam flow.
 [3] General system
L= 1,700 ft Singular pressure drop in the pipe
m= 300,000 lb/h Dppipe_sing = 5
Pe,max = 150 psia
Pc = 450 psi
tc = 600 ºF

1.- Nominal pressure-loss line Pipe pressure drop

Use of PRV to reduce pressure Dppipe_min =
Pd = 180 psia Pd =
Pe,max =
Dppipe_min =

2.- Maximum pressure-loss line

Use of a desuperheater and admit high pressure steam in the line
Temperature reduction in a desuperheater
td = 455 ºF
Pressure loss between power plant and line inlet
Dpcd = 10 psi Pipe pressure drop
Pd = Pc - DPcd Dppipe_min =
Load Pc = 450 psia Pd =
Dpcd = 10 psia Pe,max =
Pd = 440 psia Dppipe_min =

Load

1 Btu =
1 Btu/h =
1 Btu/h =
L= 518.16 m 1 Btu/h =

1 lb =
1 psi =
m= 136,078 kg/h
37.8 kg/s 1 ft/min =
Pe,max = 1034 kPa 1 kg/s =
Pc = 3103 kPa
tc = 316 ºC
DPpipe_sing = 34.5 kPa
 DPde = 1,999 kPa

c d e
Boiler Desuperheater Pipe

Pc = 3,103 kPa Pd = 3,034 kPa Pe,max =

tc = 315.6 ºC td = 235.0 ºC te =
hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg Pe,ass =

td = 235 ºC hd = h_Pt
DPcd = 68.95 kPa Pd = 3,034 kPa
Pd = Pc - DPcd td = 235.0 ºC ms
Pc = 3,103 kPa hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg
hs_attem
DPcd = 68.9 kPa
p,int
Pd = 3,034 kPa sd = s_Pt
Pd = 3,034 kPa
DPde_min = Pd - Pe td = 235 ºC
Pd = 3,034 kPa sd = #VALUE! kJ(kg*K)
Pe,max = 1,034 kPa
DPde_min = 1,999 kPa

Qloss = 600 KW
twater,in = 10 ºC

c d e
Boiler Desuperheater Pipe

Pc = 3,103 kPa Pd = 3,034 kPa Pe,ass =

tc = 316 ºC td = 235.0 ºC te =

DPcd = 69 kPa
DPpipe = Pd - P e
Pd = 3,034 kPa
Pe = Pe,ass = 2,320 kPa with Pe,max = 1,034
DPpipe = 714 kPa

Pp_ave = (Pd + Pe)/2

Pp_ave = 2677 kPa

Psat_t = tsat_P
tc = 316 ºC Pc = 3,103 kPa
Pc,sat = #VALUE! kPa tc,sat = #VALUE!

Steam at attemperator inlet Steam at Attemperator outlet

Pc = 3103 kPa Pattemp,out = Ppipe_in ºC
tc = 316 ºC Ppipe_in = 3034 kPa
hc = h_pt tattemp,out = 235 °C
hc = #VALUE! kJ/kg hattemp,out = h_pt
hs_attemp,out = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Water at attemperator eintritt
twater,in = 10 ºC Thermal balance
The water pressure "Pwater" Hs_attempt,in + Hwater = Hs_attempt,out
must be at least equal to the hs_attempt,in * ms + hwater,in * m (ms + mwater
boiler pressure. ( hs_attemp,in - hs_attemp,out)* ms =mwater * (hs_attemp,out
Let mwater = ( hs_attemp,in- hs_attemp,out)* ms / (hs_attemp,out -hwater,in)
Pwater,in = PBoyler + 100 hs_attempt,in = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Pwater,in = 3203 kPa hs_attemp,out = #VALUE! kJ/kg
hwater,in = h_pt ms = 37.8 Kg/s
hwater,in = #VALUE! kJ/kg hwater,in = #VALUE! kJ/kg
mwater = #VALUE! kg/s
Asumed steam velocity d= (80000 * W / (P * v))^0.5
v= 50.8 m/s W= 5000 lb/min
v= 10000 ft/min P= 388 psi
v= 10000 ft/min
Mass flow rate d= 10.2 in
W= 37.8 kg/s
W= 5000 lb/min Select a pipe
dn = 12 in
Average pipe pressure sch = 40
Pp_ave = 2677 kPa This schedule needs to be cheked
Pp_ave = 388 psi
The assumed pipe exit pressure is used In the next pages, the required diameter will be calculated
without using the Thomas saturated-steam formula

Boiler "c" Pipe average pressure

Pc = 3103 kPa Pp,ave = (Pd + Pe) / 2
tc = 316 ºC Pd = 3034 kPa
Pe = 2320 kPa
Enthalpy at boiler exit Pp,ave = 2677 kPa
hc = h_pt
hc = 3030 kJ/kg Heat loss
Pipe heat loss
Pipe (de) inlet conditions Total heat power loss
Pd = 3034 kPa Qloss = 600 KW
hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg Maximum flow
td = 235 ºC m= 37.8 kg/s
Enthalpy loss
Pipe outlet pressure, maximum value Dhloss = Qloos/m
Pe,max = 1034 kPa Qloss = 600 KW
Assumed outlet pressure m= 37.8 kg/s
Pe,ass = 2320 kPa Dhloss = 15.9 kJ/kg
Under these conditions, the steam Enthalpy at pipe outlet
pressure in the pipe must have a he = hd - Dhloss
minimum pressure drop hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg
DPmin = Ppipe_in - Pe_max Dhloss = 15.9 kJ/kg
Ppipe_in = 3034 kPa he = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Pe,ass = 2320 kPa
DPmin = 714 kPa

