ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – 1

AUTHORS - TONY R. WALKER, DIRK XANTHOS.

YEAR OF PUBLICATION – 2018
NAME OF THE ARTICLE – A call for Canada to move toward zero
plastic waste by reducing and recycling single-use plastics.
SOURCE OF ARTICLE – Government of Canada, 2017. Prime Minister
unveils themes for Canada’s 2018 G7 Presidency, (Retrieved February 5,
2018 from https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2017/12/14/prime-minister-unveils-
themes-canadas-2018-g7-presidency).Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C.,
Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan,R., Law, K.L., 2015.
Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347 (6223),768–
771.Pettipas, S., Bernier, M., Walker, T.R., 2016. A Canadian policy
framework to mitigate plastic marine pollution. Mar. Policy 68, 117–
122.Walker, T.R., 2018. China's ban on imported plastic waste could be a
game changer. Na-ture 553 (7689), (405–405).Xanthos, D., Walker, T.R.,
2017. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-
use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 118
(1–2), 17–26.
PUBLISHED BY – School for Resource and Environmental Studies,
Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada

Plastic being non-bio-degradable material is exceptionally harmful to the

environment, both land and marine. Plastic management is a need of the hour.
Prime Minister of Canada, Trudeau, in 2017 announced five. Themes for
Canada's G7 presidency. Under the theme"Working together on climate change,
oceans and clean energy," Canada hosts regarding domestic and international
discussions specifically focusing on oceans. It talks about the need to move
towards zero plastic waste and mitigating marine plastic litter, including
microplastics. (Walker and Xanthos, 2018)
80% of marine plastic is land-based. Plastic in oceans is hampering the food
chain. In 2010, an estimated 4.8–12.7Mt of plastics entered the world’s oceans.
Plastic pollution in the oceans comprises of microplastics (<5mm diameter) and
macroplastics (>5mm). Microplastics include primary microplastics
(microbeads), and secondary microplastics, from degraded macroplastics
(plastic bags). Recent studies indicate that microplastics (including degraded
macroplastics, microbeads, and microplastic fibers) in the marine environment
may pose more of a risk than macroplastics. Marine debris and microplastics in
our oceans, therefore, represents a serious global threat to our environment,
economy, navigation, and now known as a potential threat to human health.
(Walker and Xanthos, 2018)
Canada is now working to reduce the vast amounts of plastic waste produced
since China stopped importing recycled film plastic from developed countries.
Also, other European countries have successfully implemented bans on single-
use plastic bags. Other policies to reduce single-use plastics include banning
plastic drinking straws, deposit and return schemes for plastic bottles and
extended producer responsibility (EPR), which makes producers responsible for
the entire product life-cycle. The problem of marine debris has worsened, likely
because the marine debris problem is related to poor waste management on
land. More recently, international tools to reduce plastic waste were developed
using the Honolulu Strategy, which is a comprehensive and global management
framework. To help mitigate the impacts of marine debris. Strategies include
market-based instruments (e.g., levies on single-use plastic bags) for reducing
waste and legislation to reduce marine debris (e.g., imposing bans on single-use
plastic microbeads and plastic bags). International governments have strategies
to ban the sale of lightweight bags, charge customers for lightweight bags
and/or generate taxes from stores who sell them. For example, bans, partial
bans, and fees have been enacted by some local jurisdictions in North America;
the Canadian federal government classified plastic microbeads as a toxin under
the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Initial studies on the efficacy of
bans or levies of single-use plastic bags have been encouraging. (Walker and
Xanthos, 2018)
The article says that the government should consider a federal prohibition on
single-use plastics(including plastic bags, straws, cutlery, packaging, etc.) A
federal prohibition will be much more useful than ad-hoc bans across various
municipalities. Therefore, it asks the Canadian central government to ban as
many single-use plastics as is practical and develop strategies to recycle
domestic single-use plastic items, where alternatives cannot be sourced, as soon
as possible. (Walker and Xanthos, 2018)

REFERENCES
Walker, T., and Xanthos, D. (2018). A call for Canada to move toward zero
plastic waste by reducing and recycling single-use plastics. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, [online] 133, pp.99-100. Available at:
https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?
q=cache:j8qlXzN0N6kJ:scholar.google.com/
+a+call+for+canada+to+move+towards+zero+plastic+waste&hl=en&as_sdt=0,
5&scioq=Plastic+wasteinputs+from+land+into+the+ocean.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – 2
AUTHOR: Linda Godfrey

YEAR OF PUBLICATION – 2019

NAME OF THE ARTICLE: Waste Plastic, the Challenge Facing

Developing Countries—Ban It, Change It, Collect It?

