1)

Photosynt
hesisi
sthephysi
ochemicalpr
ocessi
nwhichchemi
cal
ener
gyi
sproduced
byl
ightener
gyinthefor
m ofr
educingpower(NADPH,
ATP)whichi
susedf
orcarbon
di
oxidefi
xat
ion.
2)BPhotosynt
heticorgani
smsarecl
assi
fi
edonthebasi sofgener
ati
onofoxygen
duri
ngphotosynthesi
s,itmaybeoxy
geni
coranoxygenic.Oxygeni
corganismsincl
ude
bothpr
okaryotesandeukaryot
eswhil
eanoxy
genicorganismsareonlyprokar
yotes
3)GreenandPur
plephot
osynt
heticor
ganism i
sananoxy genicphot
osynt
het
icor
gani
sm
whil
er est
sar
eoxygeni
cinnatur
e.Anoxygeni
cphot osy
ntheti
corgani
smsworkunder
theabsenceofl
i
ghtandtakepartinl
i
ght-i
ndependentreact
ions.
4)Amongall
thephot
osynt
het
icpigments,
onlyphycobi
l
insarewatersolubl
e.Thi
s
uniquef
eat
ureofphy
cobil
i
nsisduetothepresenceofwater
-sol
ubleprotei
nsint
hei
r
str
uctur
e.
5)Water-
solubl
epigmentisnotthefeatur
eofchlor
ophyl
lasiti
salipi
d-sol
ublepigment
.
I
tconsist
sofahy drophobicphy
tolt
ailwhichmakesithy
drophobi
cinnature.Duetothe
hydr
ophobiccharacter
,iti
snotsol
ubleinwater
.
6)Expl
anat
ion:Carotenoi
dsdisti
nguishedf
rom oneanot
herbytheirendgroup,
thesear
e
l
ong-chai
n,conjugatedhydr
ocarbonswhoseabsorpti
onspect
rum liesbet
ween400-
500nm whichisresponsi
bleforyel
lowaswellasorangecol
orinleavesandcarrot
s.
7.Accessorypi
gmentsabsor
blightatmorewav el
engthsascomparedt
ochlorophyll
.
Thepresenceofconj
ugateddoublebond,t
heisomericconfi
gur
ati
onandtheendgr oup
ofaccessorypi
gmentsmakesitabsorbli
ghtatmorewav el
engt
hthanchl
orophyll
.The
twoaccessorypi
gmentsarephycobil
i
nsandcar ot
enoids.
8.Carotenoidsaret
heaccessorypi
gment swhichprotectt
hepl antfr
om oxi
dat
ive
damage, andthi
sphenomenonisknownasphot opr
otecti
on.Lipidsandsomecell
ular
component sgetdamagedbyhigh-i
ntensi
tyl
ightwherecarotenoidhelpst
oremove
excessenergy.
9)Phycobil
i
nshav enon-cy
cli
c,l
i
neartetr
apy r
rol
esst ruct
urewhichshowsthest
ruct
ural
si
mi l
ari
tyt
ot hebil
epigmentcal
ledbil
i
rubin.Thisisuniquephotosynt
het
icpi
gment
whichiscovalent
lyboundtowater
-sol
ubleprotein,phycobi
li
prot
ein.
10)Photosynthet
icpi
gmentofoxy geni
corgani
sm l
ocat
edinthyl
akoidmembranes
whil
eplasmamembr aneandchlorosomearethel
ocati
onsforst
ori
ngpigmentofgreen
sul
furbacter
ia.Purpl
esul
furbacteri
astor
ethei
rpi
gmentinchromatophor
e.
11)Themassofat r
eei spr
imari
lycarbon.Thecar boncomesf rom carbondioxi
deused
duri
ngphot osynt
hesis.Dur
ingphotosynthesis,pl
antsconvertthesun’ senergyi
nto
chemi calener
gywhichiscaptur
edwi thi
nt hebondsofcar bonmol ecul
esbuiltf
rom
atmospher i
ccarbondioxi
deandwat er.Yes,thecarbonf r
om car bondioxideintheai
r
webr eatheoutendsupi n“
food”mol ecul
es( call
edglucose)eachofwhi chcontai
ns6
carbonatoms(and12hydrogenat
omsand6oxygenatoms).
andthesoi
lprovi
dingthe
plantwi
thwaterandsmall
amountsofnut
ri
ent
sthatpl
antsneed,
butthesoil
itsel
fis
notused.