Entropy at pipe outlet Interior diameter

(with assumed pressure) dn = 10 in
se = s_ph Sch = 40 -
Pe,ass = 2320 kPa di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
he = #VALUE! kJ/kg di = #VALUE! mm
se = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) di = #VALUE! m

Pipe average entropy Temperature at pipe outlet

sp,ave = (sd + se) / 2 te = t_ph
sd = #VALUE! kJ(kg*K) Pe = 2320 kPa
se = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) he = #VALUE! kJ/kg
sp,ave = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) te = #VALUE! °C

Pipe average density Average fluid temperature in pipe

rp,ave = rho_ps tpipe_ave = (te + td) / 2
Pp,ave = 2677 kPa te = #VALUE! °C
sp,ave = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) td = 235 °C
rp,ave = #VALUE! kg/m3 tpipe_ave = #VALUE! ºC

Average volume flow rate Average absolute viscosity

V= m/ r mpipe_ave = my_pt(p,t)
m= 37.80 kg/s Ppipe_ave = 2677 kPa
r= #VALUE! kg/m 3 tpipe_ave = #VALUE! °C
V= #VALUE! m /s 3 mpipe_ave = #VALUE! Pa s

Reynolds number Pipe friction pressure loss

Re = v*d/n DPf = f * (L / di ) * (r / 2 ) * v^2
v= #VALUE! m/s f= #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m L= 518 m
npipe_ave = #VALUE! m / s² di = #VALUE! m
Re = #VALUE! - rpipe_ave = #VALUE! kg/m3
v= #VALUE! m/s
Relative rugosity DPf = #VALUE! Pa
 Rrel = Rabs / d DPf = #VALUE! kPa
Rabs = 0.1 mm
di = #VALUE! mm Total pressure loss in the pipe
Rrel = #VALUE! - DP = DPf + DPs
DPf = #VALUE! kPa
Friction factor DPs = 34.5 kPa
f= f(Rrel, Re) DPpipe = #VALUE! kPa
Rrel = #VALUE! -
Re = #VALUE! - Pipe discharge pressure
f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re Pd = Pdisch + DP
f= #VALUE! Pdisch = Pd - DP
Pd = 3034 kPa
Pipe singular pressure losses DP = #VALUE! kPa
DPpipe_sing = 34.5 kPa Pdisch = #VALUE! kPa

Flow choked or not choked

Average values of the steam Ratio discharge to inlet pipe

in the pipe (de) pressures
Pp,ave = 2677 kPa Pdisch = #VALUE! kPa
tpipe_ave = #VALUE! ºC Pin = 3,034 kPa
Pdisch / Pin = #VALUE!
Average adiabatic exponent
k= Kappa_pt Since:
Pp,ave = 2677 kPa Pdisch / Pin = #VALUE!
tpipe_ave = #VALUE! ºC and CPR = #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! -
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Critical Pressure Ratio [24], Eq. 10
CPR = (Pup/Pdown)crit
Pcrit/Pin = (2 / (k+1) )^(k/(k-1) )
k= #VALUE!
Pcrit/Pin = #VALUE!
CPR = #VALUE!
 1

essure drop in the pipe

psi

Pipe pressure drop

Pd - Pe
180 psia
150 psia
30 psi

e steam in the line

Pipe pressure drop

Pd - Pe
440 psia
150 psia
290 psi

2
1.05506 kJ
1.05506 kJ/h
0.000293 kJ/s
0.000293 kW

0.453592 kg
6.89476 kPa

0.00508 m/s
132.277 lb/min

3
 4

Load

1034 kPa
#VALUE! ºC
2320 kPa

mw
ms hater
wate
mt
r_in
hs_attem hots_attemp
p,int
,out

Attemperator

Load

2,320 kPa
#VALUE! ºC
 tsat_P
Pe = 2,320 kPa
td,sat = #VALUE!

tsat_P
Pe = 3,034 kPa
te,sat = #VALUE!

(ms + mwater)*hs_attemp,out
mwater * (hs_attemp,out -hwater,in)
ttemp,out
)* ms / (hs_attemp,out -hwater,in)
 7

ter will be calculated

steam formula

8
 9
Average kinematic viscosity
npipe_ave = mpipe_ave / rpipe_ave
mpipe_ave = #VALUE! Pa s
rpipe_ave = #VALUE! kg/m³
npipe_ave = #VALUE! m / s²

Area of interior section

Ai = (p/4)*di^2
di = #VALUE! m
Ai = #VALUE! m²

Average velocity
v= Vs_max / Ai
Vs_max = #VALUE! m³/s
Ai = #VALUE! m²
v= #VALUE! m/s

Recommended values [15]

For superheated steam at
pressures 7 - 35 bar
recommended velocities:
13 m/s to 61 m/s

10

Iterate until assumed and

calculated discharge pressure
are close enough

The assumed exit pressure is

Pe,ass = 2320 kPa
The calculated exit pressure is
Pdisch = #VALUE! kPa

The maximum steam pressure

at the load must not exceed
Pe,max = 1034 kPa

Pe,ass = 2320 kPa

dn = 10 in
Sch = 40 -
Rabs = 0.1 mm

11
 c d e
1.- Boiler PRV Pipe

2.- c d e
Boiler Desuperheater Pipe

Design of steam transmission piping

[3], page 263

Design a steam transmission pipe to supply a load thst is L= 1,700 ft

from the power
plant. The terrain permits a horizontal run between tht power plant
and the load
Maximum steam flow required by ther load is m= 300,000 lb/h

The maximum steam pressure at the load must not exceed (sat) Pe,max = 150 psia
Superheated steam available at the power plant Pc = 450 psi
tc = 600 ºF
Assumed singular pressure drops in the pipe DPpipe_sing = 5 psi