SOURCE OF THE ARTICLE - CSIR Implementation Unit, P.O. Box 395,

Pretoria 0001, South Africa

PUBLISHED BY- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management,

North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

With changing consumption patterns, developing populaces and expanding

urbanization, developing nations face critical difficulties concerning waste
management. According to Ocean Conservancy, the top 10 items found in
coastal clean-ups in 2017, included cigarette butts, food wrappers, plastic
beverage bottles, bottle caps, other plastic bags, straws, stirrers, plastic take
out/away containers, lids, and foam take out/away containers. These are the
"waste products of a disposable culture that treats plastic as an expendable
material rather than an important asset to be harnessed."
The European Union is to implement consumption and market reduction
measures on containers, beverage cups, cotton buds, cutlery, stirrers, straws and
sticks, and to push for a 90% collection rate of single-use plastic bottles.
Perhaps India has the most ambitious national plan, where the PM has put
forward his goal to dispose of all single-use plastic in the nation by 2022.
Prohibition on single-use plastics at city-level have also been executed, or
currently being suggested by, amongst others, Montreal, Mumbai, Delhi, Seattle
and Vancouver. In January 2018, at the World Economic Forum in Davos 11
global brand proprietors, retailers and packaging firms committed to making
100% of their packaging reusable, recyclable or compostable by 2025 or earlier.
With a strong motive to #BeatPlasticPollution, the United Nations Environment
Programme has provided directions on efforts that the public, private sector
permits, and governments can take to reduce the manufacturing and utilization
of single-use plastics. These consist of: (i) development in the framework of
waste management, (ii) advertising eco-friendly substitutes, (iii) social
consciousness and public pressure and (iv) voluntary reduction strategies and
agreements. If poorly incorporated and enforced by the government, the bans
can have huge unintended consequences (e.g., where prohibited single-use
plastic products are pirated into the country, used, but end up with no solution
for safe disposal. This phenomenon has been observed in many countries,
including, in Africa, Cameroon, Rwanda, and Kenya.
The leakage of plastic into the earth is, at last, an issue of human conduct.
Along with implementing various bans on plastic products, improving the
management of waste collection systems should be of prime concern in
developing countries to deal with broader waste management.

REFERENCES
 https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?
q=cache:j8qlXzN0N6kJ:scholar.google.com/
+a+call+for+canada+to+move+towards+zero+plastic+waste&hl=en&as_sdt=0,
5&scioq=Plastic+wasteinputs+from+land+into+the+ocean

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – 3
AUTHORS: Jenna R. Jambeck,1* Roland Geyer,2 Chris Wilcox,3
Theodore R. Siegler,4 Miriam Perryman,1 Anthony Andrady,5 Ramani
Narayan,6 Kara Lavender Law7
YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 2019
NAME OF THE ARTICLE - Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean
PUBLISHED BY: the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005.
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PUBLISHED BY: the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005.
The paper mainly speaks about how waste generated on land is polluting the
marine environment. The stack of land-based plastic waste entering the sea is
calculated by overall information collected on solid waste, population thickness,
and financial status. Plastics have turned out to be progressively prevailing in
the commercial customer center since their business development during the
1930s and 1940s. Plastics in the marine environment are of expanding concern
because of their consequences on the seas, wildlife, and, humans. Plastic waste
occurs on coastlines, in Arctic ocean ice, at the ocean surface, and on the ocean
depths. Eroding of plastic waste causes fragmentation into particles that even
little marine invertebrates may ingest. Mismanaged waste can be defined as
matter that is either littered disposed of inadequately. Scaling by the populace
living inside 50 km of the coast (those liable to produce a large portion of waste
getting in marine environment), it is estimated that 99.5 million MT of plastic
waste was created in waterfront locales in 2010. A framework was intended to
compute, from the best-accessible information, a request for extent gauge of the
measure of mismanaged plastic waste conceivably entering the sea around the
world. It is additionally a valuable instrument to assess the variables
determining the largest sources of mismanaged plastic waste.
Total annual waste generation is mostly a function of population size, with the
top waste-producing nation having some of the largest seaside populations.
Sources of uncertainty in the estimates result from moderately few estimations
of waste generation, characterization, collection, and disposal, particular outside
the urban focuses. The incorporation of the economic cost of execution, as well
as socio-cultural, environmental, and other elements that influence
infrastructure development or behavioral change, would improve the assessment
of mitigation strategies. We won't come to a worldwide "top waste" before
2100. Our waste will keep on developing with the expanding populace and per
capita utilization related to economic development, particularly in urban
territories and developing African nations. Earlier, waste management by
burning or burying garbage was sufficient for inert or biodegradable waste, but
the rapid growth of synthetic plastics in the waste stream demands a change in
outlook. Long-term solutions will likely incorporate waste reduction and
“downstream” waste management strategies, for example, expanded recovery
framework and extended producer responsibility.
Improving the framework of waste management in developing nations is
paramount and will require considerable resources and time. While such a
framework is being developed, industrialized nations can take prompt action by
reducing waste and controlling the growth of single-use plastics.

REFRENCES
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1126/science.1260352