12)
Plant
srespi
reduringt
hedayandnight
,buttheyonlyphotosynt
hesi
seduringt
heday
wheniti
sli
ght:
plantusel
ightt
ochangewaterandcarbondioxi
detoglucose.
13)Duri
ngt heday t
imeplant
sneedlightt
ol i
ve,i
nor dertobeabl etoproducesugarsand
carbohydr
at esaswellasoxygen.Howeveratnightt heycan'tproducethese.I
nordert
o
survi
vethisper i
odwit
houtli
ght,t
heybreathe,i
nawaysi mi l
artohumanbei ngs-
-by
usi
ngoxy genandcar bohydr
ates.Thisi
scalledrespirat
ion.Iti
st heopposit
eof
photosynt
hesi s.
14)TheCalvincycleisalsocal l
edt hedarkreacti
onsorlight
-i
ndependentreact
ions
becauseit'
sthepar tthatdoesn'tneedener gyfr
om thesunt ohappen.Thecycl
euses
ATPandNADPHsy nthesizedinthelight
-dependentreacti
onstodri
veitsreact
ions
forward.
Butifwepl aceitinat esttubewiththerequiredchemical
s,i
tcanhappenat
night
.Soalthought hecy cleit
selfdoesn'
tusel i
ghtenergy,i
tdoesdependont heli
ght
react
ionstoprovideitwi ththeATPandNADPH.
15)Photor
espir
ati
onoccur
satahigherr
atethanconv
enti
onal
respi
rat
ionpr
ocessesi
n
theli
ghtbecausether
ateofr
espi
rati
oninthedayisv
erysmal
l
16)Plantmovementisoftwoty pes:gr
owthmovementandturgormov
ement.Gr
owth
mov ementoccursbydif
ferent
ialgrowthofpl
ant
swhil
eturgormovementi
scausedby
changesinturgi
dit
yofthecell
s.
17)Photot
ropi
cistheresponseoft
heplantt
owardsali
ght
.Theshoot
soft
hepl
antar
e
posit
ivel
yphotot
ropi
cwhi l
eroot
sarenegati
vel
yphot
otr
opi
c.
18)Di
agr
avi
tr
opicplantsarethosei
nwhichorgansoft
hepl
antgr
owsatrightangl
eof
thegr
avi
tywhil
eplagiogr
avit
ropici
sthatgr
owsatsomeint
ermediat
eangle.
19)PI
Nprot
eini
sessenti
alt
ocont
rol
thedi
str
ibut
ionofauxi
nint
her
oot
.PI
N1r
egul
ate
tr
anspor
tfr
om shoott
oroot.
20)Nasti
cmovementispl
antmovementwhichoccursduet
oenvir
onmental
sti
mul
i
,but
thedir
ecti
onofr
esponsei
snotdependentonthedir
ecti
onofst
imulus.
21)Thi
gmonast
yisafor
m ofnasti
cmovementbyaplantoraf
ungusinresponseto
touchorv
ibr
ati
on.
andSeismonast
ydef
inest
heinduct
ionofmovementbyshaking.
22)Tact
icmovementi
sdependentontheext
ernal
stimulus.Onthebasi
sofdi
ff
erent
sti
mulusiti
sofmanytypes,
i.
e.,
phot
otaxi
s,magnetotaxi
s,geot
axi
setc.
23)
sti
mul isadetect
ablechangeintheint
ernal
orexternalenvi
ronment.
Thatwhi
ch
i
nfl
uencesorcausesat emporaryi
ncreaseofphysi
ologicalact
ivi
tyorr
esponsei
nthe
whol
eor gani
sm orinanyofitspar
ts
24)Thigmotr
opi
sm i
sthedirect
ionalresponseofapl antor
gantotouchorphysi
cal
contactwit
hasoli
dobject
.Thisdirecti
onalresponseisgener
all
ycausedbythe
i
nductionofsomepatt
ernofdiffer
entialgr
owt h.
25)Thef i
rstpartofdormancyiswhent r
eeslosetheirleaves.Theydon' tmakefoodin
thewi nter,sotheyhav enouseformassesofl eav
est hatwoul dr equireenergyto
mai ntain.Wheni t'
stimefort
reestol osethei
rleaves,achemi cal call
edABA( Absci
sic
acid)ispr oducedint er
minalbuds(thepartatthetipoft hestem t hatconnectstothe
l
eaf ).Thet er
minal budiswheretheleafbreaksoffwheni tfal
ls,sowhenABAgat her
s
there,itsignal
st heleaftobr
eakoff.(Thisoccursonlyindeci duoust rees,notin
coniferoust r
ees.)