(1). Nominal pressure loss line

(2). Nominal pressure loss line

c d e
Boiler PRV Pipe Load

Reduce the steam with a Pressure Reduction Valve (PRV) to Pd = 180 psia
Thus allowing a pressure drop in the pipe DPde,min = Pd - Pe
Pd = 180 psia
Pe,max = 150 psia
DPde,min = 30 psia
Pressure reduction in the PRV DPcd = Pc - P d psi
Pc = 450 psia
Pd = 180 psia
DPcd = 270 psi

Heat power loss Qloss = Btu/h

Total heat loss in the pipe, estimated elsewhere Qloss = 0.00 Btu/h
Water at attemperator eintritt twater,in = 32 ºF

c d e
Boiler PRV Pipe Load

Pc = 450 psi Pd = 180 psi Pe = 150 psi

tc = 600 ºF td = 150 ºF te =
 Pressure loss in the pipe
DPpipe = Pd - P e
Considering Pd = 180 psia
Pe = Pe,max = Pe = 150 psia
DPpipe = 30 psi

Average pressure in the pipe

Pp_ave = (Pd + Pe)/2
Pp_ave = 165 psi
Use the Thomas saturated-steam formula to determine the required pipe diameter, or
d= (80000 * W / (P * v)^0.5
W: steam mass flow rate (lb/min)
P: average steam pressure (psi)
v: steam velocity (ft/min)
Assuming a steam velocity typical for a long steam transmission line
v= 10,000 ft/min
Ppipe_ave = 165 psi Max pressure loss line
W= 300,000 lb/h
W= 5000 lb/min

d= (80000 * W / (P * v))^0.5
W= 5000 lb/min
P= 165 psi
v= 10,000 ft/min
d= 15.6 in Max pressure loss line

Select a pipe
dn = 16 in
sch = 40
This schedule needs to be cheked
In this example, there is no checking of the assumed pipe exit pressure
Pe_ass = 150 psia 1034 kpa
When the pressure loss in the pipe exceeds
50% to 58% of the initial pressure, flow may be
limited by the fluid velocity (critical velocity).
Initial pressure
Pd = Pin = 180 psia

Pressure loss
DPpipe = 30.0 psia

DPpipe / Pd = 0.17
16.7 %
Thus, in this case, critical velocity does not
limit the steam flow.
 [3] General system
L= 1,700 ft Singular pressure drop in the pipe
m= 300,000 lb/h Dppipe_sing = 5
Pe,max = 150 psia
Pc = 450 psi
tc = 600 ºF

1.- Nominal pressure-loss line Pipe pressure drop

Use of PRV to reduce pressure Dppipe_min =
Pd = 180 psia Pd =
Pe,max =
Dppipe_min =

2.- Maximum pressure-loss line

Use of a desuperheater and admit high pressure steam in the line
Temperature reduction in a desuperheater
td = 455 ºF
Pressure loss between power plant and line inlet
Dpcd = 10 psi Pipe pressure drop
Pd = Pc - DPcd Dppipe_min =
Load Pc = 450 psia Pd =
Dpcd = 10 psia Pe,max =
Pd = 440 psia Dppipe_min =

Load

1 Btu =
1 Btu/h =
1 Btu/h =
L= 518.16 m 1 Btu/h =

1 lb =
1 psi =
m= 136,078 kg/h
37.8 kg/s 1 ft/min =
Pe,max = 1034 kPa 1 kg/s =
Pc = 3103 kPa
tc = 316 ºC
DPpipe_sing = 34.5 kPa
 DPde = 0 kPa

c d e
Boiler PRV Pipe

Pc = 3,103 kPa Pd = 1,241 kPa Pe,max =

tc = 315.6 ºC td = #VALUE! ºC te =
hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg Pe,ass =
Pd = 1,241 kPa
DPde,min = Pd - P e
Pd = 1,241 kPa
Pe,max = 1,034 kPa
DPde,min = 207 kPa ms
DPcd = Pc - P d
hs_attem
Pc = 3,103 kPa
p,int
Pd = 1,241 kPa
DPcd = 1,862 kPa

Qloss = 454 KW

c d e
Boiler PRV Pipe

Pc = 3,103 kPa Pd = 1,241 kPa Pe,ass =

tc = 316 ºC td = #VALUE! ºC te =

Pipe average pressure Pipe average pressure

 Ppipe_ave = (Pd + Pe)/2 Ppipe_ave = (Pd + Pe)/2
Pd = 1241 kPa Pd = 1241 kPa
Pe_ass = 955 kPa Pe_ass = 955 kPa
Ppipe_ave = 1098 kPa Ppipe_ave = 1098 kPa

Pressure drop between boiler Enthalpy at boiler exit

outlet and pipe inlet hc = h_pt
DPc-d = 1862 kPa Pc = 3,103 kPa
tc = 316 ºC
Pressure at pipe inlet hc = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Ppipe_in = PBoiler - DPc-d
PBoyler = 3103 kPa Isentalpic expansion in the PRV
DPc-d = 1862 kPa hd = hc =
Ppipe_in = 1241 kPa hc = #VALUE! kJ/kg
hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg

Boiler "c" Pressure at the PRV outlet "d"

Pc = 3103 kPa Pd = Pc - DPc-d
tc = 316 ºC Pc = 3103 kPa
DPc-d = 1862 kPa
Enthalpy at boiler exit Pd = 1241 kPa
hc = h_pt
hc = 3030 kJ/kg PRV outlet "d"
Pd = 1241 kPa
Pressure reducing valve "c-d" hd = 3030 kJ/kg
Isenthalpic process in the PRV td = t_ph
hd = hc td = #VALUE! ºC
hc = 3030 kJ/kg sd = s_ph
hd = 3030 kJ/kg sd = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K)

DPcd = DPPRV = 1862 kPa Pipe (de) inlet conditions

Pd = 1241 kPa
Under these conditions, the steam hd = 3030 kJ/kg
pressure in the pipe must have a td = #VALUE! ºC
minimum pressure drop
DPmin = Ppipe_in - Pe_max Pipe outlet pressure, maximum value
Ppipe_in = 1241 kPa Pe,max = 1241 kPa
Pe,max = 1034 kPa Assumed outlet pressure
DPmin = 207 kPa Pe,ass = 955 kPa
Asumed steam velocity d= (80000 * W / (P * v))^0.5
v= 50.8 m/s W= 5000 lb/min
v= 10000 ft/min P= 159 psi
v= 10000 ft/min
Mass flow rate d= 15.8 in
W= 37.8 kg/s
W= 5000 lb/min Select a pipe
dn = 16 in
Average pipe pressure sch = 40
Pp_ave = 1098 kPa This schedule needs to be cheked
Pp_ave = 159 psi
The assumed pipe exit pressure is used In the next pages, the required diameter will be calculated
without using the Thomas saturated-steam formula

Boiler "c" Pipe average pressure

Pc = 3103 kPa Pp,ave = (Pd + Pe) / 2
tc = 316 ºC Pd = 1241 kPa
Pe = 955 kPa
Enthalpy at boiler exit Pp,ave = 1098 kPa
hc = h_pt
hc = 3030 kJ/kg Heat loss
Pipe heat loss
Pipe (de) inlet conditions Total heat power loss
Pd = 1241 kPa Qloss = 454 KW
hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg Maximum flow
td = #VALUE! ºC m= 37.8 kg/s
Enthalpy loss
Pipe outlet pressure, maximum value Dhloss = Qloos/m
Pe,max = 1034 kPa Qloss = 454 KW
Assumed outlet pressure m= 37.8 kg/s
Pe,ass = 955 kPa Dhloss = 12.0 kJ/kg
Under these conditions, the steam Enthalpy at pipe outlet
pressure in the pipe must have a he = hd - Dhloss
minimum pressure drop hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg
DPmin = Ppipe_in - Pe_max Dhloss = 12.0 kJ/kg
Ppipe_in = 1241 kPa he = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Pe,ass = 955 kPa
DPmin = 286 kPa

Entropy at pipe outlet Interior diameter

(with assumed pressure) dn = 16 in
se = s_ph Sch = 40 -
Pe,ass = 955 kPa di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
he = #VALUE! kJ/kg di = #VALUE! mm
se = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) di = #VALUE! m

Pipe average entropy Temperature at pipe outlet

sp,ave = (sd + se) / 2 te = t_ph
sd = #VALUE! kJ(kg*K) Pe = 955 kPa
se = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) he = #VALUE! kJ/kg
sp,ave = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) te = #VALUE! °C

Pipe average density Average fluid temperature in pipe

rp,ave = rho_ps tpipe_ave = (te + td) / 2
Pp,ave = 1098 kPa te = #VALUE! °C
sp,ave = #VALUE! kJ/kg*K) td = #VALUE! °C
rp,ave = #VALUE! kg/m3 tpipe_ave = #VALUE! ºC

Average volume flow rate Average absolute viscosity

V= m/ r mpipe_ave = my_pt(p,t)
m= 37.80 kg/s Ppipe_ave = 1098 kPa
r= #VALUE! kg/m 3 tpipe_ave = #VALUE! °C
V= #VALUE! m3/s mpipe_ave = #VALUE! Pa s

Reynolds number Pipe friction pressure loss

Re = v*d/n DPf = f * (L / di ) * (r / 2 ) * v^2
v= #VALUE! m/s f= #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m L= 518 m
npipe_ave = #VALUE! m / s² di = #VALUE! m
Re = #VALUE! - rpipe_ave = #VALUE! kg/m3
v= #VALUE! m/s
Relative rugosity DPf = #VALUE! Pa
Rrel = Rabs / d DPf = #VALUE! kPa
Rabs = 0.1 mm
di = #VALUE! mm Total pressure loss in the pipe
Rrel = #VALUE! - DP = DPf + DPs
DPf = #VALUE! kPa
Friction factor DPs = 34.5 kPa
f= f(Rrel, Re) DPpipe = #VALUE! kPa
Rrel = #VALUE! -
Re = #VALUE! - Pipe discharge pressure
f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re Pd = Pdisch + DP
f= #VALUE! Pdisch = Pd - DP
Pd = 1241 kPa
Pipe singular pressure losses DP = #VALUE! kPa
DPpipe_sing = 34.5 kPa Pdisch = #VALUE! kPa

Flow choked or not choked

Average values of the steam Ratio discharge to inlet pipe

in the pipe (de) pressures
Pp,ave = 1098 kPa Pdisch = #VALUE! kPa
tpipe_ave = #VALUE! ºC Pin = 1,241 kPa
Pdisch / Pin = #VALUE!
Average adiabatic exponent
k= Kappa_pt Since:
Pp,ave = 1098 kPa Pdisch / Pin = #VALUE!
tpipe_ave = #VALUE! ºC and CPR = #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! -
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Critical Pressure Ratio [24], Eq. 10
CPR = (Pup/Pdown)crit
Pcrit/Pin = (2 / (k+1) )^(k/(k-1) )
k= #VALUE!
Pcrit/Pin = #VALUE!
CPR = #VALUE!
 1

essure drop in the pipe

psi

Pipe pressure drop

Pd - Pe
180 psia
150 psia
30 psi

e steam in the line

Pipe pressure drop

Pd - Pe
440 psia
150 psia
290 psi

2
1.05506 kJ
1.05506 kJ/h
0.000293 kJ/s
0.000293 kW

0.453592 kg
6.89476 kPa

0.00508 m/s
132.277 lb/min

3
 4

Load

1034 kPa
#VALUE! ºC
955 kPa

mw
ms hater
wate
mt
hs_attem r_in
hots_attemp
p,int
,out

Attemperator

Load

955 kPa
#VALUE! ºC
 6
Pipe average pressure
Pp,ave = (Pd + Pe) / 2
Pd = 1241 kPa
Pe = 955 kPa
Pp,ave = 1098 kPa

Heat loss
Pipe heat loss
Total heat power loss
Qloss = 454 KW
Maximum flow
m= 37.8 kg/s
Enthalpy loss
Dhloss = Qloos/m
Qloss = 454 KW
m= 37.8 kg/s
Dhloss = 12.0 kJ/kg

Enthalpy at pipe outlet

he = hd - Dhloss
hd = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Dhloss = 12.0 kJ/kg
he = #VALUE! kJ/kg
 7

ter will be calculated

steam formula

8
 9
Average kinematic viscosity
npipe_ave = mpipe_ave / rpipe_ave
mpipe_ave = #VALUE! Pa s
rpipe_ave = #VALUE! kg/m³
npipe_ave = #VALUE! m / s²

Area of interior section

Ai = (p/4)*di^2
di = #VALUE! m
Ai = #VALUE! m²

Average velocity
v= Vs_max / Ai
Vs_max = #VALUE! m³/s
Ai = #VALUE! m²
v= #VALUE! m/s

Recommended values [15]

For superheated steam at
pressures 7 - 35 bar
recommended velocities:
13 m/s to 61 m/s

10

Iterate until assumed and

calculated discharge pressure
are close enough

The assumed exit pressure is

Pe,ass = 955 kPa
The calculated exit pressure is
Pdisch = #VALUE! kPa

The maximum steam pressure

at the load must not exceed
Pe,max = 1034 kPa

Pe,ass = 955 kPa

dn = 16 in
Sch = 40 -
Rabs = 0.1 mm

11
[3]
[15] http://www.watsonmcdaniel.com/2011Catalog/EngineeringData.pdf

FORMULAS, CONVERSIONS & GUIDELINES

ENGINEERING GUIDELINES
Recommended Velocities & Pressures Drops For Various Services

Service Velocities Pressure Drops

m/s bar / 100 m
Saturated steam
Vaccum 10 20 0.057 0.113
0 - 1 bar 10 25 0.057 0.113
1 - 7 bar 10 38 0.113 0.339
Over 7 bar 10 46 0.113 0.452
Steam Main, Low Noise (Hospital, Hotel, etc) 20 30
Steam Main, Industrial Plant 40.64 60.96

Superheated steam
1 - 7 bar 13 51 0.11 0.34
7 - 35 bar 13 61 0.23 0.45
Velocities
m/s
Condensate
Boiler feed pump suction 0.457 0.762
Condensate pump suction 0.457 0.914
Condensate pump discharge 0.914 2.286
Boiler fedd pump discharge 1.219 3.048

Hot water 1.219

Heating system 0.305 2.438
Pump suction lines 1.524 4.572
Pump discharge lines 1.524 4.572
Cooling water systems
ENGINEERING GUIDELINES
Recommended Velocities & Pressures Drops For Various Services

Service Velocities Pressure Drops

m/s bar / 100 m
Saturated steam
Vaccum 10 20 0.057 0.113
0 - 1 bar 10 25 0.057 0.113
1 - 7 bar 10 38 0.113 0.339
Over 7 bar 10 46 0.113 0.452
Steam Main, Low Noise (Hospital, Hotel, etc) 20 30
Steam Main, Industrial Plant 41 61

Superheated steam
1 - 7 bar 13 51 0.113 0.339
7 - 35 bar 13 61 0.226 0.452
 For saturated steam ( 1 to 7 bar)
0.113 < DP bar/100m < 0.339

UIDELINES

Recommended Velocities & Pressures Drops For Various Services

Service Velocities Pressure Drops

ft / min psi / 100 ft
Saturated steam
Vaccum 2,000 4,000 0.25
0 - 15 psig 2,000 5,000 0.25
15 - 100 psig 2,000 7,500 0.5
Over 100 psig 2,000 9,000 0.5
Steam Main, Low Noise (Hospital, Hotel, etc) 4,000 6,000
Steam Main, Industrial Plant 8,000 12,000

Superheated steam
0 - 100 psig 2,500 10,000 0.5
100 - 500 psig 2,500 12,000 1
Velocities
ft / s
Condensate
Boiler feed pump suction 1.5 2.5
Condensate pump suction 1.5 3
Condensate pump discharge 3 7.5
Boiler fedd pump discharge 4 10

Hot water 4
Heating system 1 8
Pump suction lines 5 15
Pump discharge lines 5 15
Cooling water systems
Pressure Drops 1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s
psi / 100 ft 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s

0.5 1 psig = 0.068948 bar

0.5 1 psig/100 ft 0.068948 bar / 100 ft
1.5 1 psig/100 ft 0.068948 bar / 30.48 m
2 1 psig/100 ft 0.002262 bar/m
1 psig/100 ft 0.226206 bar 100m

1 psig/ft = 0.000689 bar/ft

1 psig/m 0.002262 bar/m
1.5
2
 [1]
Saturation properties p= 100 kPa Steamdat
Magnus (for p = 1 bar)
1 SaturSteam_Entropy_p(p) sV_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 7.36
2 SaturWater_Entropy_p(p) sL_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 1.3
3 SaturationTemp_p(p) Tsat_p = #VALUE! ºC 99.6
4 SaturWater_Enthalpy_p(p) hL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 417.4
1
Saturated water 2
1 SaturationPressure_s - kPa 1 3
2 SaturationPressure_t psat_t = #VALUE! kPa 1 4
3 SaturationTemp_s(s) - ºC 99.6 5
4 SaturWater_DynViscosity_p myL_p #VALUE! Pa s 0.00028 6
5 SaturWater_DynViscosity_t myL_t #VALUE! Pa s 7
6 SaturWater_KinemViscosity_p nyL_p #VALUE! m²/s 8
7 SaturWater_KinemViscosity_t nyL_t #VALUE! m²/s 9
8 SaturWater_Enthalpy_p hL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 417.0 10
9 SaturWater_Enthalpy_t hL_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg 417.0
10 SaturWater_Entropy_p sL_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 1.3
11 SaturWater_Entropy_t sL_t = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 1.3
12 SaturWater_ThermConduct_p tcL_p = #VALUE! W/(m K)
13 SaturWater_ThermConduct_t tcL_t = #VALUE! W/(m K) 0.68
14 SaturWater_Prandtl_p PrL_P = #VALUE! - 1.76
15 SaturWater_Prandtl_t PrL_t = #VALUE! -
16 SaturWater_SonicVelocity_t wL_t = #VALUE! m/s 1545.5
17 SaturWater_SonicVelocity_p wL_p = #VALUE! m/s
18 SaturWater_SpecHeatCp_p CpL_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 4.22
19 SaturWater_SpecHeatCp_p CpL_t = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
20 SaturWater_SpecVolume_t vL_t = #VALUE! m³/kg 0.00104
21 SaturWater_SpecVolume_p vL_p = #VALUE! m³/kg
22 SaturWater_Temperature_h - ºC 99.6
23 SaturWater_SurfaceTension_t st_t = #VALUE! N/m 0.059
24 SaturWater_SurfaceTension_p st_p = #VALUE! N/m
25 SaturWater_Density_t rhoL_t = #VALUE! kg/m³
26 SaturWater_Density_p rhoL_p = #VALUE! kg/m³
27 SaturWater_IntEnergy_t uL_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
28 SaturWater_IntEnergy_p uL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg

Saturated steam
1 SaturSteam_DynViscosity_p myV_p = #VALUE! Pa s 1.2E-05
2 SaturSteam_DynViscosity_t myV_t = #VALUE! Pa s
3 SaturSteam_KinemViscosity_p nyV_P = #VALUE! m²/s
4 SaturSteam_KinemViscosity_t nyV_t = #VALUE! m²/s
5 SaturSteam_Enthalpy_p(p) hV_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.0
6 SaturSteam_Enthalpy_t(t) hV_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.0
7 SaturSteam_Entropy_p(p) sV_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.36
8 SaturSteam_Entropy_t(t) sV_t = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.36
9 SaturSteam_ThermConduct_p tcV_p = #VALUE! W/(m K)
10 SaturSteam_ThermConduct_t tcV_t = #VALUE! W/(m K) 0.025
11 SaturSteam_Prandtl_p PrV_p #VALUE! - 1.015
12 SaturSteam_Prandtl_t PrV_t #VALUE! -
13 SaturSteam_SonicVelocity_t wV_T = #VALUE! m/s 472.0
14 SaturSteam_SonicVelocity_p wV_p = #VALUE! m/s
15 SaturSteam_SpecHeatCp_t CpV_T = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 2.08
16 SaturSteam_SpecHeatCp_p CpV_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
17 SaturSteam_SpecVolume_t vV_t = #VALUE! m3/kg 1.69
18 SaturSteam_SpecVolume_p vV_p= #VALUE! m3/kg
19 SaturSteam_Density_t rhoV_t = #VALUE! kg/m³
20 SaturSteam_Density_p rhoV_p = #VALUE! kg/m³
21 Saturated steam int. energy_t uV_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg
22 Saturated steam int. energy_p uV_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
 Steamdat
Humid region (for p = 10 bar,
Magnus x = 0.8)
p= 1000 kPa
x= 0.8 - 1
2
Tsat_p = #VALUE! ºC 179.89 3
H2O_Enthalpy_px h_px = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2374.2
H2O_Enthalpy_tx h_tx = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2374.2 1
H2O_Entropy_ph s_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 5.70 2
H2O_SpecVolume_px v_px = #VALUE! m³/kg 0.1557 3
H2O_SpecVolume_tx v_Tx = #VALUE! m³/kg 0.1557 4
SteamQuality_ph x_ph = #VALUE! - 0.8 5
SteamQuality_ps x_ps = #VALUE! - 0.8 6
SteamQuality_ts x_ts = #VALUE! - 0.8 7
H2O_VapourisationHeat_p hfg_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2014.4 8
H2O_VapourisationHeat_t hfg_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2014.4 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
 Rev. cjc. 27.04.2017 www.piping-tools.net
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
Superheated steam p= 100 kPa Steamdat For more information on steam
Subcooled water t= 100 ºC (for p = 1 bar, Steam. Applications using Mag
Magnus t = 100 ºC) (20 functions added to the orig
H2O_Entropy_pt s_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.361
H2O_Enthalpy_pt h_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_SpecVolume_pt v_pt = #VALUE! m3/kg 1.696

H2O_DynViscosity_pt my_pt = #VALUE! Pa s 1.23E-05

H2O_DynViscosity_ph my_ph = #VALUE! Pa s
H2O_DynViscosity_ps my_ps = #VALUE! Pa s
H2O_KinViscosity_pt ny_pt = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_KinViscosity_ph ny_ph = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_KinViscosity_ps ny_ps = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_Enthalpy_pt h_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_Enthalpy_ps h_ps = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_Enthalpy_ts h_ts = kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_Enthalpy_pRho h_pRho = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_Entropy_pt s_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.361
H2O_Entropy_ph s_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.361
H2O_ThermConductivity_pt tc_pt = #VALUE! W/(m K) 0.0251
H2O_ThermConductivity_ph tc_ph = #VALUE! W/(m K)
H2O_ThermConductivity_hs tc_hs = #VALUE! W/(m K)
H2O_Kappa_p_t(p,t) Kappa_pt = #VALUE!
H2O_Kappa_ph Kappa_ph = #VALUE! - 1.315
H2O_KappaUp_ph - 1.315
H2O_KappaDown_ph - 1.316
H2O_Prandtl_pt Pr_pt = #VALUE! - 1.015
H2O_Prandtl_ph Pr_ph = #VALUE! -
H2O_Pressure_ts P_ts = kPa 1.00
H2O_Pressure_tv P_tv = kPa 1.00
H2O Pressure_hs p_hs = #VALUE! kPa
H2O Pressure_hRho p_hRho = #VALUE! kPa
H2O_SonicVelocity_pt w_pT = #VALUE! m/s 472.3
H2O_SonicVelocity_ph w_ph = #VALUE! m/s 472.3
H2O_SonicVelocity_ps w_ps = #VALUE! m/s
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_pt Cp_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 2.074
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_ph Cp_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_ps Cp_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_pt Cv_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 1.551
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_ph Cv_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_ps Cv_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecVolume_pt v_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 1.696
H2O_SpecVolume_ph v_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 1.696
H2O_SpecVolume_ps v_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_Temperature_ph T_ph = #VALUE! ºC 100
H2O_Temperature_ps T_ps = #VALUE! ºC 100
H2O_Temperature_pv T_pv = #VALUE! ºC 100
H2O_Temperature_hs T_hs = #VALUE! ºC
H2O_Density_pt rho_pt = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_Density_ph rho_ph = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_Density_ps rho_ps = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_InternalEnergy_pt u_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_InternalEnergy_ph u_ph = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_InternalEnergy_ps u_ps = #VALUE! kJ/kg
www.piping-tools.net
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
For more information on steam functions, see
Steam. Applications using Magnus Holmgren functions.xls
(20 functions added to the original series)
Heat loss from an insulated Fluid inlet and outlet pipe
steam pipe. pressures
pin = 1241 kPa
Pipe material: Carbon steel Pe,max = pout = 1034 kPa
dn = 16 in
sch = 40 - Heigth above seas level
de,p = #VALUE! mm H= 1300 m.a.s.l.
sp = #VALUE! mm
Rabs = 0.1 mm Mass flow rate
Legth ms_max = 37.8 kg/s
L= 518 m
Insulation: patm = 101325 * (1 - 0.0000225577 * h) ^ 5.25588

Material: 85% magnesia H= 1300 m.a.s.l.

sins = 50.8 mm patm = 86652 Pa
Fluid inlet temperature patm = 0.867 bar
(sheet Tyler A)
tin = 293.2 ºC
Exterior temperature
te = 4.4 ºC
Wind velocity Function (a) A3.c - Combined natural and forced exterior pipe
Vkmh = 10 km/h he = Combined_Convection_Coefficient_horizontal_tube_dextmm

Function (b) C6.c - Subcooled water or super heated steam

hi = Turbulent_Convection_Coefficient_NotSatWaterOrSteam_in

Average fluid temperatu

in the pipe
ti =
tin =
tout =
ti =

Assumed outside pipe s

temperature (in D115)
tse =

Exterior pipe convection

he =
de,ins =
Vkmh =
 tse =
te =
he =

Pipe interior radius Average insulation temperature Average pipe temperatu

r1 = de,p /2 - sp tins= (tpi + tpe)/2 tp=
de,p = #VALUE! mm tpi = 277.34 ºC tpi =
sp = #VALUE! mm tpe = 47.38 ºC tpe =
r1 = #VALUE! mm tins= 162.4 ºC tp=

Pipe exterior radius Insulation thermal conductivity Steel thermal conductiv

r2 = de,p / 2 85% magnesia thermal From [18]
de,p = #VALUE! mm (Sheets 2 and 3) ksteel =
r2 = #VALUE! mm Average insulation temperature tp=
t= 162.4 ºC ksteel =
Insulation exterior radius k= a * t^2 + + b * t + c
r3 = r2 + sins a= -1.14E-07
r2 = #VALUE! mm b= 1.29E-04
sins = 50.8 mm c= 5.86E-02
r3 = #VALUE! mm k= 0.077 W/(m*K)
de,ins = #VALUE! mm

Temperature difference
(ti - te) =
ti = 290.4 ºC
te = 4.4 ºC
(ti - te) = 286.0 K

Check of assumed temperatures Interior pipe surface Enterior pipe surface

Api = 2 * p * r1 * L Ape=
Exterior insulation surface r1= #VALUE! m r2=
Ae = 2 * p * r3 * L L= 518.16 m L=
r3 = #VALUE! m Api = #VALUE! m² Ape =
L= 518.16 m
Ae = #VALUE! m² interior pipe surface temperature Exterior pipe surface tem
Q= Api *hi *(ti - tsi) Q=
Exterior surface temperature tsi,calc = Ti - Q/(Ai*hi) tpi - tpe =
Q= Ae *he *(tse - te) ti = 290.4 ºC tpe =
tse,calc = Q/(Ae*he) + te Q= #VALUE! W/(m²*K) tpi =
Q= #VALUE! W Api = #VALUE! m² Q=
Ae = #VALUE! m² hi = 35 W/(m²*K) Ape =
he = 8 W/(m²*K) tsi,calc = #VALUE! ºC kp =
te = 4.4 ºC r2 =
tse,calc = #VALUE! K r1 =
tpe,calc =

Iterate assumed value to match the calculated values

Assumed outside pipe surface Assumed inside pipe surface Assumed average exter
temperature temperature surface temperature
tse = 47.38 ºC tpi = 277.34 ºC tpe =
 Assumed fluid outlet temperature
tass_out = 287.7 ºC

Note
In t Tyler examples the value of the heat
power loss used is the one given by [3]

0225577 * h) ^ 5.25588

l and forced exterior pipe convection

_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, ts, te)

or super heated steam

NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, sch, RabsMM, t, PBarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

Average fluid temperature Average fluid pressure Assumed average inside pipe
in the pipe in the pipe surface temperature (in H115)
(tin + tout)/2 Pd-e,ave = (Pd +Pe)/2 tpi = 277.34
293.2 ºC Pd = 1241 kPa
287.7 ºC Pe = 1034 kPa Interior pipe convection
290.4 ºC Pd-e,ave = 1138 kPa hi = Function (b)
Pd-e,ave = 11.38 bar dn = 16
Assumed outside pipe surface sch = 40
temperature (in D115) Atmospheric pressure Rabs = 0.1
47.38 ºC patm = 0.867 bar ti = 290.4
pi_gauge = 10.51
Exterior pipe convection Gauge average fluid pressure Hasl = 1300
Function (a) in the pipe m= 2268
#VALUE! mm pi_gauge = Pd-e,ave - Patm hi = #VALUE!
10 km/h Pd-e,ave = 11.38 bar
 47.38 ºC patm = 0.867 bar Assumed average exterior pipe
4.4 ºC pi_gauge = 10.51 bar(g) surface temperature (in L115)
#VALUE! W/(m²*K) tpe = 277.21

Average pipe temperature Equation (2.17), [1]

(tpi + tpe)/2 1/(U*A) = 1 / (2*p*L)*( 1/(r1*hi) + (1/ks) *
277.34 ºC ln(r2/r1) + (1/kins) * ln(r3/r2) + 1 / (r3*he) )
277.21 ºC L= 518.16 m
277.28 ºC r1 = #VALUE! m
hi = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
Steel thermal conductivy ks = 44.8 W/(m*K)
r2 = #VALUE! m
54 - 0.0333 * t kins = 0.077 W/(m*K)
277.3 ºC r3 = #VALUE! m
44.8 W/( m*K) he = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
1/(U*A) = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
U*A = #VALUE! W/K

Q= U * A * (ti - te)
U*A = #VALUE! W/K
(ti - te) = 286 K
Q= #VALUE! W
Q= #VALUE! kW

Enterior pipe surface

2 * p * r2 * L
 #VALUE! m Resulting heat loss
518.16 m Q #VALUE! kW
#VALUE! m²

Exterior pipe surface temperature

Ape *( kp/r2) *1/ln(r2/r1 ) *(tpi - tpe)
Q/(Ape *( kp/r2) *1/ln(r2/r1 ) )
tpi - Q/(Ape *( kp/r2) *1/ln(r2/r1 ) )
277.34 ºC
#VALUE! W
#VALUE! m²
44.8 W/ ( m * K)
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! ºC

Assumed average exterior pipe

surface temperature
277.21 ºC
 rev.cjc.28.07.2017
1 of 4

Pipe material: AISI 1010

de,p = 150 mm
sp = 7 mm
Legth
L= 20 m
Insulation:85% magnesia
sins = 53 mm
Superheated steam
ti = 500 K
Exterior temperature
te = 300 K

hi = 35

Exterior convection
he = 8 W/(m²*K)

M, t, PBarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

2 of 4
average inside pipe
mperature (in H115)
ºC

e convection
Function (b)
in
-
mm
ºC
bar(g)
m.a.s.l.
kg/min
W/(m²*K)
average exterior pipe
mperature (in L115)
ºC

3 of 4

4 of 4
[1] Water and steam properties according to IAPWS IF-97
By Magnus Holmgren, www.x-eng.com
The steam tables are free and provided as is.
We take no responsibilities for any errors in the code or damage thereby.
You are free to use, modify and distribute the code as long as authorship is properly acknowledged.
Please notify me at magnus@x-eng.com if the code is used in commercial applications

[2]

[3] Tyler

[4] Hidrostal
http://www.hidrostal-peru.com/images_turbinas/tipo_vn.pdf

[5]
http://www.scribd.com/doc/63456172/66/Sumergencia-minima

[11] Heat ans mass transfer

Anthony F. Mills
Irwin, 1995

[12] Heat transfer

J. P. Holman
McGraw-Hill, 1989

[13] Ingeniería de las operaciones físicas

Flujo compresible isitérmico
Guillermo Siri
2008

http://www.ing.unlp.edu.ar/dquimica/paginas/catedras/iofq809/apuntes/Flujo_Compresible_Isotermico.pd

[14]
[15]

http://www.watsonmcdaniel.com/2011Catalog/EngineeringData.pdf

[16]

Nygaard Johan
Delin Lennart
Senior Consultants, ÅF-Process

To download the Steamdat functions for free, with permission from the authors, go to
find the information and the link in:
www.piping-tools.net
File: Link_to_get_the_Steamdat_functions.xlsm

[17] Isentropic flow

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/isentrop.html
[21] Selección fina de bombas
http://www.fi.uba.ar/archivos/institutos_seleccion_bombas

[22] Sumergencia mínima

http://prueba2.aguapedia.org/master/ponencias/modulo6/ponencias_modulo06_master_05-07/diseno_re

[23] http://www.watsonmcdaniel.com/2011Catalog/EngineeringData.pdf

FORMULAS, CONVERSIONS & GUIDELINES

ENGINEERING GUIDELINES

[24] www.piping-tools.net
Valves. Pressure loss in valves with gas as a fluid. Normal and choked flow (SI).xlsm
s properly acknowledged.
applications

Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Calculations, by Tyler, G. Hicks

o_Compresible_Isotermico.pdf
om the authors, go to
lo06_master_05-07/diseno_redes_y_estaciones_bombeo.pdf

GUIDELINES